Robert Fico

Robert Fico
Fico with Dmitry Medvedev on a state visit to Slovakia (2010)
Prime Minister of Slovakia
In office 4 July 2006 – 8 July 2010
President	Ivan Gašparovič
Preceded by	Mikuláš Dzurinda
Succeeded by	Iveta Radičová
Member of the National Council
In office 23 June 1992 – 4 July 2006
Personal details
Born	15 September 1964 (1964-09-15) Topoľčany, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia)
Political party	Direction-Social Democracy (1999–present)
Other political affiliations	Communist Party (1987–1990) Party of the Democratic Left (1990–1999)
Spouse(s)	Svetlana Ficová
Alma mater	Comenius University in Bratislava

Robert Fico (born September 15, 1964) served as the Prime Minister of Slovakia from July 4, 2006 to July 8, 2010.

He is the leader of the left-wing party Direction – Social Democracy (Slovak: SMER – Sociálna demokracia). The party won the parliamentary elections in 2006, receiving approximately 30 percent of the cast votes. After the victory he created a coalition with the Slovak National Party an extremist nationalist party led by Ján Slota and with the People's Party - Movement for a Democratic Slovakia led by Vladimír Mečiar.

Life and career

Fico was born in a working class family on September 15, 1964, in the town of Topoľčany. His father was a forklift operator and his mother worked in a shoe store. Fico has two siblings, brother Ladislav and a sister Lucia. He is married to his wife, Svetlana they have a son together.

Fico acquired his legal education during the communist rule in then-Czechoslovakia. He graduated from the Law Faculty of the Comenius University at Bratislava and later worked for the Institute of State and Law of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, a communist take on a think-tank body. Fico joined the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in 1987.

After the Velvet Revolution of 1989, following the collapse of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia, Fico joined the Party of the Democratic Left (SDL), a successor of the Communist Party of Slovakia. From 1994 to 2000 Fico as a political appointee represented Slovakia as its legal counsel at the European Court of Human Rights. During this time Fico lost all 14 cases he handled.

In 1999 Fico left his SDL party whose support had meanwhile dropped below the threshold required to get into parliament. Subsequently he founded a new party called Direction – Social Democracy (SMER). Although at first presented as a centrist party, it gradually evolved into a social democratic party.

Fico soon became one of the most popular opposition politicians in Slovakia. His rhetoric was most often aimed at the ongoing reforms being carried out at the time by the right wing government of Mikuláš Dzurinda. Although praised by international politicians, business elites, and right-wing economists, Dzurinda’s reforms’ short-term negative impacts increased the appeal and popularity of Fico's populist rhetoric, particularly among the countryside population, elderly, lower social classes, and voters with a lower level of education, which to this day make up the majority of his electorate.^{[citation needed]}

In the parliamentary elections of 2002, Fico's SMER received 13.46% of the votes and became the third largest party. The result was much lower than the pre-election estimates and Fico openly called it a failure. In the following four years Fico continued with his sharp anti-reform and populist rhetoric, gradually increasing his party's numbers in opinion polls.

2006 government coalition

In the elections in 2006 SMER won with 29.1% of the votes and formed a coalition government with Vladimír Mečiar's People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (HZDS) and Ján Slota's Slovak National Party (SNS).

In addition to Mečiar's and Slota's controversial political past, Slota and his nationalist and anti-Hungarian SNS party presented a problem of its own, especially in light of Fico's SMER party's attempt to present itself as a modern, socialist and pro-European party. Ján Slota has been known for his frequent vulgar, defamatory and hatred-inciting anti-gypsy and anti-Hungarian remarks, including a drunken public speech in which he called for Slovaks to "get in tanks and level Budapest to the ground".

As a result of Fico's decision to form government with Slota’s extremist SNS, the EU-wide Party of European Socialists (PES) suspended Fico's party application to join them. In late February 2008 however the Assembly of PES partially reversed this decision, conditionally reinstating the application after both SMER and SNS sent the PES a signed letter, committing themselves to respect minority rights. Slota’s numerous nationalist and hate inciting remarks made since have gone largely ignored by the PES and have not affected SMER’s application.

Fico himself has never publicly criticized or condemned Slota's remarks and speeches and as an obvious result of Ján Slota's conduct the government-level relations between Slovakia and the neighbouring Hungary deteriorated to an unprecedented level. Several meetings between two countries' prime ministers were abruptly canceled and those few that did take place resulted in little progress or improvement of relations.

2010 election campaign

See also: Slovak parliamentary election, 2010

Before the 2010 elections, Fico's party, seeking reelection was in a relatively strong position according to several polls. However just before the election a political scandal broke out, described as one of the gravest in the country's 17-year history. A voice recording surfaced in which a voice strongly resembling Fico's claims that he raised several million euros in undeclared funds for the 2002 election as well as calling for a "parallel financial structure" to be created for the financing of Smer's election campaign. Slovak media sources such as SME carried the news about the recording in great detail, however Fico dismmissed it as forgery. Fico also attacked the media sources that published information about the recording, saying "Should I go over there and give you a smack because you are scoundrels? What you are doing is unheard of. You are masturbating on the prime minister every day." Fico has since been questioned on the matter, SME announced. Daniel Lipsic told the press he handed the recording to the general attorney office.

In the election, Fico's SMER remained the biggest party in Parliament, with 62 seats. However, his coalition partners were decimated, with the HZDS being completely shut out. Unable to find a partner willing to given him the 14 seats he needed to stay in office, Fico resigned. He said he "respects the election result" and expressed his desire to lead a resolute opposition after his narrow loss.

Domestic policy

Robert Fico meeting with Serbian President Boris Tadić.

A large part of Fico’s election victory was largely attributed to his loud criticism of the previous right-wing government’s economic, tax, social, pension and legislative reforms. The reforms were generally perceived as very positive and successful by such international bodies as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank or the OECD, however they negatively affected certain segments of the population, particularly low wage earners, the unemployed, and welfare and other social assistance recipients.

While in opposition, and primarily during the election campaign, Fico vowed to reverse and cancel the majority of the reforms, however upon taking the office he adopted a substantially more cautious approach. Fico inherited a growing economy, with growth attributed by some^{[citation needed]} to the said reforms. The country was achieving a record-high^{[citation needed]} GDP growth and it was starting to fulfill the Maastricht criteria required for the Euro currency adoption, for which the country was aspiring at the time (Slovakia eventually adopted the euro currency on January 1, 2009 as third of the former Soviet-block countries).

In the end, contrary to his numerous pre-election promises and declarations, Fico implemented only a few changes that were deemed mainly cosmetic and did not substantially change any of the reforms. Right-wing analysts attribute Fico's turnaround to the realization of the catastrophic consequences the cancellation of the reforms would have on the economy. Critics on the left have accused Fico of bowing to pressure from Smer's supporters in the business and international financial community (see various articles, for example, in www.jetotak.sk).

The most successful reform Fico did introduce was in establishing some reasonable standards in how many times employees may be kept on as temporary workers instead of being given permanent contracts. Under the one-sided, pro-employer legislation of the Mikulas Dzurinda government an employer could (and many did) keep new staff as temps and create a two-tier workforce. Generally Slovak labour regulation is in tune with most other EU states.

One of few modifications Fico's government did implement was a slight modification to the unusual flat tax system introduced by the previous government in a way that slightly decreased or eradicated a tax-free part of income for higher income earners. Presented as a millionaire tax to Fico's electorate, the tax change essentially impacted everyone earning over €1200 a month, yet had minimal or no impact on those earning over €3000 a month.^{[citation needed]} A lower value added tax was imposed on medications and books, though in spite of his election promises Fico failed to extend this onto a wider group of products such as groceries. The Economic crisis of 2008–9 seems to have stopped efforts for more progressivity in the tax system.

Among the more radical measures were controversial legislative changes which effectively banned private health insurance companies from generating profit. As a result Slovakia is being sued by several foreign shareholders of local health insurers through international arbitrations.

In health care, Fico abolished fees that people had to pay when visiting a doctor or a hospital, introduced by the previous government.

In 2007, Fico unsuccessfully tried to regulate retail food prices, an unprecedented effort in a generally free market European union. His legislative measures however failed.

In August 2008, Fico threatened the foreign shareholders of a local gas distributor SPP, the French Gaz de France and the German E.ON, with nationalization and seizure of their ownership shares in a dispute over retail gas price.

Fico is an active proponent of nuclear energy.

In 2010 Fico faced large scale protests and a blockade of major cities by truckers upset by badly implemented toll on first class highways. Truckers demanded that the price of fuel be reduced to compensate for the toll. Fico first refused to speak with representatives of the truckers, saying "he won't be blackmailed", a few days later he capitulated giving in to the demands. The tax cut given to truckers will amount to about 100 million EUR.

Foreign policy

Robert Fico with Mirko Cvetković during the state visit to Serbia

In foreign policy, Fico and his government have faced substantial difficulties in achieving political acceptance abroad, mainly due to his coalition with the controversial and internationally isolated parties of Vladimír Mečiar and Jan Slota.

Fico himself created several controversies, for example having attended a reception organized by the Cuban Embassy in Bratislava commemorating an anniversary of Castro's revolution, or announcing that one of his first foreign trips would include Libya, China or Venezuela.

Compensating his lack of close political allies within the EU (head of the Czech social democrats Jiri Paroubek being a notable exception), Fico has been actively strengthening relations with several non-EU countries such as Serbia or Russia. For example Slovakia modernized Russian MiG-fighters in Russia and did not buy new NATO-standard jets in the West. Additionally Fico condemned Georgia in 2008 for the aggression against South Ossetia.

Fico is an opponent of the planned construction of new US anti-ballistic missile and radar systems in military bases in the neighbouring Czech Republic and Poland (also criticized by Russia) and one of the first steps upon taking the office was a military pullout from Iraq.

Robert Fico has strongly opposed unilateral declaration of independence of Kosovo, as a result of which Slovakia has not recognized Kosovo as a sovereign state.

Fico’s views on communism

One of Fico’s famous remarks is his comment on his perception of the 1989 Velvet Revolution, which peacefully brought down the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and helped bring down the Soviet rule in all of Eastern Europe. He has been quoted saying as “not having noticed it (the revolution) due to being busy at work” (at the communist ministry of justice) and he has referred to the Velvet Revolution as “an ordinary coup that did not influence his life in any visible way."

Fico has often defended the communist regime as being more social than the capitalist one. Fico has remained unapologetic about his membership in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia prior to the regime's collapse. He also mentioned in a radio talkshow that he has not noticed a significant progress since the Velvet Revolution.

Fico and the media

Fico is known for his hostile and often bumpy relationship with the media. During his press conferences he often verbally attacks, lectures and taunts the present journalists, often accusing them of bias and attacks on his government. On several occasions he has openly and on record used profanities against specific journalists (“idiots”, “pricks”). After characterising journalists as “hyenas”, the broadsheet Pravda adopted a hyena from Bratislava Zoo.

Fico often sues media for libel. Although most of his lawsuits are aimed at tabloids, he has also sued broadsheet dailies (SME, Pravda) as well as an economic weekly Trend. He has won several of the lawsuits, while others have been dismissed. As of March 2009 Fico has more than 10 pending libel lawsuits with a tabloid weekly Plus 7 Days alone. Some of Fico's lawsuits are based solely on a headline, or a satiric cartoon. Several of the court judgments have raised serious concerns about the freedom of press in Slovakia, especially in the cases when besides an apology Fico had also been awarded substantial financial compensatory damages.

Since taking up the office as a prime minister, Fico has granted only one press media interview, to tabloid daily Novy Cas. Although a frequent participant in televised political debates prior to the elections, since then he has only attended televised shows with no political opponents present.

In his ongoing feud with the media, Fico has often been quoted as suggesting that the government should own and operate its own media outlets to assure "objective" information about the government.

Fico often tells the media what they should cover and subsequently taunts them when they do not cover what he suggests. Fico on at least one occasion issued an apology to a foreign politician whose visit of Slovakia Fico felt was largely ignored by the media. When Russian prime minister Zubkov visited in April 2008, most media did not consider the visit of the virtually unknown Zubkov substantially newsworthy. To make matters worse, during the press conference the journalists were not allowed to ask any questions. Subsequently Fico sent Zubkov a letter of apology where he apologized for the Slovak media's lack of interest in his visit.

Cabinet of Robert Fico

Main article: Fico Cabinet

External links

• The Fico Threat, by Martin M. Simecka essay, March 2009
• Short biography on government website

Political offices
Preceded by Mikuláš Dzurinda	Prime Minister of Slovakia 2006–2010	Succeeded by Iveta Radičová