Berrick Salome

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Coordinates: 51°38′38″N 1°06′14″W / 51.644°N 1.104°W / 51.644; -1.104

Berrick Salome
Berrick Salome church.jpg
St. Helen's parish church
Berrick Salome is located in Oxfordshire
Berrick Salome

 Berrick Salome shown within Oxfordshire
Population 325 (parish, including Berrick Prior, Roke and Rokemarsh) (2001 census)[1]
OS grid reference SU6293
Civil parish Berrick Salome
District South Oxfordshire
Shire county Oxfordshire
Region South East
Country England
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town Wallingford
Postcode district OX10
Dialling code 01865
Police Thames Valley
Fire Oxfordshire
Ambulance South Central
EU Parliament South East England
UK Parliament Henley
Website Berrick & Roke
List of places
UK
England
Oxfordshire

Berrick Salome (pron.: /ˈbɛrɨk ˈsæləm/)[2] is a village and civil parish in South Oxfordshire, England, about 3 miles (5 km) north of Wallingford. Since the 1993 boundary changes, the parish has included the whole of Roke and Rokemarsh (previously largely in the parish of Benson) and Berrick Prior (previously part of the parish of Newington).

In 1965, Reginald Ernest Moreau (1897–1970), an eminent ornithologist, and a Berrick Salome resident from 1947, realized that he could build up a picture of the village as it had been in the decades before WW1, based on the recollections of elderly villagers. His study, which was published in 1968 as The Departed Village: Berrick Salome at the Turn of the Century, also included an introduction to local history. This provided much of the information for "A Village History" which appeared in The Berrick and Roke Millenium Book[3] and became the foundation for this article.

Contents

Toponym [edit]

Berewic is Old English for 'corn farm'[4] and Salome is a corruption of a family name. In the 13th century Aymar de Sulham held the manor;[4] Sulham is a parish in Berkshire on the River Thames near Reading. Liam Tiller gives early versions of the name as Berewiche (1086) and Berewick (1210, 1258),[5]Moreau found later versions, Berrick Sullame (1571), Berwick Sallome (1737, 1797), and finally, by the time of the 1863 Enclosure Act, Berrick Salome, in Gelling.[6] However, the modern spelling appears on maps, reproduced in Ditmas,[7] as early as 1715 and the 'w' variant first in 1771. Moreau claimed that Berrick Salome was down-graded to Lower Berrick on the maps of the 1815 Berrick Prior Inclosure Award and the first Ordnance Survey of the area (1830),[8] but the 1830 OS 1" map reproduced in Ditmas,[7] does not confirm this. Berwick Salome is shown clearly, though in a smaller typeface than Berwick Prior.

Prior: Berrick Prior is the corn farm belonging to the Prior of Canterbury (see below: 'Middle Ages').

Geography [edit]

The original settlement in Berrick appears to have occurred because there was a reliable source of water. Springs arise to the north-east of the parish where Upper Greensand and Gault Clay subsoils interface.[9] The most significant of these springs rises near Grove Barn, and is the source of the brook which enters the village along Hollandtide Bottom and flows, culverted in places, past the village pond (which it does not feed) before turning south to run below the forecourt of the Chequers Inn, under the road and across fields, passing to the east of Lower Berrick Farm and then turning westward towards the Thames.

Until mains water was connected in the village, people in the northern part of Berrick drew their water from this brook, outside what is now the Chequers car-park, leaning over a railing to scoop the water using what Moreau refers to as a "big dipper" which was kept on the bank there. He also notes that, as late as the 1960s, a resident of Berrick Littleworth could be seen crossing the road to Roke to draw water from a road-side brook flowing from Hillpit Spring.[10]

Parish Church [edit]

Church history [edit]

St. Helen's parish church may seem to be to be rather oddly positioned. It lies about a quarter of a mile (400 m) east of the Chequers, well away from any houses, and at the dead end of a lane. In fact, the lane is the surviving part of an ancient trackway, closed in the 19th century, as part of the Inclosure process.[11] Christine Holmes, in Benson: A Village Through its History draws attention to a "straight Roman road running east from Dorchester along which the churches of Shirburn, Pyrton, Cuxham, Brightwell Baldwin, Berrick Salome and Warborough all lie"[12] and which was, presumably, a significant factor in growth of these settlements. It has been suggested that, when St. Helen's was built, there may have been houses grouped around the church,[11] and that the village centre may have moved later to the junction where the track along Hollandtide Bottom met ways to Chalgrove, Newington, Warborough, and Benson.

It is uncertain when the church was first established in Berrick but the fact that it is dedicated to Saint Helen suggests that it may have been founded (or refounded) in the late eighth century when King Offa of Mercia recaptured the Benson area from Wessex.[13] Holmes writes "St Helen - an unusual dedication for Oxfordshire but allegedly a favourite of Offa".[14] It may be noted that, apart from Berrick and Benson, there is one other church in the county dedicated to St Helen.[14]

There is a view, not universally accepted, that parts of the present structure, and, in particular, the font are of pre-Norman origin. The font has 'interlacing ornament' of a style originating in Northumbria in the early days of British Christianity.[15] Sherwood and Pevsner describe the font as Norman,[16] while Liam Tiller comments "it is surprising that such a high quality font should be found in such a small rural chapel" and suggests that it may have been brought to Berrick from a larger church (Chalgrove?) at a later date.[5] Also, Moreau observes that Berrick church is not included in the Taylors' comprehensive work on Anglo-Saxon architecture.[17]

St. Helen's Berrick has long been a chapelry of St. Mary's Chalgrove, and identical lists of incumbents displayed in both churches show that, at least from the 11th century, the two parishes have always had the same priest, although they have had no common boundary since Berrick Prior was transferred to Newington parish in the reign of King Canute (as explained below). Moreau drew attention to another ecclesiastical oddity in the relationship; the incumbent is Vicar of Chalgrove but Rector of Berrick.[18] He/she lives in the vicarage in Chalgrove, over two miles from Berrick church, and has no rectory in Berrick.

The curious arrangement of boundaries (outlined below: '18th and 19th centuries') appears to have given rise to some uncertainty about parish responsibilities so that, in the middle of the 19th century, "Berrick Salome and Roke had been linked under the ministry of an assistant curate from Benson".[19] At that time, as will be seen below, most of the houses in Roke, but only two in Berrick, fell within Benson parish, and in the same period, as Moreau records, there was an eccentric protest against the 'discontinuance and stopping', under the Inclosure Award 1853, of a trackway which was a short-cut for the residents of Roke going to Berrick church.[11]

Even more eccentric is the story Moreau had from the Treasurer of Christ Church College, Oxford, about the intervention, in 1853, by the vicar of Beckley (some 15 miles to the north) who persuaded the college authorities to buy a plot of land for building a new church at Berrick Littleworth because "the present church at Berwick [sic] is very badly situated for the people at Berwick and very far from Roke".[20] No new church for Berrick was built and control of the land, in Berrick parish, was given to the incumbent of Benson until it was sold over a century later.[21] Perhaps the college preferred not to give control to the then Rector of Berrick, the famous radical Robert French Laurence, for fear that he would use the land to house the poor (see below: '18th and 19th centuries').

Church building [edit]

The church is small, being 20 m (65 ft) long and, as will be seen from the photograph, the top of the tower is only about 1 m (3 ft) above the roof of the nave. In 1615 an earlier nave-roof structure was replaced by "one of typical queen-post type with a complex timber truss",[22] In 1676 a wooden gallery was added with dormer windows, one of which can be seen in the photograph. "The circular stairway to the gallery at the west end of the central aisle appears to have blocked the doorway to the tower."[5] As there were only 80 'conformists' in Berrick in 1676, the gallery probably provided accommodation for the church choir and band.[5] The names of the churchwardens responsible for both these improvements are recorded on now-faded signs.[15]Sherwood and Pevsner commend the medieval tiles found in the chancel[16] as one of the more notable collections in the county, along with Nuffield and Somerton.[23]

St. Helen's has a timber-framed tower, much like that at Drayton St. Leonard where there is a "low [west] tower with a pyramid roof and entirely timber-framed, unusual in Oxfordshire."[24] Waterperry and Lyford parish churches are also described as having wooden towers. "A photograph taken just before the restoration in 1890 shows it had then merely been faced with simple weather-boarding carried nearly to the top, where, as now, horizontal apertures were contrived to release the sound of the bells."[25] The tower has a ring of six bells.[26] Henry I Knight of Reading, Berkshire[27] cast the second and fourth bells in 1621.[28] Alexander Rigby of Stamford, Lincolnshire[27] cast the third, fifth and tenor bells in 1692.[28] W. & J. Taylor of Loughborough, Leics cast the treble bell in 1836,[28] presumably at their then foundry in Oxford.[27]

The architect A. Mardon Mowbray restored the church in 1890. A restoration which The Builder magazine said "exceeded real necessity",[22] and which was condemned by the architectural historians, Jennifer Sherwood and Sir Nikolaus Pevsner as "a hideous application of all the trappings of fashionable late [19th century] domestic architecture to a church."[16]

Economic and Social History [edit]

Middle Ages [edit]

In the Domesday Book Berewiche (Berrick) was recorded as being worth only five pounds a year, compared with 30 pounds and 15 pounds respectively for the neighbouring parishes of Bensingtone (Benson) and Neutone (Newington).[29] The survey enumerates 4 serfs, 10 villeins and 6 bordars;[29] the total population, including wives and children, was probably between fifty and seventy. None of the men in the categories listed are freemen; all fall within the hierarchy of serfdom, a modified form of slavery. "Villeins typically held land of their own in the village fields, but conditional on payment of dues and provision of labour to the lord of the Manor, while bordari [bordars or cottars] usually held smaller holdings, or cottages and surrounding plots only and owed heavy labour services obliging them to work on the lord's demesne",[30] and serfs, the lowest category, although they could not be sold as individuals, could be transferred with the land which they worked.[30]

The village boundaries appear to have developed haphazardly from the earliest times and remained chaotic even after the Divided Parishes Act of 1882 which, locally, resolved only the position of some distant water meadows and invasive parts of Benson (see below). A county-wide rationalisation in 1931[31] sorted out inter alia a jigsaw of detached elements to the east of the village (see below). Finally in 1993 the four hamlets were unified within orderly boundaries.

The northern boundary was established in the early 11th century when a manor, bounded on its southern side by Hollandtide Bottom, was forfeited to King Canute. He gave it to his wife, Emma of Normandy who transferred it to the Prior of Canterbury. As Newington parish was a peculiar[32] of the Archbishop of Canterbury, the manor, which came to be known as Berrick Prior, was taken into that parish.[33] With its ecclesiastical connection came exemption from the jurisdiction of the Sheriff of Oxfordshire, and, even into the 20th century, it was still referred to, in some directories, as 'the Liberty of Berrick Prior'[34] although Liberties had been abolished in the 19th century. The transfer resulted in the northern boundary passing through the centre of Berrick village and taking both the village pub and the village pond into Newington parish.[35]

Outside its eastern boundary, Berrick Salome parish included five isolated plots, all located beyond the Ewelme-Chalgrove road, in an area where there were also detached parts of both Benson and Ewelme parishes,[36] while the southern boundary used to weave its way around the houses in Roke and Rokemarsh so that most of the residents found themselves in Benson.[37] Only the western boundary was relatively straightforward, but even on that side, the parish had once included water meadows on the River Thame, south-west of Newington and about 3 km (2 miles) from Berrick.[38]

And within the boundaries, there were, in the centre of Berrick, midway between the Chequers and the southern fork, two houses and some plots of land which were detached parts of Benson parish.[39]

18th and 19th centuries [edit]

Berrick has never had any claim to fame and there is no record of any important resident. The church is the only significant building and, as the Rev George Villiers A.M., rector from 1722 to 1748, reported to a diocesan visitation in 1738, "there is no family of note".[40]

Until the Berrick Salome Inclosure Award was made by the Inclosure Commissioners in 1863, most of the land in the village was still worked on the open field system and there were few enclosed fields.[41] The move towards enclosure [42] in Berrick originated with the arrival in Benson of the notorious Thomas Newton who acquired Crowmarsh Battle[43] farm in 1792[44] and made "his first documented attempt to promote enclosure at Benson in 1807".[45]

Newton persisted through the years and, in 1827, promoted a Parliamentary Bill which provoked opposition from the wider farming community. This opposition was led by three substantial farmers, John Franklin of Ewelme, Edward Shrubb of Benson and John Hutchings of Berrick Salome, who were all concerned because "the common fields of Benson were so intermixed with those of Berrick and Ewelme that no measure could succeed unless it dealt with all three parishes."[46] The opposition was successful, largely thanks to the work of their lawyer, George Eyre, of another Ewelme farming family.[47] However the Bill was presented again every November at the start of each new parliamentary session, provoking opposition on each occasion, and in November 1830, this erupted into violence as farm workers engaged in the 'Swing Riots' which, though directed against enclosures, involved Luddite-style machine breaking. In consequence some of the rioters were transported.[48]

It was not until 1852, after the death of Thomas Newton, that the Inclosure Act for Benson, Berrick Salome and Ewelme was finally passed,[49] and the Inclosure Commissioners then took another 11 years to arrive at their Award. Although this must have affected nearly half the households in Berrick Salome, Moreau found no impression that village life had been disrupted by the change.[50] What is certain is that the Inclosure Award did provide two great benefits to the villagers.

The first was the allotment of 3 acres, 2 roods and 25 poles (1.5 hectares approx) "unto the Churchwardens and Overseers of the Poor" of Berrick Salome "to be held by them and their successors in trust as a place for exercise and recreation for the inhabitants."[51] In Moreau's day the annual cricket match was still held on this field, but it was of more importance in the 19th century and early 20th century when every Saturday afternoon during the cricket season there was a match and Berrick Salome 'never got beat' (according to one old man interviewed by Moreau in the 1960s).[52]

The second was the allocation of 2 acres and 10 perches (0.84 hectares approx) to "the Churchwardens and Overseers of the Poor" of Berrick Salome "to be held by them and their successors in trust as an allotment for the labouring poor of the said parish."[51] If his family were not to go hungry, the now-landless peasant needed his pig, his garden and his allotment. Until well into the 20th century, few of the rural poor had any employment opportunities other than as farm labourers.

Another, and less welcome, feature of the Award was the declaration of several dozen traditional roads, ways and tracks (mainly crossing common land) as discontinued and stopped.[53] Writing a century after the Award, Moreau found that the resentment over the closure of Keame's Hedge Way was still remembered, and he records that there had been an unsuccessful attempt to keep it open by the curious device of carrying a corpse along the track.[54] It ran south-east from a junction with Hollandtide Bottom, near Church Cottage, past the church, crossing the surviving road to Roke at Berrick Littleworth and emerging in Roke opposite Chapel Lane.[55] While it survived, Keame's Hedge Way provided a more direct and shorter route to church for the residents of Roke. The stretch onwards from Berrick Littleworth remains as a public footpath. Moreau could find no explanation of the name.[54]

Rev. Robert French Laurence (1807–85), who was vicar of Chalgrove and Berrick Salome for the last 53 years of his life,[56] was secretary of the local agricultural workers' trades union.[56] He was a social reformer who campaigned for better housing for agricultural workers and had new thatched cottages built for them in 'the parish'[56] of Chalgrove, presumably, as the vicarage is in that parish.

By the end of the 19th century, the national road system was suffering from the effects of half a century of neglect. Railways had taken most of the traffic and the turnpike trusts could no longer afford adequate road maintenance of the main roads. As the best roads deteriorated, standards of acceptability declined everywhere. Inevitably rural roads were in poor condition, being poorly maintained by casual labourers who scattered broken stones or flints from local quarries, and even stones collected from the fields. At that time, steam rollers were not used on rural roads so the loose stones were not compacted into a stable surface. This neglect had a tragic consequence in 1894 when a woman traveller, passing through Berrick, was "killed by falling from a tricycle in consequence of its coming into contact with a large flint."[57] The coroner referred the case to the Watlington Highway Board, with some disapproval.[57]

Moreau recorded five licensed premises selling mainly beer to a local population of about 300 at the turn of the century.[58] Four were within the parish boundaries, The Chequers in Berrick Prior and the Home Sweet Home in Roke were public houses, while the Plough and Harrow in Berrick Salome and The Welcome in Roke were off-licences.[59] The fifth was the Horse and Harrow pub[59] which, although in the centre of Rokemarsh, stood just outside the Berrick parish boundary. There were several small shops and post offices at different times; Moreau records that between 1890 and 1910 four different cottages hosted the Berrick post office[60] and his book includes photos of three of them, one of which is still known as The Old Post Office.[61]

There was, for nearly thirty years, an infant school at Roke, funded by Christ Church College which held the advowson to the Chalgrove-cum-Berrick living. The school had already closed before 1884,[21] after which the infants joined their older siblings in the walk to Benson School. Moreau records that boots for that purpose were provided[62] out of Mary White's bequest, a small charitable income left in 1729, to teach reading to the children of the poor in Berrick.[62]

Within living memory infant classes were held in the Band Hut.[citation needed]

20th century [edit]

Moreau reported that, at the turn of the century, a full grown 'day man' [full-time adult worker] was paid about 12 shillings a week (60p). He commented that this figure that had not increased much for a long time,[63] but it seems possible that his informants understated the rates of pay. Contemporary sources indicate a significantly higher figure. "Around this time agricultural wages in Oxfordshire were some of the lowest in the country, on average 14s 6d (72p) a week in 1902".[64] However, the rapid spread of mechanisation, beginning with the appearance of the first tractors shortly before the First World War, brought about a steady decline in the number of farm labourers. As farms became more mechanised, young men sought other employment. Alison Reid writes "By 1930, the Morris car factories at Cowley, reached by bicycle and later by works bus, attracted workers from places as distant as Benson"[65] and, no doubt, young men in Berrick also became car workers. In 1930, the average weekly pay in the motor industry was £3.16s (£3.80),[66] while the base rate of pay for agricultural workers set by the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Act 1924 was £1 11s 8d (£1.58).

Some went to work on motorcycles and bought their petrol from the shop next to the Chequers which at that time met most of the needs of the villagers.[citation needed]

The village is still surrounded by farmland but, by the end of the century, there was only one working farm left in Berrick - Manor Farm - and that was run by the farmer and his wife. There are six other properties which still bear the names of the little farms which used to occupy their sites.[67] Today the cottages of Berrick Salome are likely to be owned and inhabited by businessmen or independent professionals. By 1999, not one was occupied by a farm worker.[68]

Not only farming but other local businesses also faded away over the course of the century. As noted above, there were five licensed premises in 1900. The Plough and Harrow (now Plough Cottage) and The Welcome folded early in the century, and in 1988, the Horse and Harrow closed after the death of the last landlord, Jim Austin, only a few years before the parish boundary change moved it into Berrick parish. The building is now a private house but retains the name Horse and Harrow. As Moreau mentions, there was a long series of post offices, and other little shops. The last, which closed in the 1980s, was a combined shop and post office, housed in the annex of the Chequers. Moreau includes a photo of The Chequers showing the shop fascia board,[69] and a drawing of the same view, by David Gentleman, appears as the heading to Moreau's chapter 12.[70] The former 'shop and post office' now houses the pub toilets. Another casualty of the same period was the garage at Woodbine Cottage in Roke, generally remembered only for the single derelict petrol pump which was removed in the 1980s. Janette Baker, now living in Rokemarsh, grew up in Roke, in the bungalow next door to Woodbine Cottage, and recalls passing "the garage" on her way home from the school bus.[71]

After the Second World War, indoor plumbing was first introduced.[citation needed]

Queen Emma's gift (recorded above) had the incidental effect of putting the Berrick village pond into Newington parish, and this produced a peculiar outcome some 900 years later. In the 1930s, according to Moreau, "the person who had acquired the little properties to the north-east of the pond enclosed it [the pond]" [72] and, although the Berrick villagers expressed indignation forcefully, only Newington had the right to challenge the enclosure under the Commons Act 1876. Newington apparently took no action.[73] In The Berrick and Roke Millenium Book, the owners of the house provide another view of the event. The three little properties had been combined into one by Alan Franklin in the mid-1930s and were sold to a Mrs Hills in 1936.[74] "Rumour has it that she fenced in the drover's [sic] pond. However the Title Deeds quite clearly show the pond was included in the land transferred to her."[74]

The village is surrounded by the land of peripheral farms but there is now only one working farm left in Berrick - Manor Farm - and that is run by the farmer and his wife. Today the cottages of Berrick Salome are more likely to be owned and inhabited by businessmen or independent professionals. By 1999, not one was occupied by a farm worker.[75]

Berrick Salome's population increased towards the end of the 20th century. In 1901 population recorded by the census was 103,[76] in 1971 only 99,[77] but by 1981 it had increased to 152[78] and by 1991 to 163.[79] These census figures for both population and household numbers relate only to Berrick Salome parish within its pre-1993 boundaries.

Moreau reckoned that "around 1900 there were about 75 households in the whole group of hamlets, 35 of them within the boundaries of Berrick Salome parish"[80] and "when I came to live in Berrick Salome in 1947 there were 28 households strictly within the boundaries of the parish, another 8 just outside them to the north in Berrick Prior, about 11 more in the Benson part of Roke, and 14 in Rokemarsh . . . 61 altogether".[81] He adds that "one block of three [one-up and one-down] cottages, now [in 1968] occupied by one old lady, is said to have at one time housed twenty people".[81] Between 1971 and 1981 censuses the number of households increased from 36[77] to 52[78] and in 1991 to 56.[79]

At the turn of the Millenium, according to The Berrick and Roke Millenium Book, there were 18 houses in Berrick Prior, 46 in Berrick Salome, 40 in Roke, and 24 in Rokemarsh[82] There may well be a correlation between the increase in population and the building of the M40 motorway. Initially it came as far as Stokenchurch in 1967, and was extended down into the Vale of Oxford in 1974.[83] Thereafter, London was roughly an hour's journey away.

See also [edit]

References [edit]

  1. ^ "Area: Berrick Salome CP (Parish): Parish Headcounts". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 8 March 2010. 
  2. ^ Miller 1971, p. 14.
  3. ^ S Radice, in The Berrick and Roke Millenium Book, 1999, pp. 9-12.
  4. ^ a b M T Pearman, A History of the Manor of Bensington, London: Elliot Stock, 1896
  5. ^ a b c d L Tiller, St Helen's Church Berrick Salome, History page, Accessed 15 May 2013
  6. ^ M Gelling, The Place-names of Oxfordshire, Parts 1 & 2, Cambridge: English Place-name Society, 1953-54
  7. ^ a b E M R Ditmas, The Ditmas History of Benson, Wallingford: Pie Powder Press 2009 pp. 193-212
  8. ^ Moreau 1968, p. 11.
  9. ^ Ordnance Survey of Great Britain, Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales) Henley on Thames [Map] Sheet 254, 1980
  10. ^ Moreau 1968, p.17.
  11. ^ a b c Moreau 1968, p. 98.
  12. ^ Holmes, in Benson: A Village Through its History, K Tiller ed., Wallingford: Pie Powder Press 1999 Ch. 2, p. 19
  13. ^ G N Garmondsway ed., The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, London: Dent 1953 p. 51
  14. ^ a b Holmes, in K Tiller ed. 1999 Ch. 2, p. 24
  15. ^ a b Moreau 1968, p. 99.
  16. ^ a b c Sherwood & Pevsner 1974, p. 452.
  17. ^ H M and J Taylor, Anglo-Saxon Architecture, London: OUP 1965
  18. ^ Moreau 1968, p. 96.
  19. ^ K Tiller, in K Tiller ed., Ch 5, p. 118.
  20. ^ Moreau 1968, p. 110.
  21. ^ a b Moreau 1968, p. 111.
  22. ^ a b Anon, An Unspoilt Village, Berrick Prior, Oxfordshire [sic], 'Builder', 130, 1926, pp. 786-7
  23. ^ Sherwood & Pevsner 1974, p. 369.
  24. ^ Sherwood & Pevsner 1974, p. 587.
  25. ^ Moreau 1968, p. 100.
  26. ^ Oxford Diocesan Guild of Church Bell Ringers, South Oxfordshire Branch
  27. ^ a b c Baldwin, Sid (12 December 2011). "Bell Founders". Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers. Retrieved 13 December 2011. 
  28. ^ a b c Davies, Peter (5 January 2007). "Berrick Salome S Helen". Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers. Retrieved 13 December 2011. 
  29. ^ a b The Victoria County History, Vol 1. London: OUP
  30. ^ a b Holmes, in K Tiller ed., Ch. 1 p. 27
  31. ^ First General Review of County Districts and Parishes by the Oxfordshire County Council: 1931
  32. ^ Chambers Concise 20th Century Dictionary, Edinburgh: W.&R. Chambers Ltd., 1985 defines a 'peculiar' as a parish exempt from the jurisdiction of the diocesan bishop
  33. ^ Moreau 1968, p. 13.
  34. ^ Moreau 1968, p. 13-14.
  35. ^ Moreau 1968, p. 9-10.
  36. ^ Moreau 1968, p. 8.
  37. ^ Moreau 1968, p. 8-9.
  38. ^ Moreau 1968, p. 10.
  39. ^ Moreau 1968, p. 10-11.
  40. ^ Articles of enquiry addressed to the clergy of the diocese of Oxford at the Primary Visitation of Dr Thomas Secker, 1738, Oxfordshire Record Society, 1957
  41. ^ Moreau 1968, p. 21.
  42. ^ 'Enclosure' is the modern spelling, while 'inclosure' is an older spelling still used in the United Kingdom in legal documents and place names
  43. ^ The farm belonged, at one time, to Battle Abbey. The name does not commemorate a local battle.
  44. ^ K Tiller, in Benson: A Village Through its History, K Tiller ed., Wallingford: Pie Powder Press 1999 Ch 5, p. 99.
  45. ^ K Tiller, in K Tiller ed., Ch 5, p. 101.
  46. ^ K Tiller, in K Tiller ed., Ch 5, p. 102.
  47. ^ K Tiller, in K Tiller ed., Ch 5, p. 102-4.
  48. ^ K Tiller, in K Tiller ed., Ch 5, p. 105-7.
  49. ^ Act 16 Vic. c 3
  50. ^ Moreau 1968, p. 23.
  51. ^ a b Inclosure Commissioners, Berrick Salome Inclosure Award, 1863
  52. ^ Moreau 1968, p. 86.
  53. ^ Moreau 1968, p. 133.
  54. ^ a b Moreau 1968, p. 134.
  55. ^ Richard Davis, Oxfordshire [2 in. map], 1797
  56. ^ a b c "Robert French Laurence, priest, social reformer, 23rd April 1885". Diocese of Oxford. 
  57. ^ a b Moreau 1968, p. 135.
  58. ^ Moreau 1968 p. 58
  59. ^ a b Moreau 1968, p. 57
  60. ^ Moreau 1968, p. 139.
  61. ^ Moreau 1968, facing pp. 24,25.
  62. ^ a b Moreau 1968, p. 129.
  63. ^ Moreau 1968, p. 66.
  64. ^ Parliamentary Papers 1905, xcvii, p. 348. cited by K Tiller, in Benson: A Village Through its History, ed Tiller, 1999, Wallingford: Pie Powder Press, Ch. 5, p. 123.
  65. ^ A Reid, in Benson: A Village Through its History, K Tiller ed., Wallingford: Pie Powder Press 1999 Ch. 6, p. 138
  66. ^ W Lewchuk, American technology and the British vehicle industry, 1987: CUP, Table 8.1 'Weekly earnings Ford (UK) and other British vehicle plants', p. 155
  67. ^ The Berrick and Roke Millenium Book 1999, pp.86,87 [Maps], 88,89 [Index of Properties].
  68. ^ The Berrick and Roke Millenium Book: by reference to the stated occupations of residents in old cottages
  69. ^ Moreau 1968, facing p. 24.
  70. ^ Moreau 1968, p. 155.
  71. ^ The Berrick and Roke Millenium Book 1999, p. 60.
  72. ^ Moreau 1968, p. 19.
  73. ^ Moreau 1968, pp. 19-20.
  74. ^ a b The Berrick and Roke Millenium Book 1999, p. 63.
  75. ^ The Berrick and Roke Millenium Book: by reference to the stated occupations of residents in old cottages, now often updated and extended
  76. ^ Moreau 1968, p. 31.
  77. ^ a b 1971 Census County Report for Oxfordshire (Part 1); Bullingdon RD; Berrick Salome
  78. ^ a b 1981 Census: Ward and Civil Parish Monitor - Oxfordshire, pp. 18,19.
  79. ^ a b 1991 Census: Ward and Civil Parish Monitor - Oxfordshire, p. 10.
  80. ^ Moreau 1968, p. 29.
  81. ^ a b Moreau 1968, p. 28.
  82. ^ The Berrick and Roke Millenium Book: numbers of houses shown on the maps: The Chequers and Hollandtide Cottage counted with Berrick Prior; Roke Farm Cottages with Rokemarsh
  83. ^ M40 motorway, accessed 21 May 2013

Sources and further reading [edit]

Acknowledgments [edit]

Chris and Mary Whittle - former Berrick Salome residents

The late Mrs Irene Franklin - lifelong Berrick Prior resident who passed away early in 2013

Susan Radice - Berrick Salome resident who, in 1999, researched the original 'Village History' for inclusion in The Berrick and Roke Millenium Book. Her work was added to Wikipedia in 2005 and forms the basis of this article.

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Berrick Salome

https://sites.google.com/site/sthelenschurchberrick/history

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