Research stations in Antarctica

A number of governments maintain permanent research stations in Antarctica and these bases are widely distributed. Unlike the bases set up in the Arctic (see Drifting ice station), the research stations of the Antarctic are constructed either on rock or on ice that is (for practical purposes) fixed in place.

Map shows the location of permanent Antarctic research stations

Many of the stations are staffed around the year. A total of 30 countries (as of October 2006), all signatories to the Antarctic Treaty, operate seasonal (summer) and year-round research stations on the continent. The population of people doing and supporting science on the continent and nearby islands varies from approximately 4,000 during the summer season to 1,000 during winter (June).^{[citation needed]} In addition to these permanent stations, approximately 30 field camps are established each summer to support specific projects.

Research stations

Base	Open	Country	Established	Operator	Situation	Coordinates	Time zone
Aboa	Summer	Finland	1988	Finnish Antarctic Research Program	Queen Maud Land	73°03′S 13°25′W
Vernadsky Research Base	Permanent	Ukraine	1994	National Antarctic Scientific Center	Galindez Island	65°14′44.6″S 64°15′26″W	iUTC-3
Almirante Brown Antarctic Base	Summer	Argentina	1951	Argentine Antarctic Institute	Antarctic Peninsula	64°53′42.4″S 62°52′16.8″W	iUTC-3
Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station	Permanent	United States	1957	United States Antarctic Program	Geographical South Pole	90°S 0°E	xUTC+12*
Artigas Base	Permanent	Uruguay	1984	Uruguayan Antarctic Institute	King George Island	62°11′3.4″S 58°54′11.9″W	iUTC-3
Asuka Station	unmanned observation	Japan	1985	National Institute of Polar Research	Queen Maud Land	71°31′34″S 24°08′17″E
Belgrano II	Permanent	Argentina	1979	Argentine Antarctic Institute	Coats Land	77°52′27.8″S 34°37′14.9″W	iUTC-3
Bellingshausen Station	Permanent	Russia	1968		King George Island	62°11′47″S 58°57′39″W
Bernardo O'Higgins Station	Permanent	Chile	1948	Chilean Army, Logistics	Antarctic Peninsula	63°19′15″S 57°53′56.2″W	hUTC-4*
Bharati	Permanent	India	2012	Indian Antarctic Program	Larsemann Hills	69°24′28″S 76°11′14″E
Byrd Station	Summer	United States	1957	United States Antarctic Program	Marie Byrd Land	80°01′00″S 119°32′00″W
Captain Arturo Prat Base	Permanent	Chile	1947	Chilean Navy	Greenwich Island	62°28′45″S 59°39′51″W	hUTC-4*
Casey Station	Permanent	Australia	1957	Australian Antarctic Division	Vincennes Bay	66°16′55.6″S 110°31′31.9″E	tUTC+8
Comandante Ferraz Brazilian Antarctic Base	Permanent	Brazil	1984	Brazilian Antarctic Program	King George Island	62°05′00″S 58°23′28.2″W
Concordia Station	Permanent	France Italy	2005		Dome C, Antarctic Plateau	75°06′00″S 123°20′00″E
Dakshin Gangotri Station	Replaced by Maitri Station	India	1984~1991	Indian Antarctic Program	Queen Maud Land	70°45′S 11°46′E
Davis Station	Permanent	Australia	1957	Australian Antarctic Division	Princess Elizabeth Land	68°34′35.3″S 77°58′9.2″E	sUTC+7
Dome Fuji Station	Permanent	Japan	1995	National Institute of Polar Research	Queen Maud Land	77°19′01″S 39°42′12″E
Dumont d'Urville Station	Permanent	France	1956		Adélie Land	66°39′47.3″S 140°00′5.3″E	vUTC+10
Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva and Villa Las Estrellas	Permanent	Chile	1969	Chilean Air Force	King George Island	62°11.7′S 58°58.7′W	hUTC-4*
Esperanza Base	Permanent	Argentina	1975	Argentine Antarctic Institute	Hope Bay	63°23′50.3″S 56°59′49.3″W	iUTC-3
Gabriel de Castilla Spanish Antarctic Station	Summer	Spain	1989	Marine biology	Deception Island	62°58′40.5″S 60°33′38.4″W
Georg von Neumayer Station	Replaced by Neumayer Station	Germany	1981-1992	Alfred Wegener Institute	Queen Maud Land	70°37′00″S 08°22′00″W	lUTC
Gonzalez Videla Station	Summer	Chile	1951	Chilean Air Force	Paradise Bay, Water Boat Point.	64°49′24″S 62°51′29″W
Great Wall Station	Permanent	China	1985	Meteorology	King George Island	62°13′02″S 58°57′41.5″W
Halley Research Station	Permanent	United Kingdom	1956	British Antarctic Survey	Brunt Ice Shelf	75°35′00″S 26°34′00″W
Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station	Permanent	Poland	1977	Polish Academy of Sciences	King George Island	62°09′0.14″S 058°28′2.1″W
Jang Bogo Station (proposed)	Permanent	South Korea	2014	Korea Antarctic Research Program	Terra Nova Bay
Jinnah Antarctic Station	Summer	Pakistan	1991	Pakistan Antarctic Programme	Sør Rondane Mountains, Queen Maud Land	70°24′S 25°45′E
Juan Carlos I Antarctic Base	Summer	Spain	1988	CSIC. Laboratory, investigation and meteorogical station.	South Bay, Livingston Island	62°39′45.9″S 60°23′25.3″W
Jubany	Permanent	Argentina	1953	Argentine Antarctic Institute	King George Island	62°14′16.7″S 58°40′0.2″W	iUTC-3
King Sejong Station	Permanent	South Korea	1988	Korea Antarctic Research Program	King George Island	62°13′23.2″S 58°47′13.4″W
Kohnen-Station	Summer	Germany	2001	Alfred Wegener Institute	Queen Maud Land	75°00′S 00°04′E
Kunlun Station	Summer	China	2009	Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration	Dome A	80°25′01″S 77°06′58″E
Law-Racoviţă Station	Summer	Romania	1986	Romanian Polar Research Institute	Larsemann Hills, Princess Elizabeth Land	69°23′18.9″S 76°22′50.75″E
Leningradskaya Station	Re-opening in 2007/2008	Russia	1971	Russian Antarctic Expedition	Oates Coast, Victoria Land	69°30′00″S 159°23′00″E
Machu Picchu Research Station	Summer	Peru	1989	Peruvian Antarctic Institute (INANPE)	Admiralty Bay, King George Island	62°05′29.9″S 58°28′15.4″W
Maitri Station	Permanent	India	1989	Indian Antarctic Program	Schirmacher Oasis	70°45′57.7″S 11°43′56.2″E
Maldonado Base	Summer	Ecuador	1990		Greenwich Island	62°26′56.6″S 59°44′29″W
Marambio Base	Permanent	Argentina	1969	Argentine Antarctic Institute	Seymour-Marambio Island	64°14′27.1″S 56°37′26.7″W	iUTC-3
Mario Zucchelli Station	Summer	Italy	1986	Oceanobiology, Oceanography, Geology, Geomorphology, Glaciology, Meteorology, Climatology, Seismology, Magnetism and Ecology	Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea	74°41′39.9″S 164°06′46.5″E	xUTC+12
Mawson Station	Permanent	Australia	1954	Australian Antarctic Division	Mac Robertson Land	67°36′10.1″S 62°52′22.8″E	rUTC+6
McMurdo Station	Permanent	United States	1956	United States Antarctic Program	Ross Island	77°50′43.4″S 166°40′11.2″E	xUTC+12*
Mendel Polar Station	Summer	Czech Republic	2006	biological, geological and climate research	James Ross Island	63°48′6.5″S 57°53′7.9″W
Mirny Station	Permanent	Russia	1956	glaciology, seismology, meteorology, polar lights, cosmic radiation, and marine biology	Davis Sea	66°33′10.4″S 93°00′34.8″E
Mizuho Station	irregular (transshipment station)	Japan	1970	National Institute of Polar Research		70°41′53″S 44°19′54″E
Molodyozhnaya Station	Re-opening in 2007/2008	Russia Belarus	1962	MeteorologyRussian Antarctic Expedition		67°39′57.0″S 45°50′33.2″E
Neumayer Station	Permanent	Germany	1992	Alfred Wegener Institute	Atka Bay	70°39′5.6″S 08°15′51.9″W	lUTC
Neumayer-Station III	Permanent	Germany	2009	Alfred Wegener Institute	Atka Bay	70°40′8″S 08°16′1.95″W	lUTC
Novolazarevskaya Station	Permanent	Russia	1961		Queen Maud Land	70°49′21.1″S 11°38′40.1″E
Orcadas Base	Permanent	Argentina	1904	Argentine Antarctic Institute, Argentine Navy	Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands	60°44′15.5″S 44°44′22″W	iUTC-3
Palmer Station	Permanent	United States	1968	Science labs, a dock and a helicopter pad.	Anvers Island	64°46′27.1″S 64°03′11″W	hUTC-4
Princess Elisabeth Base	Permanent	Belgium	2007	Energy-passive research station.	Queen Maud Land	71°34′12″S 23°12′00″E
Professor Julio Escudero Base	Permanent	Chile	1994	Chilean Antarctic Institute	King George Island	62°12′4.2″S 58°57′45.3″W	hUTC-4*
Progress Station	Summer	Russia	1988	Russian Antarctic Expedition	Prydz Bay	69°22′48.2″S 76°23′19.1″E
Rothera Research Station	Permanent	United Kingdom	1975	British Antarctic Survey	Adelaide Island	67°34′08.3″S 68°07′29.1″W
Russkaya Station	Re-opening in 2007/2008	Russia	1980	Russian Antarctic Expedition	Marie Byrd Land	74°46′00″S 136°52′00″W	fUTC-6
San Martín Base	Permanent	Argentina	1951	Argentine Antarctic Institute	Barry Island	68°07′48.9″S 67°06′7.2″W	iUTC-3
SANAE IV (South African National Antarctic Expedition)	Permanent	South Africa	1962 (SANAE I)	South African National Antarctic Programme	Vesleskarvet in Queen Maud Land	71°40′21.9″S 2°50′24.9″W
St. Kliment Ohridski Base	Permanent	Bulgaria	1988	Biological research, laboratorial and meteorological measurements. First Eastern Orthodox chapel, St. Ivan Rilski	Emona Anchorage, Livingston Island	62°38′29″S 60°21′53″W
Scott Base	Permanent	New Zealand	1957	Antarctic physical environments, Southern Ocean and Antarctic ecosystems.	Ross Island	77°50′58.5″S 166°46′5.9″E	xUTC+12
Showa Station	Permanent	Japan	1957	National Institute of Polar Research	East Ongul Island	69°00′15.6″S 39°34′48.9″E	oUTC+3
Signy Research Station	Summer (Permanent 1947-1995)	United Kingdom	1947	British Antarctic Survey	Signy Island, South Orkney Islands	60°43′S 45°36′W
Siple Station	Permanent	United States	1973	STAR Lab		75°55′S 83°55′W	oUTC+3
Svea Research Station	Summer	Sweden	1988	Swedish Polar Research Secretariat	Queen Maud Land	74°35′00″S 11°13′00″W
Tor Station	Summer	Norway	1993	Norwegian Polar Institute	Queen Maud Land	71°53′20″S 05°09′30″E
Troll Station	Permanent	Norway	1990	Norwegian Polar Institute	Queen Maud Land	72°00′43.5″S 2°31′56″E
WAIS Divide Camp	Summer	United States	2005	United States Antarctic Program, Collect a deep ice core	West Antarctic Ice Sheet	79°28′S 112°04′W
Wasa Research Station	Summer	Sweden	1989	Swedish Polar Research Secretariat	Queen Maud Land	73°03′S 13°25′W
Vostok Station	Permanent	Russia	1957	Russian Antarctic Expedition	Antarctic Ice Sheet	78°27′51.8″S 106°50′14″E	rUTC+6
Zhongshan (Sun Yat-Sen) Station	Permanent	China	1989	Polar Research Institute of China (PRIC)	Larsemann Hills in Prydz Bay	69°22′24″S 76°22′12″E

* Observes daylight saving time.

See also

• Antarctic field camps
• Demographics of Antarctica
• List of Antarctic expeditions
• Transport in Antarctica
• Winter-over syndrome
• Drifting ice station (for analogous stations in the Arctic)

External links

• Research stations
• COMNAP Main Antarctic Facilities