Research and Analysis Wing

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Research and Analysis Wing
Flagofraw.JPG
धर्मो रक्षति रक्षित:
Agency overview
Formed 21 September 1968
Headquarters New Delhi
Agency executive Alok Joshi, Secretary (R)
Parent Agency Prime Minister's Office
Child Agency The Aviation Research Centre

Radio Research Center
Electronics and Technical Services
National Technical Research Organisation
Special Frontier Force
Portal icon India portal

The Research and Analysis Wing (RAW or R&AW) is the main external intelligence agency of the Republic of India. It was formed in September 1968 under the helmsman-ship of its first Director, R. N. Kao. Its creation was necessitated by the poor performance of the Intelligence Bureau (which then handled both internal and external intelligence) in the wars against China (1962) and Pakistan (1965) which convinced the government that a specialised, independent agency was required for competent external intelligence gathering.[1]

The primary function of the R&AW is collection of external intelligence and counter-terrorism. In addition, it is responsible for obtaining and analysing information about foreign governments, corporations, and persons, to advise Indian policymakers.[2][3][4] It has been said that R&AW is an "effective instrument of India's national power".[5] It is also involved in the security of India's nuclear programme.[6][7]

Headquartered in New Delhi, R&AW's current director is Alok Joshi a 1976-batch IPS officer of Haryana cadre.[8]

Contents

History[edit]

Background : 1933 - 1968[edit]

Prior to the inception of Research and Analysis Wing, overseas intelligence collection was primarily the responsibility of the Intelligence Bureau (IB), which was created by the British. In 1933, sensing the political turmoil in the world which eventually led to the Second World War, the Intelligence Bureau's responsibilities were increased to include the collection of intelligence along India's borders.

In 1947, after independence, Sanjeevi Pillai took over as the first Indian Director of the IB. Having been depleted of trained manpower by the exit of the British, Pillai tried to run the bureau on MI5 lines. In 1949, Pillai organised a small foreign intelligence operation, but the Indian debacle in the Sino-Indian war of 1962 showed it to be ineffective. Foreign intelligence failure during the Sino-Indian war (20 October - 21 November 1962) led then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to order a dedicated foreign intelligence agency to be established.[2][4] After the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965, Indian Chief of Army Staff General Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri also called for more intelligence-gathering.[2][3] Around the end of 1966 the concept of a separate foreign intelligence agency began to take concrete shape.

R&AW : 1968 - present[edit]

In 1968, after Indira Gandhi had taken over as Prime Minister, it was decided that a full-fledged second security service was needed. R. N. Kao,[9] then a deputy director of the Intelligence Bureau, submitted a blueprint for the new agency. Kao was appointed as the chief of India's first foreign intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing. The R&AW was given the responsibility for strategic external intelligence, human as well as technical, plus concurrent responsibility with the Directorate-General of Military Intelligence for tactical trans-border military intelligence up to a certain depth across the Line of control (LOC) and the international border.[2][4]

The framework of Indian intelligence

R&AW started as a wing of the main Intelligence Bureau with 250 employees and an annual budget of INR2 crore (US$344,000.00). In the early seventies, its annual budget had risen to INR30 crore (US$5.2 million) while its personnel numbered several thousand. In 1971, Kao had persuaded the Government to set up the Aviation Research Centre (ARC). The ARC's job was aerial reconnaissance.[10][11] It replaced the Indian Air Force's old reconnaissance aircraft and by the mid-1970s, R&AW, through the ARC, had high quality aerial pictures of the installations along the Chinese and Pakistani borders. Presently, the budget of R&AW is speculated to be as high as US$150 million[12][13] to as low as US$31 million.[14] Slowly other child agencies like The Radio Research Center and Electronics & Tech. Services were added to R&AW in 1970s and 1990s. In 1990s the Special Frontier Force became the paramilitary wing of R&AW, providing the requisite muscle for covert military operations. In 2004 Government of India added yet another intelligence agency called the National Technical Facilities Organisation (NTFO), also known as National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO), believed to be functioning under R&AW, although it remains autonomous to some degree. While the exact nature of the operations conducted by NTRO is classified, it is believed that it deals with research on imagery and communications using various platforms.[2][3][3]

The Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), under the Cabinet Secretariat, is responsible for co-ordinating and analyzing intelligence activities between R&AW, the Intelligence Bureau and the Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA). In practice, however, the effectiveness of the JIC has been varied.[15] With the establishment of the National Security Council in 1999, the role of the JIC has been merged with the NSC. R&AW's legal status is unusual, in that it is not an "Agency", but a "Wing" of the Cabinet Secretariat. Hence, R&AW is not answerable to the Parliament of India on any issue, which keeps it out of reach of the Right to Information Act.[16][17] This exemption was granted through Section 24 read with Schedule II of the act.[18] However, information regarding the allegations of corruption and human rights violations has to be disclosed.[18][19]

Objectives[edit]

The present R&AW[20] objectives include, and are not limited to:

  • Monitoring the political and military developments in adjoining countries, which have direct bearing on India's national security and the formulation of its foreign policy.
  • Secondly, molding international public opinion with the help of the strong and vibrant Indian diaspora.[2][3]

In the past, following the Sino-Indian war of 1962 and due to India's volatile relations with Pakistan, R&AW's objectives had also consisted the following:

  • To watch the development of international communism and the schism between the two big communist nations, the Soviet Union and China. As with other countries, both these powers had direct access to the communist parties in India.
  • To control and limit the supply of military hardware to Pakistan, from mostly European countries, America and more importantly from China.[2][3]

Organisational Structure[edit]

Organisational structure of R&AW.

R&AW has been organised on the lines of the CIA.[21] The Director of R&AW is designated "Secretary (Research)" in the Cabinet Secretariat. Most of the previous Directors have been experts on either Pakistan or China.[citation needed] They also have the benefit of training in either the USA or the UK, and more recently in Israel.[22] The "Secretary (R)", although is under direct command of Prime Minister, reports on an administrative basis to the Cabinet Secretary, who reports to the Prime Minister (PM). However, on a daily basis the "Secretary (R)" reports to the National Security Advisor. Reporting to the "Secretary (R)" are:[23][24]

  • An Additional Director responsible for the Office of Special Operations and intelligence collected from different countries processed by large number of Joint Secretaries, who are the functional heads of various specified desks with different regional divisions/areas/countries: Area one - Pakistan; Area two - China and Southeast Asia; Area three - the Middle East and Africa; and Area four - other countries. Two Special Joint Secretaries, reporting to the Additional Director, head the Electronics and Technical Department which is the nodal agency for ETS, NTRO and the RRC.
  • The Director General of Security having two important sections the Aviation Research Centre headed by one Special Director and the Special Services Bureau controlled by two Special Secretaries.

The internal structure of the R&AW is a matter of speculation, but brief overviews of the same are present in the public domain. Attached to the Headquarters of R&AW at Lodhi Road, New Delhi are different regional headquarters, which have direct links to overseas stations and are headed by a controlling officer who keeps records of different projects assigned to field officers who are posted abroad. Intelligence is usually collected from a variety of sources by field officers and deputy field officers; it is either preprocessed by a senior field officer or by a desk officer. The desk officer then passes the information to the Joint Secretary and then on to the Additional Secretary and from there it is disseminated to the concerned end user. R&AW personnel are called "Research Officers" instead of the traditional "agents". There is a sizable number of female officers in R&AW even at the operational level. In recent years, R&AW has shifted its primary focus from Pakistan to China and have started operating a separate desk for this purpose.Officers are also deputed from the Indian Revenue Service.[23]

Secretaries[edit]

Most of the Directors of Research and Analysis Wing have been Indian Police Service (IPS) officers. RN Kao and Sankaran Nair belonged to the Imperial Police (IP), of the British colonial days which was renamed as the Indian Police Service after Indian Independence in 1947. N.F.Suntook had served in the Indian Navy, then in the Indian Police Service and in the Indian Frontier Administration Service. Vikram Sood was from the Indian Postal Service and was later permanently absorbed in the RAS cadre.[28] Now he acts as Advisor to Fair Observer.[29] A.S. Dulat was an Indian Police Service officer deputed from the Intelligence Bureau, while K.C. Verma is an ex-Intelligence Bureau officer. All the Directors have been experts on China or Pakistan except for Ashok Chaturvedi, who is an expert on Nepal.[30]

Designations[edit]

Recruitment[edit]

Initially, R&AW relied primarily on trained intelligence officers who were recruited directly. These belonged to the external wing of the Intelligence Bureau. In times of great expansion, many candidates were taken from the military, police and other services. Later, R&AW began directly recruiting graduates from universities. Today, R&AW has its own service cadre, the R&AW Allied Service (RAS) to absorb talent.[31] Recruitment is mostly by deputation from the Armed Forces or Civil Service Officers. The Civil and Defence Service Officers permanently resign their cadre and join the RAS. However, according to recent reports, officers can return to their parent cadre after serving a specific period in the agency if they wish to.[32] Most of the Directors have been officers from the IPS.Officers are also deputed from the Indian Revenue Service. R&AW also employs a number of linguists and other experts in various fields.[33] Recruitment in R&AW is taken in the name of NATI (National Aptitude Test in Intelligence) followed by personality and psychological test and interviews.[citation needed] Delhi-based security think tank Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses noted in one of its reports that R&AW suffered from the 'tail-end syndrome' where the 'bottom of the entrance lists' of those appearing for the UPSC examinations were offered jobs.[34]

Training[edit]

Basic training

Basic training commences with 'pep talks' to boost the morale of the new recruit. This is a ten-day phase in which the inductee is familiarized with the real world of intelligence and espionage, as opposed to the spies of fiction. Common usages, technical jargon and classification of information are taught. Case studies of other agencies like CIA, KGB, ISI, Mossad and Secret Intelligence Service are presented for study. The inductee is also taught that intelligence organisations do not identify who is friend and who is foe, the country's foreign policy does. Basic classroom training to R&AW officers are imparted at R&AW's Training Institute in Gurgaon.[35][36] A multi-disciplinary school of economic intelligence is also being set up in Mumbai to train intelligence officers in investigating economic crimes like money laundering for terror purposes etc.[37]

S.S.Uban receiving the guard of Honor at Chakrata Mountain Training Facility of SFF
Advanced training

After completing 'Basic Training' the recruit is now attached to a Field Intelligence Bureau (FIB). His/her training here lasts for 1–2 years. He/she is given firsthand experience of what it was to be out in the figurative cold, conducting clandestine operations. During night exercises under realistic conditions, he/she is taught infiltration and exfiltration. He/she is instructed to avoid capture and, if caught, how to face interrogation. He/she learns the art of reconnoiter, making contacts, and, the numerous skills of operating an intelligence mission. At the end of the field training, the new recruit is brought back to the school for final polishing. Before his deployment in the field, he is given exhaustive training in the art of self-defence, an introduction to martial arts and the use of technical espionage devices. He/she is also drilled in various administrative disciplines so that he could take his place in the foreign missions without arousing suspicion. He/she is now ready to operate under the cover of an Embassy to gather information, set up his own network of informers, moles or operatives as the task may require. Field training is provided in the Indian Military Academy Headquarters at Dehradun.[4][38] The training model has been criticised as being 'archaic and too police-centric' and not incorporating 'modern technological advances in methods of communication' etc.[34]

Functions and methods[edit]

 

The Secretary (R) reported to the Vohra Committee that R&AW offices abroad have limited strength and are largely geared to the collection of military, economic, scientific and political intelligence. R&AW monitors the activities of certain organisations abroad only insofar as they relate to their involvement with narco terrorist elements and smuggling arms, ammunition, explosives, etc. into India.[39] It does not monitor the activities of criminal elements abroad, which are mainly confined to normal smuggling without any links to terrorist elements. The present strength of the Agency’s offices abroad would not permit it to enlarge its field of activities. If, however, there is evidence to suggest that these organisations have links with Intelligence agencies of other countries, and that they are being used or are likely to be used by such countries for destabilising India's economy, it would become R&AW’s responsibility to monitor their activities.[2][3]

The primary mission of R&AW includes aggressive intelligence collection via espionage, psychological warfare, subversion and sabotage.[citation needed] R&AW maintains active collaboration with other secret services in various countries. Its contacts with FSB of Russia, KHAD, the Afghan agency, Israel's Mossad, the CIA and MI6 have been well-known, a common interest being Pakistan's nuclear programme.[citation needed] R&AW has been active in obtaining information and operating through third countries like Afghanistan, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Myanmar and Singapore.[2]

R&AW obtains information critical to Indian strategic interests, both by overt and covert means. The data is then classified and filed with the assistance of the computer networks. International business houses, information technology sector and media centres can easily absorb R&AW operatives and provide freedom of movement.[2][3] A task force report prepared by a New Delhi based security think tank highlighted that R&AW operatives have inadequate non-official cover for overseas operations which 'limits access to spot real targets' and causes issues on handling 'high-value assets'.[34]

 

Major operations[edit]

  • ELINT operations in Himalayas:[40] After China tested its first nuclear weapons on 16 October 1964, at Lop Nur, Xinjiang, India and the USA shared a common fear about the nuclear capabilities of China.[41] Owing to the extreme remoteness of Chinese testing grounds, strict secrecy surrounding the Chinese nuclear programme, and the extreme difficulty that an Indian or American would have passing themselves off as Chinese, it was almost impossible to carry out any HUMINT operation. So, the CIA in the late 1960s decided to launch an ELINT operation along with RAW and ARC to track China's nuclear tests and monitor its missile launches. The operation, in the garb of a mountaineering expedition to Nanda Devi involved celebrated Indian climber M S Kohli who along with operatives of Special Frontier Force and the CIA - most notably Jim Rhyne, a veteran STOL pilot - was to place a permanent ELINT device, a transceiver powered by a plutonium battery, that could detect and report data on future nuclear tests carried out by China.[42] The monitoring device was near successfully implanted on Nanda Devi, when an avalanche forced a hasty withdrawal.[43] Later, a subsequent mountain operation to retrieve or replant the device was aborted when it was found that the device was lost. Recent reports indicate that radiation traces from this device have been discovered in sediment below the mountain.[44] However, the actual data is not conclusive.
  • Amalgamation of Sikkim: In 1947 Sikkim became a protectorate under India, which controlled its external affairs, defence, diplomacy and communications. It is alleged that in 1972 RAW was authorised to install a pro-Indian democratic government there.[3][52] After widespread rioting and demonstration against the King of Sikkim in 1975 a referendum was held in which 97.5% of the electorate (in a nation where 59% of the population could vote) voted to join the Indian Union. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim officially became the 22nd state of the Indian Union, and the monarchy was abolished.[53]
  • Kahuta's Blueprint:[54][55] Kahuta is the site of the Khan Research Laboratories (KRL), Pakistan's main nuclear weapons laboratory as well as an emerging centre for long-range missile development. The primary Pakistani fissile-material production facility is located at Kahuta, employing gas centrifuge enrichment technology to produce Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU). RAW first confirmed Pakistan's nuclear programs by analyzing the hair samples snatched from the floor of barber shops near KRL; which showed that Pakistan had developed the ability to enrich uranium to weapons-grade quality. RAW agents knew of Kahuta Research Laboratories from at least early 1978,[56] when the then Indian Prime Minister, Morarji Desai, accidentally thwarted RAW's operations on Pakistan's covert nuclear weapons program. In an indiscreet moment in a telephone conversation one day, Morarji Desai informed the then Pakistan President, Zia-ul-Haq, that India was aware of Pakistan's nuclear weapons program. According to later reports, acting on this "tip-off", Pakistani Intelligence eliminated RAW's sources on Kahuta, leaving India in the dark about Pakistan's nuclear weapons program from then on.[3][4][57]
  • Operation Meghdoot: RAW received information from the London company which had supplied Arctic-weather gear for Indian troops from Northern Ladakh region some paramilitary forces that Pakistan too had bought similar Arctic-weather gear.[58] This information was shared with Indian Army which soon launched Operation Meghdoot to take control of Siachen Glacier with around 300[58] acclimatized troops were airlifted to Siachen before Pakistan could launch any operation resulting in Indian head start and eventual Indian domination of all major peaks in Siachen.[58]
  • Kanishka Bombing case:[59][60][61] On 23 June 1985 Air India's Flight 182 was blown up near Ireland and 329 innocent lives were lost. On the same day, another explosion took place at Tokyo's Narita airport's transit baggage building where baggage was being transferred from Cathay Pacific Flight No CP 003 to Air India Flight 301 which was scheduled for Bangkok. Both aircraft were loaded with explosives from Canadian airports. Flight 301 got saved because of a delay in its departure. This was considered as a major setback to RAW for failing to gather enough intelligence about the Khalistani terrorists.[62][63]
  • Special Operations: In the mid-1980s, RAW set up two covert groups, Counterintelligence Team-X(CIT-X) and Counterintelligence Team-J(CIT-J), the first directed at Pakistan[64] and the second at Khalistani groups.[65] Rabinder Singh, the RAW double agent who defected to the United States in 2004, helped run CIT-J in its early years. Both these covert groups used the services of cross-border traffickers to ferry weapons and funds across the border, much as their ISI counterparts were doing. According to former RAW official and noted security analyst B. Raman, the Indian counter-campaign yielded results. "The role of our cover action capability in putting an end to the ISI's interference in Punjab", he wrote in 2002, "by making such interference prohibitively costly is little known and understood." These covert operations were discontinued during the tenure of IK Gujral and were never restarted.[66] As per B Raman the former RAW cabinet secretary, such covert operations were successful in keeping a check on ISI and were "responsible for ending the Khalistani insurgency".[67] He also notes that a lack of such covert capabilities, since they were closed down in 1997, has left the country even more vulnerable than before and says that developing covert capabilities is the need of the hour.[68]
  • Sri Lanka:[70][71] RAW started training the LTTE to keep a check on Sri Lanka, which had helped Pakistan in the Indo-Pak War by allowing Pakistani ships to refuel at Sri Lankan ports. However, the LTTE created a lot of problems and complications and the then Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi was forced to send the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) in 1987 to restore normalcy in the region. The disastrous mission of the IPKF was blamed by many on the lack of coordination between the IPKF and RAW. Its most disastrous manifestation was the Heliborne assault on LTTE HQ in the Jaffna University campus in the opening stages of Operation Pawan. The site was chosen without any consultation with the RAW. The dropping paratroopers became easy targets for the LTTE. A number of soldiers were killed. The assassination of Rajiv Gandhi is also blamed as a fallout of the failed RAW operation in Sri Lanka.[72]
  • Anti-Apartheid Movement: RAW trained the intelligence officers of many independent African countries and assisted the anti-apartheid struggles in South Africa and Namibia. Retired RAW officers were deputed to work in training institutes of intelligence agencies of some African states.[73]
  • Operation Chanakya:[74] This was the RAW operation in the Kashmir region to infiltrate various ISI-backed Kashmiri separatist groups and restore peace in the Kashmir valley. RAW operatives infiltrated the area, collected military intelligence, and provided evidence about ISI's involvement in training and funding Kashmiri separatist groups.[75][76] RAW was successful not only in unearthing the links between the ISI and the separatist groups, but also in infiltrating and neutralizing the militancy in the Kashmir valley.[77][78][79] RAW is also credited for creating a split in the Hizb-ul-Mujahideen.[80] Operation Chanakya also marked the creation of pro-Indian groups in Kashmir like the Ikhwan-ul-Muslimeen, Muslim Mujahideen etc. These counter-insurgencies consist of ex-militants and relatives of those slain in the conflict. Ikhwan-ul-Muslimeen leader Kokka Parrey was himself assassinated by separatists.[2]
  • Help to the Northern Alliance: After the rise of Pakistan backed Taliban in Afghanistan, India decided to side with the Northern Alliance[81] By 1996, RAW had built a 25 bed military hospital[82] at the Farkhor Air Base.[83] This airport was used by the Aviation Research Centre, the reconnaissance arm of RAW, to repair and operate the Northern Alliance's aerial support. This relationship was further cemented in the 2001 Afgan war. India supplied the Northern Alliance high altitude warfare equipment worth around US$8–10 million.[84][85] RAW was the first intelligence agency to determine the extent of the Kunduz airlift.[86]
  • Kargil War: RAW was heavily criticized in 1999, following the Pakistani incursions at Kargil. Critics accused RAW of failing to provide intelligence that could have prevented the ensuing ten-week conflict that brought India and Pakistan to the brink of a full-scale war. While the Army has been critical of the information they received,[86] RAW has pointed the finger at the politicians, claiming they had provided all the necessary information. However, RAW was successful in intercepting a telephonic conversation between Pervez Musharraf, the then Pakistan Army Chief who was in Beijing and his chief of staff Lt. Gen. Mohammed Aziz in Islamabad.[87] This tape was later published by India to prove Pakistani involvement in the Kargil incursion.[87][88] In 2011, a think tank report[89] stated that RAW had warned in its October 1998 assessment that Pakistan Army might launch a limited swift offensive with possible support of alliance partners, however the government ignored such reports.[90][91][92]
  • Operation Leech: Surrounded by Arakans and dense forest, Myanmar had always been a worrisome point for Indian intelligence. As the major player in the area, India has sought to promote democracy and install friendly governments in the region. To these ends, RAW cultivated Burmese rebel groups and pro-democracy coalitions, especially the Kachin Independence Army (KIA). India allowed the KIA to carry a limited trade in jade and precious stones using Indian territory and even supplied them weapons. It is further alleged that KIA chief Maran Brang Seng met the RAW chief in Delhi twice. However, when the KIA became the main source of training and weapons for all northeastern rebel groups, RAW initiated an operation, code named Operation Leech, to assassinate the leaders of the Burmese rebels as an example to other groups. in 1998, six top rebel leaders, including military wing chief of National Unity Party of Arakans (NUPA), Khaing Raza, were shot dead and 34 Arakanese guerrillas were arrested and charged with gunrunning.[3][93]
  • War on Terror: Although RAW's contribution to the War on Terror is highly classified, the organisation gained some attention in the Western media after claims that it was assisting the United States by providing intelligence on Osama Bin Laden and the Taliban's whereabouts. Maps and photographs of terrorist training camps in Afghanistan and Pakistan along with other evidence implicating Osama bin Laden in terrorist attacks were given to US intelligence officials. RAW's role in the War on Terror may increase as US intelligence has indicated that it sees RAW as a more reliable ally than Pakistani intelligence. It has further come to light that a timely tip-off by RAW helped foil a third assassination plot against Pakistan's former President, General Pervez Musharraf.[4][94]
  • 2008 Mumbai attacks: About 2–6 months before 26/11 Mumbai attacks RAW had intercepted several telephone calls through SIGINT[95] which pointed at impending attacks on Mumbai Hotels by Pakistan based terrorists,[96] however there was a coordination failure and no follow up action was taken.[97] Few hours before the attacks, a RAW technician monitoring satellite transmissions picked up conversations between attackers and handlers, as the attackers were sailing toward Mumbai. The technician flagged the conversations as being suspicious and passed them on to his superiors. RAW believed that they were worrying and immediately alerted the office of the National Security Advisor. However the intelligence was ignored.[98] Later, just after the terrorists had attacked Mumbai, RAW technicians started monitoring the six phones used by the terrorists and recorded conversations between the terrorists and their handlers.[99] On 15 January 2010, in a successful snatch operation RAW agents nabbed Sheikh Abdul Khwaja, one of the handlers of the 26/11 attacks, chief of HuJI India operations and a most wanted terror suspect in India, from Colombo, Sri Lanka and brought him over to Hyderabad, India for formal arrest.[100]
  • Snatch operations with IB: In late 2009, investigative journal The Week ran a cover story on one of India's major clandestine operations that the RAW ran with Intelligence Bureau to nab terrorists infiltrating India, via Nepal and other neighboring countries.[101] In order to bypass the lengthy extradition process, RAW conducts snatch operations to nab suspects from various foreign countries. The suspect is brought to India, interrogated and is usually produced before a court. With emergence of Nepal as a terror transit point RAW and the IB started closely monitoring the movement of suspected terrorists in Nepal. According to The Week, in last decade there has been close to 400 successful snatch operations conducted by RAW and/or IB in Nepal, Bangladesh and other countries. Some famous snatch netted Bhupinder Singh Bhuda of the Khalistan Commando Force, Lashkar militant Tariq Mehmood, Sheikh Abdul Khwaja, one of the handlers of the 26/11 attacks etc. most of the suspects are kept at Tihar Jail.[102]

Controversies[edit]

From its inception RAW has been criticised for being an agency not answerable to the people of India (RAW reports to Prime Minister only). Fears arose that it could turn into the KGB of India. Such fears were kept at bay by the RAW's able leadership (although detractors of RAW and especially the Janata Party have accused the agency of letting itself be used for terrorising and intimidating opposition during emergencies). The main controversy which has plagued RAW in recent years is over bureaucratization of the system with allegations about favoritism in promotions, corruption, ego clashes, no financial accountability,[34] inter-departmental rivalry etc.[103][104][105][106] RAW also suffers from ethnic imbalances in the officer level. Noted security analyst and former Additional Secretary B.Raman has criticised the agency for its asymmetric growth; "while being strong in its capability for covert action it is weak in its capability for intelligence collection, analysis and assessment. Strong in low and medium-grade intelligence, weak in high-grade intelligence. Strong in technical intelligence, weak in human intelligence. Strong in collation, weak in analysis. Strong in investigation, weak in prevention. Strong in crisis management, weak in crisis prevention."[107][108]

  • In the 8 February 2010 edition Outlook Magazine reported on former RAW Chief, Ashok Chaturvedi, utilizing Government of India funds to take his wife along on international trips. After retirement, Chaturvedi had a diplomatic passport issued for himself and his wife. Per Outlook Magazine: "Only grade ‘A’ ambassadors—usually IFS officers posted in key countries like the UK and US—are allowed to hold diplomatic passports after retirement. The majority, who do not fit that bill, hold passports issued to ordinary citizens. In fact, all former RAW chiefs Outlook spoke to confirmed they had surrendered their diplomatic passports the day they retired. And their spouses weren’t entitled to diplomatic passports even while they were in service."[109]
  • In September 2007, RAW was involved in a controversy due to a high profile CBI raid at the residence of Major General (retired) V K Singh, a retired Joint Secretary of RAW who has recently written a book on RAW where it was alleged that political interference and corruption in the intelligence agency has made it vulnerable to defections. One of the instances of corruption mentioned in the book was the preference given by RAW departments towards purchasing intelligence from the Rohde and Schwarz company.[110] A reason for such corruption as explained by the author is that "...RAW was not answerable to any outside agency - the control of the Prime Minister's Office was perfunctory, at best - many officers thought that they were not only above the law but a law unto themselves."[111] A case under the Official Secrets Act has also been filed against V K Singh.[112]
  • On 19 August 2008 the RAW Director (Language) who was also head of the RAW Training Institute in Gurgaon from 2005[113] tried to commit suicide in front of Prime Minister's Office, alleging inaction and wrong findings to a sexual harassment complaint filed against a Joint Secretary, who was on deputation to RAW.[114][115] She was discharged from duty on the ground that she was mentally unfit[116] and that her identity was disclosed.[117] She was later separately charged with criminal trespass,[118] human trafficking[119] and for her repeated attempts to commit suicide.[117] The Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) ordered RAW to reinstate her[120] however RAW filed an appeal against the CAT order which is pending before Delhi High Court.[121] On 20 January 2011 she was sent for psychological evaluation[122] and medical detention by a Delhi High Court judge when she tried to strip herself in the court protesting over the slow pace of her trial.[123][124] The psychological evaluation report stated that 'she may be suffering a mental problem due to loss of job and her continuous run-ins at the courts, but she was certainly not suffering from any permanent or grave mental disorder.'[117]
  • A senior technical officer was arrested by CBI on graft charges, on 4 February 2009. The scientist, a Director level employee, worked in the division that granted export licenses to companies dealing in “sensitive” items, including defence-related equipment. He was accused of demanding and accepting a bribe of Rs.1 lakh from a Chennai based manufacturer for obtaining an export license.[125][126]
  • In September 2009, seven Additional Secretaries from the RAS cadre had gone on protest leave after A. B. Mathur, an IPS officer, superseded them to the post of Special Secretary.[127][128] Over the years the tussle between the RAS cadre and officers on deputation from IPS cadre has caused friction in the working of the agency.[129]

Defections & spy scandals[edit]

  • In 2004, there was spy scandal involving the CIA.[130] Rabinder Singh, Joint secretary and heading RAW's South East Asia department, defected to America on 5 June 2004. RAW had already become suspicious about his movements and he was under surveillance and his telephones were also tapped. He was confronted by Counter Intelligence officials on 19 April 2004. Despite all precautions, Rabinder Singh managed to defect with 'sensitive files' he had allegedly removed from RAW's headquarters in south New Delhi. This embarrassing fiasco and national security failure were attributed to weak surveillance, shoddy investigation and lack of coordination between the Counter-Intelligence and Security (CIS), IB and RAW.[131] According to unconfirmed reports, Singh has surfaced in Virginia, USA.[132] Recently in an affidavit submitted to the court, RAW deposed that Singh has been traced to New Jersey.[4][133]
  • In 2007, there was a spy scandal involving Bangladesh.[134] A Bangladeshi DGFI agent concealed his nationality, and was known by the name of Diwan Chand Mallik. He was known to have some important documents which were damaging for national security. He joined in 1999 and used to live in East Delhi. A case of cheating and forgery was filed at the Lodhi Colony police station on the basis of a complaint by a senior RAW official.[135]

In popular culture[edit]

Unlike Hollywood, which had portrayed FBI, CIA, MI6 etc. in various films, Bollywood has been shy to explore the area of espionage, especially R&AW on the silver screen. R&AW gets little attention from the populace, which seems unaware of the existence of such an organisation or even India's internal intelligence agency, the Intelligence Bureau. Excessive secrecy surrounding activities and rare declassification of information are blamed as the main reason behind this. But there are films from Bollywood which refers to agents, espionage, terrorism etc. but until recently a few of them openly mentioned R&AW.

The earliest Indian films portraying espionage were Aankhen (1968, Ramanand Sagar Production, Starring Dharmendra, Mala Sinha),[136] Prem Pujari starring Dev Anand in 1970, Hindustan Ki Kasam (Starring Raaj Kumar, Priya Rajvansh in 1973). However over time, films like Agent Vinod (starring Saif Ali Khan), The Hero: Love Story of a Spy (Starring Sunny Deol, Preity Zinta and Priyanka Chopra),[137] Such a Long Journey (1998, UK Canada Co-production, Directed by Sturla Gunnarsson, starring Naseeruddin Shah),[138] 16 December (Starring Danny Denzongpa, Milind Soman, Sushant Singh, Dipanita Sharma),[139] Hindustan Ki Kasam (1999, starring Ajay Devgan in double role, Amitabh Bachchan), Asambhav (2004), starring Arjun Rampal as Army Captain and Jammel Khan essaying the role of a fictional R&AW agent Atul Bhatnagar[140] etc. have openly mentioned R&AW and its allied units. Popular Hindi movie Veer-Zaara mentioned the intelligence agency R&AW, when the lead character Veer (portrayed by Shahrukh Khan) was accused by Pakistani police of being an undercover spy for R&AW. In Mission Istanbul, model actress Shweta Bhardwaj played the role of Lisa Lobo, a R&AW agent in Istanbul, who helps journalist Vikas Sagar, played by Zayed Khan, in foiling the anti - India terrorist attempts by a terror group. In Maan Gaye Mughal-e-Azam Rahul Bose plays a R&AW officer (Arjun Rastogi) who attempts to thwart explosives delivery in the city. In Chamku R&AW is shown as undertaking a covert program much in the lines of the Bourne series to build up an assassination team. Aazaan is also a 2011 film featuring Sachiin J Joshi as a R&AW officer who plays an informant, who has to go undercover beyond enemy lines to save the country from the threat of biological warfare. The recent Bollywood hit film Ek Tha Tiger portrays Salman Khan as a R&AW officer being in love with an ISI agent. It is alleged that the film is inspired by the life of Ravinder Kaushik,[141] a deep penetration agent of R&AW.[142]

Apart from Bollywood, the other film industries of India have also cashed in on the patriotic appeal of espionage. Telugu movie star Krishna's film titled Goodachari No. 1 explores the life of an undercover agent working to thwart ISI activities in India. Cine star Bala Krishna's film in the direction of Swarna Subba Rao, titled Vijayendra Varma is based on a real life story of a R&AW agent, where he donned the role of the R&AW officer in the film.[143] The Tamil movie Ottran casts Arjun Sarja as a R&AW officer. A 1990s Malayalam film Highway portrays Suresh Gopi as a R&AW agent investigating a bomb blast. Kamal Hasan in a film titled Dasavathaaram and later a dubbed Hindi version titled Dashavatar[144] essayed the role of a Telugu (in original film)/Bengali(in Hindi version) R&AW operative.[145][146]

The thriving entertainment channels in India have also started to tap into the theme of Intelligence agencies. 2612 which used to air on Life OK, features Cabir Maira as a R&AW Agent Anand Swami who helps a STF officer Randeep Rathore to save the country from a terrorist attack, 2612. Time Bomb 9/11, a series aired on Zee TV, features Rajeev Khandelwal in the role of a R&AW field officer who attempts to defuse a nuclear bomb set in India, as well as saving the life of the Indian Prime Minister. Zee Bangla featured a serial named Mohona where the chief protagonist is a R&AW officer. Sajda Tere Pyar Mein a series on Star Plus, features Shaleen Bhanot in the role of a R&AW officer who asks a girl named Aliya for help in catching a spy named Mahendra Pratap.

In Anthony Horowitz's book Crocodile Tears, reluctant teen spy Alex Rider is assisted multiple times by R&AW agent Rahim.

Tamil films

Thandavam is based on the story of a RAW Agent. The role was played by Tamil superstar Chiyaan Vikram. Another Tamil film Thuppakki has portrayed actor Vijay as a military and a RAW officer. Vishwaroopam is also a film in which Kamal Haasan played the character of RAW agent Vizam Ahmed Kashmiri.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Raman, B. (7-3-2000). "South Asia Analysis Group: Papers: The Kargil Review Committee Report". South Asia Analysis Group. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "B-Net:Reference Publications:India, Intelligence and Security:Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security (2004)". Findarticles.com. 2009-06-02. Retrieved 2009-10-11. [dead link]
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Federation of American Scientists". Fas.org. Retrieved 2009-10-11. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h John Pike. "Global Security". Global Security. Retrieved 2009-10-11. 
  5. ^ John Pike. "Research and Analysis Wing (RAW)- India Intelligence Agencies". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2012-07-02. 
  6. ^ "RAW: India's External Intelligence Agency - Council on Foreign Relations". Cfr.org. Retrieved 2012-07-02. 
  7. ^ "Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) - India Intelligence Agencies". Fas.org. Retrieved 2012-07-02. 
  8. ^ Joshi, Sandeep (2012-11-26). "IB, RAW get new chiefs". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 
  9. ^ a b Sainis, Sunil (March–April 2002). "Obituary:Rameshwar Nath Kao (1918-2002)". Volume 4(5) (Bharat Rakshak Monitor). Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  10. ^ Yadav, Yatish (28 April 2013). "Intelligence agencies run into babu bind". The Sunday Standard (New Delhi). Retrieved 21 May 2013. 
  11. ^ "The CIA's Secret War in Tibet". Vayu-sena.tripod.com. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  12. ^ India vs. Pakistan last accessed on 11.04.2007
  13. ^ The Spin and Swing of RAW Orchestra as accessed on 11.04.2007
  14. ^ Henderson, Robert W. Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook: 2003 Edition (Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook (Paperback)). Brassey's Inc. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-57488-550-7. 
  15. ^ Dixit, J. N. (Jyotindra Nath) (1996). My South Block years: memoirs of a foreign secretary. New Delhi: UBS Publishers' Distributors. p. 418. ISBN 978-81-7476-132-3. 
  16. ^ Dept. Right to Information which are excluded
  17. ^ However notwithstanding that they are exempt from the Right to Information Act, Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) has conveyed, in response to an RTI petition filed by Anuj Dhar, that they aren't holding any information on Subhas Chandra Bose RAW says no info on Netaji, but the slip shows.
  18. ^ a b "Section 24 in The Right To Information Act, 2005". indiankanoon.org. Retrieved 2 July 2012. 
  19. ^ "Reveal Case Details of Sex Abuse, Graft: CIC to RAW". 2 Jul 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012. 
  20. ^ Raina, Asoka (1981). Inside RAW: the story of India's secret service. New Delhi: Vikas. ISBN 978-0-7069-1299-9. 
  21. ^ Krishna Dhar, Maloy. Fulcrum of evil: ISI, CIA, Qaeda nexus. Manas Publications. ISBN 978-81-7049-278-8. 
  22. ^ The new Indian Govt. & national security: Part V & last[dead link]
  23. ^ a b Research and Analysis Wing as accessed on 9.4.07
  24. ^ Isha KhanDhaka (2007-09-12). "R.A.W.: An Instrument of Indian Imperialism — Worldpress.org". Bangladesh: Worldpress.org. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  25. ^ 'Advani pressed for release of terrorist', Hindustan Times, Saturady, 18 April 2009, Page 1
  26. ^ "Kashmir After Kandahar". Hinduonnet.com. Retrieved 2010-03-04. 
  27. ^ http://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/fierce-one
  28. ^ "A RAW hand". Rediff.com. Retrieved 2012-05-28. 
  29. ^ [1] Fair Observer Advisor List
  30. ^ "A RAW hand: Rediff.com news". Inhome.rediff.com. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  31. ^ "Bharath asked: How about a website for RAW and can we recruit more people from outside UPSC route? we got to change | Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses". Idsa.in. Retrieved 2012-05-28. 
  32. ^ "Soon, a beefier, meaner, deadlier RAW". Rediff.com. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  33. ^ "Career Queries Hotline: I want to join RAW. How should I go about it?". Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  34. ^ a b c d "Ghosts Who Walk | Saikat Datta". Outlookindia.com. Retrieved 2012-05-28. 
  35. ^ "RAW officer attempts suicide at PMO". Headlinesindia.com. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  36. ^ "Raw at War-Genesis of Secret Agencies in Ancient India". Defencejournal.com. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  37. ^ "Soon, training school for secret agents in Mumbai". The Times Of India. 2011-07-17. 
  38. ^ "Open Secrets: India's Intelligence Unveiled"- Maloy Krishna Dhar. He was the joint director of IB.
  39. ^ Vohra Committee Report Last retrieved on 14/10/2007
  40. ^ Vayu Sena: Book Extract: Spies in the Himalayas last visited on 22 August 2007
  41. ^ 'An Eye at the Top of the World', by Pete Takeda, Thunder’s Mouth Press; 1st edition (4 September 2006), ISBN 1-56025-845-4
  42. ^ Spies in the Himalayas, by Kenneth Conboy and M.S. Kohli, University Press of Kansas (March 2003), ISBN 0-7006-1223-8
  43. ^ Harish Kapadia, "Nanda Devi", in World Mountaineering, Audrey Salkeld, editor, Bulfinch Press, 1998, ISBN 0-8212-2502-2, pp. 254-257.
  44. ^ Smith, Carol (2007-03-25). "Seattle Post-Intelligencer". Seattlepi.com. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  45. ^ bangla[@]gmail.com. "Mukti Bahini". Banglapedia.search.com.bd. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  46. ^ "Mission Pakistan"-Maloy Krishna Dhar
  47. ^ "Documents on Crimes against Humanity Committed by Pakistan Army and their agents in Bangladesh during 1971". Bangladeshmariners.com. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  48. ^ "Case Study: Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971". Gendercide.org. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  49. ^ Swami, Praveen (2011-12-26). "India's secret war in Bangladesh". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 
  50. ^ The plan to assassinate Bangladesh Prime Minister Shiekh Hasina Wajed: How LTTE deal was blocked, suicide bombers failed to explode last visited on 9.4.07
  51. ^ "Turf battles hit Indian spy in the sky". India eNews. 2006-03-19. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  52. ^ "The Palace | Wagle Street Journal". Wagle.com.np. 2009-11-11. Retrieved 2012-05-28. 
  53. ^ "About Sikkim". Official website of the Government of Sikkim. Retrieved 15 June 2009. 
  54. ^ John Pike. "Kahuta Khan Research Laboratories". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  55. ^ According to the September 18–24, 1988 issue of the weekly Indian Magazine Sunday
  56. ^ In a stunning intelligence coup, India apparently first learned of Pakistan's programmes by analysing the hair samples snatched from the floor of barber shops near the Pakistani nuclear research facility at Kahuta. India's external intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing, sent the samples to New Delhi's Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, which discovered clear indications from analysis of the hair, that Pakistan had developed the ability to enrich uranium to weapons-grade quality. Robert Hutchinson, Weapons of Mass Destruction, Is your company over-managed and under-directed?'.' Retrieved 9.4.07.
  57. ^ "RAW & Mossad: The Secret Link". Rediff.com. 2003-09-08. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  58. ^ a b c "War at the Top of the World". Time. 2005-11-07. [dead link]
  59. ^ As per conspiracy theorists Zuhair Kashmiri and Brian Mac Andrew in their book Soft Target: How the Indian Intelligence Service Penetrated Canada the bombings were RAW's operations to malign the Canadian Sikhs who were actively participating in the Khalistani movement and make them suspect in the eyes of the Canadian authorities.
  60. ^ Air India In depth. CBC.
  61. ^ Flight182.com, Death of Flight 182 website archived from the original
  62. ^ CBC. Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) had obtained permission to tape Parmar’s phone on the basis that he was the leader of the Babbar Khalsa.
  63. ^ Air India witness describes impact of wife's death. Last visited on 12/9/2007
  64. ^ "The 'Jihad' Against India". Newsline.com.pk. Archived from the original on 2 December 2007. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  65. ^ Swami, Praveen (28 April 2013). "Sarabjit Singh, and the spies India left out in the cold". First Post. Retrieved 28 April 2013. 
  66. ^ "Covert contestation". Hinduonnet.com. 1972-03-12. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  67. ^ Hinduonnet.com
  68. ^ Outlookindia.com
  69. ^ "Operation Cactus". Bharat-rakshak.com. 1988-11-03. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  70. ^ John Pike. "Research and Analysis Wing RAW". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  71. ^ nesohr.org RAW created a terrorist organisation to stop Sri Lanka from developing quickly economically and forging ties with other nations in the West or China. RAW funded and armed the terrorists to wreak havoc in the country. Breaking with the Past By Shirin R. Tahir-Kheli, p54.
  72. ^ Sachi Sri Kantha. The RAW Factor last visited on 9.4.07
  73. ^ 18 Aug 2007 (2007-08-18). "Asia Times Online :: South Asia news - India's silent warriors". Atimes.com. Retrieved 2012-05-28. 
  74. ^ The Millenium Manifesto or ’Ikeesween Sadi Dastoor’
  75. ^ Joint Intelligence North(JIN) is a department in ISI which is exclusively responsible for the Jammu and Kashmir region and in particular the Indian troop movement along the LOC (Line of Control). However, due to recent peace overtures between India and Pakistan, the size of this department is being reduced.
  76. ^ Defense, Pakistan. "Overview Of Intelligence Services". Retrieved 2006-05-05. 
  77. ^ McCarthy, Rory (2002-05-25). "Dangerous game of state-sponsored terror that threatens nuclear conflict". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2006-05-05. 
  78. ^ "Directorate for ISI article on FAS, Intelligence Resource Program". 
  79. ^ McCarthy, Rory (2002-05-25). "Dangerous game of state-sponsored terror...". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2010-05-22.  - The Guardian
  80. ^ "The Kashmir Telegraph". Kashmirtelegraph.com. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  81. ^ "The Daily Mail - Daily News from Pakistan - Newspaper from Pakistan". Dailymailnews.com. 2008-02-18. Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  82. ^ The Northern Alliance military commander, Ahmad Shah Massoud, who was assassinated in September 2001 by two Arab suicide bombers posing as journalists, died in the India-run hospital.
  83. ^ "India and Central Asia". Frontlineonnet.com. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  84. ^ "India-Afghanistan relations: Post-9/11". Issi.org.pk. Retrieved 2009-09-28. [dead link]
  85. ^ "India joins anti-Taliban coalition - Jane's Security News". Janes.com. 2001-03-15. Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  86. ^ a b "Centre for Research on Globalisation (CRG)". Globalresearch.ca. 2002-06-11. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  87. ^ a b Subir Bhaumik. "550, Subir Bhaumik, Guns, drugs and rebels". India-seminar.com. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  88. ^ "A RAW hand: Rediff.com news". Us.rediff.com. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  89. ^ "The Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS)". Claws.in. 2011-06-24. Retrieved 2012-05-28. 
  90. ^ "Did Vajpayee government sleep for a year over intelligence alert on Kargil?". The Times Of India. 2011-11-28. [dead link]
  91. ^ "India's Independent Weekly News Magazine". Tehelka. Retrieved 2012-05-28. 
  92. ^ "Kargil: IB had informed PM of Pak build up in 1998". Hindustan Times. 2011-11-27. Retrieved 2012-05-28. 
  93. ^ Guns, drugs and rebels. B.B. Nandi, former RAW additional secretary, interview to author, 6 March 2002.
  94. ^ "India's CIA spy scandal - Jane's Security News". Janes.com. 2001-09-11. Archived from the original on 25 February 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  95. ^ US Warned India of Mumbai Attack
  96. ^ India's lack of preparedness raised Mumbai death toll
  97. ^ Lessons of Mumbai, Rand Corporation, p19
  98. ^ Virsanghvi.com
  99. ^ Hindustantimes.com
  100. ^ 26/11 attacks handler arrested Hindustan Times, Abhishek Sharan & Ashok Das, Delhi/Hyderabad, 18 January 2010
  101. ^ Manoramaonline.com
  102. ^ "RAW & IB's biggest anti-terror covert ops abroad". Defence.pk. Retrieved 2012-05-28. 
  103. ^ Watch, Naxal (2009-02-15). "IntelliBriefs: Special report: New Era, New Hope at India's Intelligence Agency". Intellibriefs.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2010-03-04. 
  104. ^ C K Kutty. A RAW Hand
  105. ^ "Can its new chief turn R&AW around?: Rediff.com news". In.rediff.com. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  106. ^ "India's Independent Weekly News Magazine". Tehelka. Retrieved 2012-05-28. 
  107. ^ 'The Kaoboys of RAW: Down Memory Lane', B. Raman, Lancer Publishers (2007), ISBN 0-9796174-3-X
  108. ^ Spooks in the machine[dead link]
  109. ^ Outlook reports on RAW corruption: Outlookindia.com
  110. ^ Singh VK. India's External Intelligence: Secrets of Research and Analysis Wing (RAW). New Delhi: Manas Publications. Pg 87
  111. ^ Singh VK. India's External Intelligence: Secrets of Research and Analysis Wing (RAW). New Delhi: Manas Publications. Pg 12
  112. ^ RAW man protests CBI raid on his home over story book. Last accessed on 24/9/2007
  113. ^ "‘Sexually harassed but no one listening’: suicide bid at PMO by RAW director". Indianexpress.com. 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  114. ^ RAW officer attempts suicide near PMO (2008-08-19). "RAW officer attempts suicide near PMO". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  115. ^ "RAW officer attempts suicide at PMO". Newstrackindia.com. 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  116. ^ "Ms. Nisha Priya Bhatia vs Cabinet Secretariat (R ) on 31 December, 2009". Indiankanoon.org. Retrieved 2012-05-28. 
  117. ^ a b c "No ‘grave’ mental disorder, institute seeks review in trial of ex-RAW official". Indian Express. 2011-03-01. Retrieved 2012-05-28. 
  118. ^ "Arrested RAW director gets bail in trespass case". Indian Express. 2009-12-10. Retrieved 2012-05-28. 
  119. ^ "Former RAW official tries to undress in court". The Times Of India. [dead link]
  120. ^ "CAT snubs R&AW, reinstates officer". Indian Express. 2010-03-19. Retrieved 2012-05-28. 
  121. ^ "No ‘grave’ mental disorder, institute seeks review in trial of ex-RAW official". Indian Express. 2011-03-01. Retrieved 2012-05-28. 
  122. ^ "Ex-RAW official to stay in medical detention". The Times Of India. 2011-01-28. 
  123. ^ "Protesting slow pace of trial, woman strips in HC". The Times Of India. 2011-01-21. 
  124. ^ "Former RAW official strips in Delhi court - India News - IBN7". Ibnlive.in.com. 2011-01-21. Retrieved 2012-05-28. 
  125. ^ "Front Page : RAW official arrested on graft charge". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2009-02-04. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  126. ^ "The Daily Mail - Daily News from india - Newspaper from Pakistan". Dailymailnews.com. 2009-02-01. Retrieved 2009-09-28. [dead link]
  127. ^ "India's spies the latest to go on strike: Rediff.com news". News.rediff.com. 2009-09-07. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  128. ^ "IPS promoted, RAW officials strike with a holiday - Yahoo! India News". In.news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2009-09-28. [dead link]
  129. ^ "Spy Versus Spy | Saikat Datta". Outlookindia.com. Retrieved 2012-05-28. 
  130. ^ "India's CIA spy scandal". Janes.com. 2001-09-11. Archived from the original on 25 February 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  131. ^ C K Kutty. Did the CIA help Rabinder Singh flee?
  132. ^ "Rabindra "spy" Singh surfaces in Virginia". Hvk.org. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  133. ^ "Rabinder in US, we want him back: RAW in court". Indianexpress.com. 2006-11-02. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  134. ^ "Bangladeshi worked for RAW for 6 years- Hindustan Times". Newsrack.in. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  135. ^ Bangladeshi worked for RAW for 6 years[dead link]
  136. ^ Ankhen (1968)
  137. ^ Hitting Pakistan is Bollywood's formula as accessed on 04.04.2007
  138. ^ "Such a Long Journey". Reelviews.net. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  139. ^ IMDb.com
  140. ^ Asambhav (2004)
  141. ^ Singh, Dalip (2002-12-30). "The Telegraph - Calcutta : Frontpage". Calcutta, India: Telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 2012-09-18. 
  142. ^ "Dead RAW agent's nephew takes Salman's Ek Tha Tiger producers to court". Indiatvnews.com. 2012-07-28. Retrieved 2012-09-18. 
  143. ^ "idlebrain.com". idlebrain.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  144. ^ Anand Vaishnav (2009-05-02). "REVIEW: 10 Kamals in Dashavatar- Buzz18 Entertainment". India: Buzz18.in.com. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  145. ^ "'Dasavathaaram' - 10 Kamals too many | Bollywood News - Yahoo! India Movies". In.movies.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  146. ^ "HindustanTimes-Print". Hindustantimes.com. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

 India topics
Foreign intelligence agencies
Domestic intelligence agencies
Military intelligence agencies
Signals intelligence agencies
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Research_and_Analysis_Wing&oldid=560349201"