Richard Goldschmidt

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Richard Goldschmidt

Richard Goldschmidt
Born April 12, 1878
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Died April 24, 1958
Nationality German
Fields genetics
Doctoral advisor Otto Bütschli

Richard Benedict Goldschmidt (April 12, 1878 – April 24, 1958) was a German-born American geneticist. He is considered the first to integrate genetics, development, and evolution [1]. He pioneered understanding of reaction norms, genetic assimilation, dynamical genetics, sex determination, and heterochrony.[2] Controversially, Goldschmidt advanced a model of macroevolution through macromutations that is popularly known as the "Hopeful Monster" hypothesis.[3]

Goldschmidt also described the nervous system of the nematode, a piece of work that later influenced Sydney Brenner to study the wiring diagram of C. elegans,[citation needed] an achievement that later won Brenner and his colleagues the Nobel Prize in 2002.

Goldschmidt was born in Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany of Jewish heritage.

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[edit] Career

From 1899 Goldschmidt studied medicine and zoology at the University of Heidelberg with Otto Bütschli und Carl Gegenbaur. He worked with Richard Hertwig at the University of Munich. He received his Ph.D. at the University of Heidelberg with Otto Bütschli in 1902. In 1909 he became professor at the University of Munich, but left in 1914 for the position as head of the genetics section of the newly founded Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology.[4]

During a field trip to Japan in 1914 he was not able to return to Germany due to the outbreak of the First World War and got stranded in the United States. He ended up in an internment camp for "dangerous Germans". After his release in 1918 he returned to Germany in 1919. Because he was Jewish he had to leave Germany in 1935 and emigrated to the United States, where he became professor at the University of California, Berkeley.

[edit] Selected bibliography

  • Goldschmidt, R. (1917). Intersexuality and the endocrine aspect of sex. Endocrinology 1, 433-456
  • Goldschmidt, R. (1923). The Mechanism and Physiology of Sex Determination, Methuen & Co., London. (Translated by William Dakin.)
  • Goldschmidt, R. (1929). Experimentelle Mutation und das Problem der sogenannten Parallelinduktion. Versuche an Drosophila. Biologisches Zentralblatt 49, 437–448
  • Goldschmidt, R. (1931). Die sexuellen Zwischenstufen, Springer, Berlin.
  • Goldschmidt, R. (1934). Lymantria. Bibliographia Genetica 111, 1-185
  • Goldschmitdt,R. (1940). The Material Basis of Evolution, New Haven CT: Yale Univ.Press. ISBN 0300028237
  • Goldschmidt, R. (1946). 'An empirical evolutionary generalization' viewed from the standpoint of phenogenetics. American Naturalist 80, 305
  • Goldschmidt, R. (1960) In and Out of the Ivory Tower, Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle.
  • Goldschmidt (1945), "Podoptera, a homoeotic mutant of Drosophila and the origin of the insect wing.", Science 101 (2624): 389–390, 1945 Apr 13, doi:10.1126/science.101.2624.389, PMID 17780329 
  • Goldschmidt, R B (1948), "New Facts on Sex Determination in Drosophila Melanogaster.", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 34 (6): 245–52, 1948 Jun, doi:10.1073/pnas.34.6.245, PMID 16588805 
  • Goldschmidt (1949), "Research and Politics.", Science 109 (2827): 219–227, 1949 Mar 4, doi:10.1126/science.109.2827.219, PMID 17818053 
  • Goldschmidt, R B (1949), "The intersexual males of the beaded minute combination in Drosophila melanogaster.", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 35 (6): 314–6, 1949 Jun 15, doi:10.1073/pnas.35.6.314, PMID 18145306 
  • Goldschmidt, R B (Oct 1949), "Phenocopies.", Scientific American 181 (4): 46–9, 1949 Oct, ISSN 0036-8733, PMID 18148325 
  • Goldschmidt, R B (1949), "The beaded minute-intersexes in Drosophila melanogaster Meig.", J. Exp. Zool. 112 (2): 233–301, 1949 Nov, doi:10.1002/jez.1401120205, PMID 15400338 
  • Goldschmidt, R B (1949), "The interpretation of the triploid intersexes of Solenobia.", Experientia 5 (11): 417–25, 1949 Nov 15, doi:10.1007/BF02165248, PMID 15395346 
  • Goldschmidt, R B (1950), ""Repeats" and the modern theory of the gene.", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 36 (7): 365–8, 1950 Jul, doi:10.1073/pnas.36.7.365, PMID 15430313 
  • Goldschmidt, R B (1951), "Chromosomes and genes.", Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 16: 1–11, PMID 14942726 
  • Goldschmidt, R B (1954), "Different philosophies of genetics.", Science 119 (3099): 703–10, 1954 May 21, doi:10.1126/science.119.3099.703, PMID 13168356 
  • Goldschmidt, R B; Piternick, L K (1957), "The genetic background of chemically induced phenocopies in Drosophila.", J. Exp. Zool. 135 (1): 127–202, 1957 Jun, doi:10.1002/jez.1401350110, PMID 13481293 
  • Goldschmidt, R B (1957), "A Remarkable Action of the mutant "rudimentary" in Drosophila melanogaster.", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 43 (8): 731–6, 1957 Aug 15, doi:10.1073/pnas.43.8.731, PMID 16590077 
  • Goldschmidt, R B; Piternick, L K (1957), "The genetic background of chemically induced phenocopies in Drosophila. II.", J. Exp. Zool. 136 (2): 201–28, 1957 Nov, doi:10.1002/jez.1401360202, PMID 13525585 
  • Goldschmidt, R B (1957), "On some phenomena in Drosophila related to so-called genic conversion.", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 43 (11): 1019–26, 1957 Nov 15, doi:10.1073/pnas.43.11.1019, PMID 16590117 

[edit] Legacy

He was used as a character in the anime series Blood +. In it he was the scientist who discovered both Saya and Diva and raised Saya as a Daughter, while keeping Diva locked in captivity. Carl Gegenbaur was also his assistant at the "zoo" were he did his research. The anime portrays a near historical view on him and his associtates.

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Hall, B. K. (2001). "Commentary." American Zoologist 41 (4): 1049-1051.
  2. ^ Dietrich, M. R. (2003). Richard Goldschmidt: hopeful monsters and other 'heresies.' Nature Reviews Genetics 4 (Jan.): 68-74.
  3. ^ Gould, S. J. (1977). "The Return of Hopeful Monsters." Natural History 86 (June/July): 24, 30.
  4. ^ Stern, Curt (1969). "Richard Benedict Goldschmidt." Perspect Biol Med. 12(2): 179-203.

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Goldschmidt"