Robert Fogel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Chicago School | |
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| Birth | July 1, 1926 |
|---|---|
| Nationality | American |
| Field | Economic history Cliometrics |
| Influences | Evsey Domar |
| Opposed | Carlo M. Cipolla Fritz Redlich |
| Influenced | Kenneth Sokoloff |
Robert William Fogel (born July 1, 1926) is an American economic historian and scientist, and winner (with Douglass North) of the 1993 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. He is best known as a leading advocate of cliometrics, a name for the use of quantitative methods in history.
Fogel was born in New York City, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants, where he graduated from the prestigious Stuyvesant High School in 1944.[1] He went on to attend Cornell University where he majored in history in the Department of History, with an economics minor, and became president of the campus branch of American Youth for Democracy, a communist organization. After graduating with a BA in 1948, he became a professional organizer for the Communist Party. After rejecting communism, he earned his MA at Columbia University in 1958 and PhD from Johns Hopkins University in 1960. Fogel has taught at Johns Hopkins (1958-1959), the University of Rochester (1960-1965 and 1968-1975), the University of Chicago (1964-1975 and 1981-) and Harvard University (1975-1981). Fogel married Enid Cassandra Morgan in 1949 and has two children.
Fogel's first major study involving cliometrics was Railroads and American Economic Growth: Essays in Econometric History (1964). This tract sought to quantify railroads' contribution to U.S. economic growth in the nineteenth century. Its argument and method were each rebuttals to a long line of non-numeric historical arguments that had ascribed much to railroads without rigorous reference to economic data. Examining transportation costs for primary and secondary goods, Fogel compared the actual 1890 economy to a hypothetical 1890 economy in which transportation infrastructure was limited to wagons, canals and rivers. The difference in cost (or "social savings") attributable to railroads was negligible - about 1%. This conclusion made a controversial name for cliometics.
Fogel's most famous and controversial work is Time on the Cross, (1974) a two-volume quantitative study of American slavery co-written with Stanley Engerman. In the book, Fogel and Engerman argue that the system of slavery was profitable for slave owners because they organized plantation production "rationally" to maximize their profits. As a result, because of economies of scale (the so called "gang system" of labor on cotton plantations) Southern slave farms were actually more productive, per unit of labor, than northern farms. The implications of this, Engerman and Fogel argued, is that slavery in the American South was not going to go away on its own (as it had in some historical instances, for example ancient Rome) because despite its exploitative nature it was immensely profitable and productive for the slave owners, contra the argument made by some previous Southern historians.
A portion of Time on the Cross focused on how slave owners treated their slaves. Engerman and Fogel argued that because slave owners approached slave production as a business enterprise there were some limits on the amount of exploitation and oppression they inflicted on the slaves. According to Engerman and Fogel, slaves in the American South lived better than did many industrial workers in the North. Fogel based this analysis largely on plantation records and claimed that slaves worked less, were better fed and were whipped only occasionally - although the authors were careful to state explicitly that slaves were still exploited in ways which were not captured by these measures available from records. This portion of Time on the Cross created a fire-storm of controversy, although it was not directly related to the central argument of the book - that Southern slave plantations were profitable for the slave owners and would not have disappeared in the absence of the Civil War. Some criticisms mistakenly considered Fogel an apologist for slavery. In fact, Fogel objected to slavery on moral grounds; he thought that on purely economic grounds, slavery was not unprofitable or inefficient as previous historians had argued, such as Ulrich B. Phillips.
A survey of economic historians concludes that 48% "agreed" and another 24% "agreed with provisos" with Fogel and Engerman's argument that "slave agriculture was efficient compared with free agriculture." In addition, 23% "agreed" and 35% "agreed with provisos" with their argument that "the material (rather than psychological) conditions of the lives of slaves compared favorably with those of free industrial workers in the decades before the Civil War."
Fogel's continuing work includes recent papers on health care and Asian economies.
[edit] Work
- The Union Pacific Railroad: A Case in Premature Enterprise, 1960.
- Railroads and American Economic Growth: Essays in Econometric History, 1964.
- Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery, 2 volumes, 1974. (co-written with Stanley Engerman)
- Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery, 2 volumes, 1989.
- Economic Growth, Population Theory and Physiology: The Bearings of Long-Term Processes on the Making of Economic Policy, 1994.
- The Slavery Debates, 1952-1990: A Retrospective . Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003. 106 pp. ISBN 0-8071-2881-3.
- The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002
- The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700-2100: Europe, America, and the Third World. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 189pp. ISBN 0-521-80878-2.
[edit] References
- ^ Gibson, Lydialyle (May/June 2007). "The human equation". The University of Chicago Magazine (University of Chicago) 99 (5). http://magazine.uchicago.edu/0726/features/human.shtml. Retrieved on 2007-10-31.
- Conrad, Alfred H.; Meyer, John R. (1958). "The Economics of Slavery in the Ante Bellum South". Journal of Political Economy 66 (2): 95–130. doi:.
- David, Paul; et al. (1976). Reckoning with Slavery: A Critical Study in the Quantitative History of American Negro Slavery. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195020340.
- Goldin, Claudia; Rockoff, Hugh [edd.] (1992). Strategic Factors in the Nineteenth Century American Economic History: A Volume to Honor Robert W. Fogel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226301125.
- Parish, Peter (1989). Slavery: History and Historians. New York: Harper. ISBN 0064370011.
- Whaples, Robert (1995). "Where Is There Consensus among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions". Journal of Economic History 55 (1): 139–154. http://www.jstor.org/pss/2123771.
[edit] External links
- Nobel prize autobiography
- Review of Fogel's "Escape from Hunger and Premature Death"
- Lance Davis review essay on Fogel's Railroads and American Economic Growth
- Thomas Weiss review essay on Fogel and Engerman's Time on the Cross
- Podcast Interview with co-author Stanley Engerman on Time on the Cross on EconTalk at Econlib
- RePEc (Research Papers in Economics) updated information about Robert W. Fogel
- Feature article in The University of Chicago magazine
- IDEAS/RePEc
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