Renewable energy in the European Union

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Proportion of renewable energy in the EU countries (and some candidates), 2007

The countries of the European Union are currently the number two global leaders in the development and application of renewable energy. Promoting the use of renewable energy sources is important both to the reduction of the EU's dependence on foreign energy imports, and in meeting targets to combat global warming.

Contents

[edit] Policy

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See also: Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport and Energy policy of the European Union
Share of renewable energies in gross electrical consumption in EU-25 countries in 2006 (in %).

The Maastricht Treaty set an objective of promoting stable growth while protecting the environment. The Amsterdam Treaty added the principle of sustainable development to the objectives of the EU. Since 1997, the EU has been working towards a renewable energy supply equivalent to 12% of the total EU's energy consumption by 2010.

The Johannesburg Summit failed to introduce the radical changes targeted for ten years after the Rio Summit. No specific goals were set for the energy sector, which disappointed many countries. While the EU had proposed an annual increase in the use of renewable energy at a rate of 1.5% worldwide until 2010, Johannesburg's action plan did not recommend such a "substantial" increase, with no concrete goals nor dates being set.

The EU was unwilling to accept this result and with other nations formed a group of "pioneer countries" that promised to establish ambitious national or even regional goals to achieve global targets. The Johannesburg Renewable Energy Coalition (JREC) has a total of more than 80 member countries; the EU members, Brazil, South Africa and New Zealand amongst them.

In the European Conference for Renewable Energy in Berlin in 2004, the EU defined ambitious goals of its own. The conclusion was that by 2020, the EU would seek to obtain 20% of its total energy consumption requirements with renewable energy sources. Up until that point, the EU had only set targets up to 2010, and this proposal was the first to represent the EU's commitment up to 2020.

[edit] Renewables targets

EU leaders reached agreement in principle in March 2007 that 20 percent of the bloc's energy should be produced from renewable fuels and by 2020 as part of its drive to cut emissions of carbon dioxide. Renewables now account for less than 7 percent of the EU energy mix. In a special report, the European Parliament said that to give the legislation teeth, it should contain binding renewable energy targets for particular sectors – electricity, heating and transport – rather than just a general goal. The parliament said it would resist any attempt to treat nuclear energy as a substitute for renewables.[1]

Underlying many of the EU's energy policy proposals is to limit global temperature changes to no more than 2 °C above pre-industrial levels,[2] of which 0.8 °C has already taken place and another 0.5–0.7 °Cis already committed.[3] 2 °C is usually seen as the upper temperature limit to avoid 'dangerous global warming'[4].

[edit] Actions

EU energy efficiency and renewable energy actions includes:

[edit] Member states

Main page: :Category:Renewable energy in the European Union
[icon] This section requires expansion.

[edit] Germany

Main article: Renewable energy in Germany

At the end of 2011 renewable energy in Germany provided about 20 % of Germany's electricity production, with the largest contribution being made by wind power.[5]

[edit] Italy

Main article: Renewable energy in Italy

[edit] Portugal

Main article: Renewable energy in Portugal

In 2010, more than 50% of all yearly electricity consumption in Portugal was generated from renewable energy sources.[6] The most important generation sources were hydroelectric (30%) and wind power (18%), with bioenergy (5%) and photovoltaic solar power (0,5%) accounting for the rest. In 2001, the Portuguese government launched a new energy policy instrument – the E4 Programme (Energy Efficiency and Endogenous Energies), consisting of a set of multiple, diversified measures aimed at promoting a consistent, integrated approach to energy supply and demand. By promoting energy efficiency and the use of endogenous (renewable) energy sources, the programme seeks to upgrade the competitiveness of the Portuguese economy and to modernize the country’s social fabric, while simultaneously preserving the environment by reducing gas emissions, especially the CO2 responsible for climatic change. As a result, in the five years between 2005 and 2010, energy production from renewable sources increased 28%.[7]

[edit] Spain

Main article: Renewable energy in Spain

Spain as a whole has the target of generating 30% of its electricity needs from renewable energy sources by 2010, with half of that amount coming from wind power. In 2006, 20% of the total electricity demand was already produced with renewable energy sources, and in January 2009 the total electricity demand produced with renewable energy sources reached 34.8%.[8]

Some regions of Spain lead Europe in the use of renewable energy technology and plan to reach 100% renewable energy generation in few years. Castilla y León and Galicia, in particular, are near this goal. In 2006 they fulfilled about 70% of their total electricity demand from renewable energy sources.

If nuclear power is also considered CO2 free, two autonomous communities in Spain have already managed to fulfill their total 2006 electricity demand "free" of CO2 emissions: Extremadura and Castilla-La Mancha.[9]

In 2005 Spain became the first country in the world to require the installation of photovoltaic electricity generation in new buildings, and the second in the world (after Israel) to require the installation of solar hot water systems.[10]

[edit] United Kingdom

Main article: Renewable energy in the United Kingdom

By 2004 4.65% of the UK's primary energy requirements were being generated from renewable energy sources (including hydroelectricity), up from 2.55% in 1990. The UK Government energy policy expects that the total contribution from renewables should rise to 10% by 2010.

The prospects for renewable energy in Scotland in particular are significant. Scotland has an estimated potential of 36.5 GW of installed capacity from wind and 7.5 GW from tidal power, 25% of the estimated total capacity for the European Union for both, and up to 14 GW of wave power potential, 10% of EU capacity.[11][12] The Scottish Executive has a target of generating 17% to 18% of Scotland's electricity from renewables by 2010,[13] rising to 40% by 2020.[14]

[edit] Renewable energy sectors

[edit] Bioenergy

Further information: Biofuel

Britain's first major bioethanol plant should be completed by the middle of 2009 and should use more than one million tonnes of wheat per year. The plant, in Wilton, northeast England, will be Europe's largest biorefinery, producing around 400 million to 450 million litres of bioethanol a year as well as 350,000 tonnes of animal feed. Currently the largest plant in the UK is a British Sugar facility in eastern England with an annual production capacity of about 70 million litres.[15]

[edit] Geothermal

Further information: Geothermal energy

European Geothermal Energy Council (EGEC) promotes geothermal energy in the European Union.

GeoEner is the Building and Industrial Geothermal Energy Congress.[16]

[icon] This section requires expansion.

[edit] Wind power

Main article: Wind power in the European Union
Wind farm in Neuenkirchen, Dithmarschen (Germany).

EEA (European Environment Agency)s Europe's onshore and offshore wind energy potential[17] report, confirms wind energy could power Europe many times over. The report highlights wind power’s potential in 2020 as three times greater than Europe’s expected electricity demand, rising to a factor of seven by 2030.[18]

The implementation of wind power is especially widespread in Germany, Spain, Denmark, Portugal and Ireland. The results of the investigation carried out by EUWINet (a project financed partly by the European Commission) indicated that the annual median growth of the European wind power market is 35%, and that EU Members contribute around 75% of the world's wind power. Thanks to the growth that has resulted from the use and development of this energy source, the wind power market has helped to generate more than 25,000 jobs within the EU.

The energy policy of the United Kingdom calls for appreciable expansion of wind energy by the year 2010.

[edit] Solar energy

Main article: Solar power in the European Union

[edit] Photovoltaic solar power

Photovoltaic cells in use on top of a building in Berlin.

The need for the strategic development of photovoltaic systems in the EU has led to the creation of PV-NET, a network that gathers representatives from all the sectors of the research and development community concerned with the photovoltaic solar energy industry (see solar cell). The network promotes communication between speakers through the organisation of specialised conferences, workshops and congresses.

This interaction has led to the editing of a waybill, finished in 2003 with the aim of providing a solid basis for EU leaders and European citizens to base their decisions and policy making and in order to help reach the objective set by the European Commission to multiply the use of photovoltaic systems by thirty times by 2010.

In 2002, the world production of photovoltaic modules surpassed 550 MW, of which more than the 50% was produced in the EU. At the end of 2004, 79% of all European capacity was in Germany, where 794 MWp had been installed. The European Commission anticipates that Germany may have installed around 4,500 MWp by 2010.[19]

Portugal has the second largest photovoltaic power station in the world,[20] which was completed in December 2008. The complex, called Amareleja photovoltaic power station, covers an area of 250-hectare. The 46-megawatt solar power plant produces enough electricity for 30,000 homes and saves more than 89,383 tons a year in greenhouse gas emissions. Also in production since January 2007, the Serpa solar power plant with a installed capacity 11MW, covers an area of 60-hectare, produces enough energy for 8,000 homes and saves more than 30,000 tons a year in greenhouse gas emissions. These solar parks are approximately 30 km apart.

[edit] Solar heating and cooling

Main article: Solar heating and cooling

Solar heating is the usage of solar energy to provide space or water heating. Worldwide the use was 88 GWthermal (2005). Growth potential is enormous. At present the EU is second after China in the installations. If all EU countries used solar thermal as enthusiastically as the Austrians, the EU’s installed capacity would already be 91 GWth (130 million m2 today, far beyond the target of 100 million m2 by 2010, set by the White Paper in 1997). In 2005 solar heating in the EU was equivalent to more than 686.000 tons of oil. ESTIF’s minimum target is to produce solar heating equivalent to 5.600.000 tons of oil (2020). A more ambitious, but feasible, target is 73 millions tons of oil per year (2020) – a lorry row spanning 1.5 times around the globe.[21]

The research efforts and infrastructure needed to supply 50% of the energy for space and water heating and cooling across Europe using solar thermal energy has been set out under the aegis of the European Solar Thermal Technology Platform (ESTTP).[22] Published in late December 2008, more than 100 experts developed the strategic research agenda (SRA),[23] which includes a deployment roadmap showing the non-technological framework conditions that will enable this ambitious goal to be reached by 2050.[24]

[edit] Wave power

Pelamis wave energy converter

The world's first commercial wave farm is located at the Aguçadora Wave Park near Póvoa de Varzim in Portugal. The farm which uses three Pelamis P-750 machines was officially opened in 2008[25] by the Portuguese minister for the economy. A second phase of the project is now planned to increase the installed capacity from 2.25MW to 21MW using a further 25 machines.[26]

Funding for a wave farm in Scotland using four Pelamis machines was announced on 20 February 2007 by the Scottish Executive. The funding of just over £4 million is part of a £13 million funding package for marine power in Scotland. The farm, is to be located at the European Marine Test Centre (EMEC) off the coast of Orkney and will have an installed capacity of 3MW.[27]

[edit] Hydrogen fuel

A Mazda RX-8 powered by Hydrogen fuel.

The European Commission is currently sponsoring a practical programme of vehicle trials for battery powered vehicles. The most ambitious projects are the €1 million CUTE (Clean Urban Transport for Europe) scheme and the ECTOS (Ecological City Transport System).

The tests are taking place in the cities of Amsterdam, Barcelona, Hamburg, London, Luxembourg, Madrid, Porto, Reykjavík, Stockholm and Stuttgart. It consists of putting into service public buses, called Citaro, manufactured by DaimlerChrysler.

[edit] Economics

[edit] Jobs

The renewable energy industry have offered new work opportunities in the EU during 2005–2009.

Jobs by the renewable
energy industry in the EU[28]
year Employees
2005 230.000
2006 300.000
2007 360.000
2008 400.000
2009 550.000


[edit] Statistics

[edit] Installed wind power capacity

EU Wind Energy Capacity (MW)[29][30]
No Country 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998
– EU-27 84,074 74,767 64,712 56,517 48,069 40,511 34,383 28,599 23,159 17,315 12,887 9,678 6,453
1 Germany 27,214 25,777 23,897 22,247 20,622 18,415 16,629 14,609 11,994 8,754 6,113 4,442 2,875
2 Spain 20,676 19,149 16,689 15,131 11,623 10,028 8,264 6,203 4,825 3,337 2,235 1,812 834
3 Italy 5,797 4,850 3,736 2,726 2,123 1,718 1,266 905 788 682 427 277 180
4 France 5,660 4,492 3,404 2,454 1,567 757 390 257 148 93 66 25 19
5 UK 5,204 4,051 2,974 2,406 1,962 1,332 904 667 552 474 406 362 333
6 Denmark 3,752 3,465 3,163 3,125 3,136 3,128 3,118 3,116 2,889 2,489 2,417 1,771 1,443
7 Portugal 3,702 3,535 2,862 2,150 1,716 1,022 522 296 195 131 100 61 60
8 Netherlands 2,237 2,229 2,225 1,747 1,558 1,219 1,079 910 693 486 446 433 361
9 Sweden 2,163 1,560 1,048 788 571 509 442 399 345 293 231 220 174
10 Ireland 1,428 1,260 1,027 795 746 496 339 190 137 124 118 74 73
11 Greece 1,208 1,087 985 871 746 573 473 383 297 272 189 112 39
12 Poland 1,107 725 544 276 153 83 63 63 27 0 0 0 0
13 Austria 1,011 995 995 982 965 819 606 415 140 94 77 34 30
14 Belgium 911 563 415 287 194 167 96 68 35 32 13 6 6
15 Romania 462 14 11 8 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
16 Bulgaria 375 177 120 57 36 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0
17 Hungary 295 201 127 65 61 17 3 3 3 0 0 0 0
18 Czech Republic 215 192 150 116 54 28 17 9 3 0 0 0 0
19 Finland 197 146 143 110 86 82 82 52 43 39 39 39 17
20 Lithuania 154 91 54 54 51 48 6 6 0 0 0 0 0
21 Estonia 149 142 78 59 32 32 6 2 2 0 0 0 0
22 Cyprus 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
23 Luxembourg 42 35 35 35 35 35 35 22 17 15 10 10 9
24 Latvia 31 28 27 27 27 27 27 27 24 0 0 0 0
25 Slovakia 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 0 0 0 0 0
26 Slovenia 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
27 Malta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
– EU-27 Offshore 2,946 2,061 1,471 1,088
28 Turkey 1,329 801 458
29 Norway 441 431 429 333 314 267 160 101
30 Ukraine 87 94 90 89 86 77
31 Switzerland 42 18 14 12 12 12
32 Iceland 0 0 0 0 0 0
33 Russia 9 9
– Europe (MW) 86,075 76,152 65,741 57,136 48,563 40,898

[edit] Photovoltaics

[edit] Total installed capacity

PV in Europe (MWpower)[31][32][33][34]
# Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
– EU-27 2,170 3,420 4,940 10,380 15,860 29,327
1 Germany 1,910 3,063 3,846 6,019 9,830 17,370
2 Spain 58 118 733 3,421 3,520 3,808
3 Italy 46 58 120 458 1,032 3,479
4 Czech Republic 0 1 4 55 466 1,953
5 France 26 33 47 104 289 1,054
6 Belgium 2 4 22 71 363 787
7 Greece 5 7 9 19 55 205
8 Slovakia 0 0 0 0.07 0.2 144
9 Portugal 3 4 18 68 102 131
10 Austria 24 29 27 32 53 103
11 Netherlands 51 51 53 57 68 97
12 United Kingdom 11 14 19 23 33 75
13 Slovenia 0.2 0.4 1 2 9 36
14 Luxembourg 24 24 24 25 26 27
15 Bulgaria 0.8 1 6 17
16 Sweden 4 5 6 8 9 10
17 Finland 4 4 5 6 8 10
18 Denmark 3 3 3 3 5 7
19 Cyprus 0.5 1 1 2 3 6
20 Romania 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 2
21 Poland 0.3 0.4 0.6 1 1 2
22 Hungary 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.7 2
23 Malta 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 2 2
24 Ireland 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6
25 Lithuania 0 0 0 0.06 0.07 0.08
26 Estonia 0 0 0 0.01 0.05 0.08
27 Latvia 0 0 0 0.004 0.008 0.008

[edit] Installed capacity per capita

PV per capita 2010[34]
# Country W/capita
1  Germany 212.3
2  Czech Republic 185.9
3  Spain 82.8
4  Belgium 72.6
5  Italy 57.6
6  Luxembourg 54.3
7  Slovakia 26.5
8  Greece 18.2
9  Slovenia 17.8
10  France 16.3
11  Portugal 12.3
12  Austria 12.2
13  Cyprus 7.8
14  Netherlands 5.8
15  Malta 4.0
16  Bulgaria 2.3
17  Finland 1.8
18  Denmark 1.3
19  United Kingdom 1.2
20  Sweden 1.1
21  Hungary 0.2
22  Ireland 0.1
23  Romania 0.1
24  Estonia 0.1
25  Poland 0
26  Lithuania 0
27  Latvia 0
EU27 (W/capita) 58.5

[edit] Solar heating

Solar heating in European Union* (kWth)[35][36][37]
Country Total (2009) Total (2008) add 2006 add 2005 add 2004
Germany 8,896,300 7,765,800 1 050 000 665 000 525 000
Greece 2,851,940 2,707,740 168 000 154 350 150 500
Austria 2,517,812 2,268,231 204 868 163 429 127 816
Italy 1,404,361 1 124 361 130 200 88 941 68 417
France 1,371,370 1,136,870 154 000 85 050 36 400
Spain 1,261,516 987,816 122 500 74 760 63 000
Cyprus 514,640 485,240 42 000 35 000 21 000
Poland 356,902 255,973 28 980 19 390 20 230
Portugal 345,338 223,265 14 000 11 200 7 000
UK 332,514 270,144 37 800 19 600 17 500
Denmark 330,946 292,796 17 710 14 875 14 000
Netherlands 285,139 254,339 10 280 14 174 18 410
Sweden 217,362 202,445 19 977 15 835 14 041
Belgium 203,593 188,263 24 945 14 164 10 290
Czech Republic 147,854 115,570 15 421 10 885 8 575
Slovenia 111,510 96,110 4 830 3 360 1 260
Slovakia <100,000 66,675 5 950 5 250 3 850
Romania <100,000 66 010 280 280 280
Ireland <100,000 52,080 3 500 2 450 1 400
Malta <100,000 24,752 3 150 2 800 2 951
Bulgaria <100,000 22,120 1 540 1 400 1 260
Finland <100,000 17,705 2 380 1 668 1 141
Hungary <100,000 17,675 700 700 1 050
Luxembourg <100,000 15,750 1 750 1 330 1 190
Latvia <100,000 5,005 840 700 350
Lithuania <100,000 3,003 420 350 350
Estonia <100,000 1,379 210 175 175
EU27+CH
GWth		 19.08 2.10 1.43 1.14
* = The relation between collector area and capacity: m2 = 0.7 kWthermal

[edit] Biofuels

Biofuels[38]
Consumption 2005 (GWh) Consumption 2006 (GWh) Consumption 2007 (GWh)
No Country Total Total Biodiesel Bioethanol Total Biodiesel Bioethanol
1  Germany* 21,703 40,417 29,447 3,544 46,552 34,395 3,408
2  France 4,874 8,574 6,855 1,719 16,680 13,506 3,174
3  Austria 920 3,878 3,878 0 4,524 4,270 254
4  Spain 1,583 1,961 629 1,332 4,341 3,031 1,310
5  United Kingdom 793 2,097 1,533 563 4,055 3,148 907
6  Sweden* 1,938 2,587 523 1,894 3,271 1,158 2,113
7  Portugal 2 818 818 0 1,847 1,847 0
8  Italy 2 059 1,732 1,732 0 1,621 1 621 0
9  Bulgaria 96 96 0 1,308 539 769
10  Poland 481 1 102 491 611 1,171 180 991
11  Belgium 0 10 10 0 1,061 1,061 0
12  Greece 32 540 540 0 940 940 0
13  Lithuania 97 226 162 64 612 477 135
14  Luxembourg 7 6 6 0 407 397 10
15  Czech Republic 33 226 213 13 382 380 2
16  Slovenia 58 50 48 2 160 151 9
17  Slovakia 110 153 149 4 154 n.a. 154
18  Hungary 28 139 4 136 107 0 107
19  Netherlands 0 371 172 179 101 n.a. 101
20  Ireland 9 36 8 13 97 27 54
21  Denmark 0 42 0 42 70 0 70
22  Latvia 34 29 17 12 20 0 20
23  Finland 0 0 10 0 10 n.a. n.a.
24  Romania – 32 32 0 n.a. n.a. n.a.
25  Malta 8 10 10 0 n.a. n.a. n.a.
26  Estonia 0 7 0 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
27  Cyprus 0 0 0 0 n.a. n.a. n.a.
27 EU 34,796 65,148 47,380 10,138 89,482 67,154 13,563
*Total includes vegetable oils in Germany: 7309 GWh (2006) and 2018 GWh (2005) and biogas in Sweden: 225 GWh (2006) and 160 GWh (2005), n.a. = not available

[edit] See also

Portal icon Renewable energy portal
Portal icon European Union portal

[edit] Further reading

  • Joanna Krzeminska, Are Support Schemes for Renewable Energies Compatible with Competition Objectives? An Assessment of National and Community Rules, Yearbook of European Environmental Law (Oxford University Press), Volume VII, Nov. 2007, p. 125

[edit] In the media

[edit] References

  1. ^ News and Official EP resolution of 25 September 2007 on the Road Map for Renewable Energy in Europe
  2. ^ New EU energy plan – more security, less pollution, press release by European Commission
  3. ^ Oliver Geden (2010), http://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/comments/2010C19_gdn_ks.pdf What Comes After the Two-Degree Target?], SWP Comments 19
  4. ^ Samuel Randalls (2010), History of the 2 °C climate target, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, Volume 1, Issue 4, pp. 598–605, July/August 2010
  5. ^ http://www.focus.de/immobilien/energiesparen/von-wegen-blackout-trotz-eiseskaelte-exportiert-deutschland-strom_aid_711389.html
  6. ^ Nation Bureau for Geology and Energy, Energias Renováveis - Estatísticas Rápidas de fevereiro de 2011 (in Portuguese)
  7. ^ ROSENTHAL, ELISABETH (August 9, 2010). "Portugal Gives Itself a Clean-Energy Makeover". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/10/science/earth/10portugal.html. Retrieved 11 August 2010. 
  8. ^ Las renovables ahorraron en enero 90 millones de euros en importaciones de gas, Energías-Renovables.com, (Spanish)
  9. ^ [1] Red Eléctrica de España Annual Report 2006
  10. ^ "Layout 1". Ren21.net. http://www.ren21.net/globalstatusreport/download/RE_GSR_2006_Update.pdf. Retrieved 24 April 2011. 
  11. ^ RSPB Scotland, WWF Scotland and FOE Scotland (February 2006) The Power of Scotland: Cutting Carbon with Scotland's Renewable Energy. RSPB et al.
  12. ^ A Scottish Energy Review (November 2005) Scottish National Party Framework Paper. Edinburgh.
  13. ^ Scotland Gov. News Dec
  14. ^ Scotland Gov. News 2003
  15. ^ Major UK biofuel plant seen operating by mid-2009[dead link]
  16. ^ "Saunier Duval participates in first edition of GeoEner. Digg_title REFRIGE.COM Portal – HVAC & Refrigeration news, events, training, books, magazines and directory online". Refrige.com. 7 November 2008. http://www.refrige.com/november-2008/saunier-duval-participates-in-first-edition-of-geoener/menu-id-2574.html. Retrieved 24 April 2011. 
  17. ^ "Europe's onshore and offshore wind energy potential – EEA". Eea.europa.eu. 8 June 2009. http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/europes-onshore-and-offshore-wind-energy-potential. Retrieved 24 April 2011. 
  18. ^ "EEA report confirms wind energy could power Europe many times over". Eolic Energy News. 15 June 2009. http://www.eolicenergynews.org/?p=1329#more-1329. Retrieved 24 April 2011. 
  19. ^ http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/sectors/photovoltaic_en.htm ec.europa.eu
  20. ^ http://ww1.rtp.pt/noticias/?article=379834&visual=26&tema=4 ww1.rtp.pt
  21. ^ Solar Thermal Action Plan for Europe ESTIF, 1/2007[dead link]
  22. ^ "European Solar Thermal Technology Platform". ESTTP. http://esttp.org. Retrieved 24 April 2011. 
  23. ^ "Single News Item – News". ESTIF. 19 December 2008. http://www.estif.org/no_cache/news/single-news-item/archive/2008/december/article/european-solar-thermal-technology-platform-specifies-research-needed-to-make-solar-thermal-the-leadi/?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=289&cHash=335ab2bee5. Retrieved 24 April 2011. 
  24. ^ "Action Plan for 50%: How Solar Thermal Can Supply Europe's Energy | Renewable Energy News Article". Renewableenergyworld.com. http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/04/action-plan-for-50-how-solar-thermal-can-supply-europes-energy?cmpid=WNL-Friday-April17-2009. Retrieved 24 April 2011. 
  25. ^ "Portal do Governo". Portugal.gov.pt. http://www.portugal.gov.pt/portal/pt/comunicacao/agenda/20080923.htm. Retrieved 24 April 2011. 
  26. ^ Lima, Joao (23 September 2008). "Babcock, EDP and Efacec to Collaborate on Wave Energy Projects". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601081&sid=aSsaOB9qbiKE&refer=australia. Retrieved 24 April 2011. 
  27. ^ "Orkney to get 'biggest' wave farm". BBC News. 20 February 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/6377423.stm. Retrieved 22 May 2010. 
  28. ^ http://www.erec.org/statistics/jobs.html Jobs provided by RES Industry in the EU (2005–2009)] EREC 2010
  29. ^ EWEA Staff (2010). "Cumulative installed capacity per EU Member State 1998 – 2009 (MW)". European Wind Energy Association. http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/statistics/cumulative_wind_per_ms_1998_2009_ws.xls. Retrieved 22 May 2010. 
  30. ^ EWEA Staff (February 2011). "EWEA Annual Statistics 2010". European Wind Energy Association. http://ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/statistics/EWEA_Annual_Statistics_2010.pdf. Retrieved 31 January 2011. 
  31. ^ Photovoltaic energy barometer 2007 – EurObserv’ER Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 178, p. 49-70, 4/2007
  32. ^ Photovoltaic energy barometer 2009 – EurObserv’ER Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 190, p. 72-102, 3/2009
  33. ^ Photovoltaic energy barometer 2010 – EurObserv’ER
  34. ^ a b Photovoltaic energy barometer 2011 – EurObserv’ER
  35. ^ Solar Thermal Markets in Europe, Trends and market statistics 2006 European Solar Thermal Industry Federation ESTIF, June 2007
  36. ^ "Solar Thermal Markets in Europe, Trends and market statistics 2008" (PDF). http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/market_data/downloads/2008%20Solar_Thermal_Markets_in_Europe_2008.pdf. Retrieved 24 April 2011. 
  37. ^ Solar Thermal Markets in Europe, Trends and market statistics 2009[dead link]
  38. ^ Biofuels barometer 2007 – EurObserv’ER Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 179, s. 63–75, 5/2007

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