Ronglu

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This is a Chinese name; the family name is Guwalgiya.
Guwalgiya Ronglu
瓜爾佳·榮祿
Viceroy of Zhili
In office
15 June 1898 – 28 September 1898
Preceded by Wang Wenshaw
Succeeded by Yuan Shikai
Personal details
Born 6 April 1836(1836-04-06)
Died 11 April 1903(1903-04-11) (aged 67)
Spouse(s) Wanzhen[1]
Relations Guwalgiya Changshou (father)
Xuantong Emperor (grandson)
Children Guwalgiya Youlan
Occupation Grand Secretariat
Posthumous name Wenzhong 文忠 with the title of 1st class baron

Ronglu (Chinese: 荣禄; Wade–Giles: Jung-lu; 6 April 1836 – 11 April 1903) was a Manchu statesman and general during the late Qing dynasty. Born into the powerful Guwalgiya clan of the Plain White Banner in the Eight Banners, he was cousin to Empress Dowager Cixi.[2] He served in a number of important positions in the Imperial Court, including the Zongli Yamen and the Grand Council, Grand Scholar, Viceroy of Zhili, Beiyang Minister, Minister of Board of War, Nine Gates Infantry Commander, Wuwei Troop Commander that safeguard the military security of the Forbidden City.[3]

Contents

[edit] Life

Ronglu was born on 6 April 1836. He was the son of Guwalgiya Changshou (瓜爾佳長壽). Ronglu's grandfather, Guwalgiya Tasiha (瓜爾佳塔斯哈), had served in Kashgar as an official.

Before Cixi's marriage as a concubine into the royal family, Ronglu was rumored to have had a love relationship with Cixi.[4] During Cixi's tenure as regent of the Qing Dynasty, Ronglu became one of the leaders of Cixi's conservative faction at the imperial court, and opposed Kang Youwei's Hundred Days' Reform in 1898. Cixi always remembered her cousin's support for her, even when they were young, and rewarded him by allowing his only surviving child, his daughter Youlan, to marry into the imperial clan.

Through his daughter's marriage to Zaifeng, Prince Chun, Ronglu is the maternal grandfather of the Xuantong Emperor.

[edit] Professional career

At 1894 after First Sino-Japanese War was appointed Peking Land Troop Commander (Chinese:步军统领), at 1895, he was appointed minister of Zongli Yamen, minister of Board of War (Chinese:兵部尚书) and Peking Land Troop Commander. During the Boxer Rebellion, Ronlu was the commander of Wuwei Middle Troop (Chinese:武卫中军), providing military security for the Forbidden City.

At 1898, Ronlu was appointed Grand Scholar (Chinese:协办大学士), Viceroy of Zhili, Beiyang Minister (Chinese:北洋大臣), Minister of Grand Council and Minister of Board of War (CHinese:兵部), coordinating between Dong Fuxiang, Nie Shicheng, Song Qing and the Yuan Shikai Beiyang Army, and creating Wuwei Troop (Chinese:武卫军), then appointed Nine Gates Infantry Commander. When Empress Dowager and Guangxu Emperor escaped to Xian during the invasion of the Eight Nation Alliance, Ronlu was ordered to stay in Peking to safeguard the Peking City and the Forbidden City.[5][6]

[edit] Imperial decrees from Empress Dowager

On Day Nineteen of May(lunar calendar) 1901, a total of five decrees were issued by the Empress Dowager. Decree No.1 ordered Ronglu to "command various Imperial soldiers, plus Shenjiying, Tiger Gods Division, with Horse cavalry, in addition of Wuwei Middle Troop, to suppress these bandits, to intensify searching patrol; to arrest and execute immediately all criminals with weapons who advocate killing.". Decree No.4 of the same day ordered Ronglu to "send an efficient troops of Wuwei Middle Troop swiftly, to the Peking Legation Quarter, to protect all the diplomatic buildings."[7]

[edit] Wuwei Troop

Main article: Wuwei Troop

On 1899, with the approval of Empress Dowager, Ronglu began to build the first modern infantry military force of the Manchu Empire. During the war at Eight Nation Alliance, Wuwei Troops commanded by Dong Fuxiang and Nie Shicheng and Ronglu himself suffered heavy casualty and since been disbanded.

[edit] Sabotage of the Chinese Army

Ronglu deliberately sabotaged the performance of the Imperial army during the Boxer Rebellion. When Dong Fuxiang's Muslim troops were eager to and could have destroy the foreigners in the legations, Ronglu stopped them from doing so.[8] The Manchu prince Zaiyi was xenophobic and was friends with Dong Fuxiang. Zaiyi wanted artillery for Dong Fuxiang's troops to destroy the legations. Ronglu blocked the transfer of artillery to Zaiyi and Dong, preventing them from destroying the legations.[9] When artillery was finally supplied to the Imperial Army and Boxers, it was only done so in limited amounts, Ronglu deliberately held back the rest of them.[10]

It was Ronglu and other moderates, who withdrew the Kansu Muslim warriors from Beijing, in order to let the foreigners march right in. The Muslim troops were feared intensely by the foreigners.[11]

Ronglu also deliberately hid an Imperial Decree from General Nie Shicheng. The Decree ordered him to stop fighting the Boxers due to the foreign invasion, and also because the population was suffering from the campaign against the Boxers. Due to Ronglu's actions, General Nie continued to fight against the Boxers and killed many of them, while the foreign invaders were making their way into China. Ronglu also ordered Nie to protect foreigners and save the railway from the Boxers.[12]

During the war, because parts of the Railway were saved under Ronglu's orders, the foreign invasion army was able to transport itself into China quickly.

Due to Ronglu's sabotage, General Nie was forced to fight the Boxers as the foreign army advanced into China. The fierce Boxer insurgency led General Nie to commit thousands of troops against them, instead of against the foreigners. Nie was already outnumbered by the Allies by 4,000 men. General Nie was blamed for attacking the Boxers, as Ronglu intended to sabotage Nie and let him take all the blame. At the Battle of Tientsin, General Nie decided to take his own life by walking into the range of Allied guns.[13]

Ronglu denied Dong Fuxiang the artillery he could have used to crush the Legations, the foreigners discovered that the Chinese had hundreds of modern made, Europe Krupp manufactured guns and munitions at their disposal, and deliberately did not use them against the foreigners. One day could all it have been for the Chinese to finish off the Legations, and the Chinese could have fired 3,000 shells a day, yet that was the number they only fired for the whole siege.[14][15]

Dong Fuxiang said himself that "'Jung Lu has the guns which my army needs; with their aid not a stone would be left standing in the whole of the Legation Quarter.", in a meeting with Empress Dowager Cixi, complaining about the issue again.[16][17]

The Chinese regarded warfare as a conquest for glory between different Generals, each competing for victory. In addition to denying victory to Dong Fuxiang, Ronglu also did not want to win the battle for himself, since he was anti-Boxer and wanted to destroy them, saying "To forestall conflicts with the foreign Powers, we must hasten to purge the metropolitan area of the Boxers. This is important."[18][19][20][21]

Since Ronglu had effectively derailed the Chinese effort to take the legations, and as a result, saved the foreigners within them, he was shocked that he was not welcome to be among them after the war, however, they did not demand that he, unlike Dong Fuxiang, be punished.[22][23]

The advance of the Boxers upon Peking soon cut off the communications of the foreign ministers with the outside world. But for the timely arrival of some four hundred and fifty marines from the warships it would scarcely have been possible to defend the Legations against the attacks which in a few days commenced. The foreign powers were beginning to realize the critical nature of the situation and poured troops into Tientsin, but the force of two thousand men sent to relieve their fellow-countrymen in Peking proved insufficient and was forced to retire with heavy loss. Consequently the legations were "straitly shut up" within the walls of the British Embassy and disaster on a large scale seemed imminent. The chancellor of the Japanese legation, Mr. Sugiyama, was murdered on June 11 and Baron von Ketteler, the German minister, on June 20. The attack, which at times was made with the greatest possible fury, at other times appeared to be half-hearted, and it was apparent that there were divided counsels in the Chinese Court. Later investigation brought out the fact that the reactionary leader, Prince Tuan, was the most inveterate enemy of the besieged, whilst it was to Prince Jung Lu that they owed their eventual escape.

Herbert Henry Gowen in "An Outline History of China: From the Manchu conquest to the recognition of the republic, A. D. 1913"[24][25][26][27][28]

Up to the 2oth of June we had—as already stated—only Boxers armed with sword and spear to fear, but on that day rifles began to be used, and soldiers fired them—notably men belonging to Tung Fuh Hsiang's Kan-suh command. Our longing for the appearance of Admiral Seymour grew intense, and night after night we buoyed ourselves up with calculations founded on the sound of heavy guns in the distance or the appearance of what experts pronounced to be search-lights in the sky: soon, however, we gave up all hope of the Admiral's party, but, supposing that the Taku forts had been taken on the i8th, we inferred that a few days later would see a large force marching from Tien-tsin for our relief, and that within a fortnight it would be with us — otherwise, why imperil us at Peking by such premature action at Taku?[29] We were under fire from the 20th to the 25th of June, from the 28th of June to the 18th of July, from the 18th of July to the 2d of August, and from the 4th to the 14th of August: night and day rifle bullets, cannon balls, and Krupp shells had been poured into the various Legations from the gate in front of the Palace itself, from the very wall of the Imperial City, as well as from numerous nearer points around us, and the assailants on all sides were Chinese soldiers; whether the quiet of the 26th and 27th of June and eighth to 27th of July was or was not ordered by the government we can not say, but the firing during the other periods, close as we were to the Palace, must have been by the orders of the government; and it cost our small number over sixty killed and a hundred wounded! That somebody intervened for our semi-protection seems, however, probable. Attacks were not made by such numbers as the government had at its disposal; they were never pushed home, but always sensed just when we feared they would succeed, and, had the force round us really attacked with thoroughness and determination, we could not have held out a week, perhaps not even a day; and so the explanation that there was some kind of protection—that somebody, probably a wise man who knew what the destruction of the legations would cost empire and dynasty, intervened between the issue of the order for our destruction and the execution of it, and so kept the soldiery playing with us as cats do with mice, the continued and seemingly heavy firing telling the Palace how fiercely we were attacked and how stubbornly we defended ourselves; while its curiously half-hearted character not only gave us the chance to live through it, but also gave any relief forces time to come and extricate us, and thus avert the national calamity which the Palace in its pride and conceit ignored, but which someone, in authority, in his wisdom foresaw and in his discretion sought how to push aside.

Sir Robert Hart in "These from the land of Sinim.": Essays on the Chinese question[30][31][32][33][34] [35][36][37][38]

[edit] See also

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

[edit] References

  • Hummel, Arthur William, ed. Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644-1912). 2 vols. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1943.
  1. ^ Initially Ronglu's concubine, she became his official wife when Ronglu's first wife died.
  2. ^ Woo, X.L. Empress Dowager Cixi: China's Last Dynasty and The Long Reign of a Formidable Concubine. p. 17
  3. ^ Woo, X.L. Empress Dowager Cixi: China's Last Dynasty and The Long Reign of a Formidable Concubine. p. 17
  4. ^ Old Buddha, Princess der Ling.
  5. ^ http://www.qingchao.net/lishi/ronglu-dongnanhubao/荣禄与东南互保
  6. ^ http://www.qingchao.net/lishi/ronglu-2/ 论晚清重臣荣禄
  7. ^ http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Imperial_Decree_on_Day_Nineteen_of_May(lunar_calendar)#Decree_3Imperial
  8. ^ Paul A. Cohen (1997). story in three keys: the boxers as event, experience, and myth. Columbia University Press. p. 54. ISBN 0231106505. http://books.google.com/books?id=8hiGU_tJEocC&pg=PA54&dq=yangcun+dong+fuxiang&hl=en&ei=KQe2TMCFOsP98AaV29SgCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=ronglu%20not%20boxers%20made%20sure%20siege%20was%20never%20pressed%20home&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  9. ^ X. L. Woo (2002). Empress dowager Cixi: China's last dynasty and the long reign of a formidable concubine : legends and lives during the declining days of the Qing Dynasty. Algora Publishing. p. 216. ISBN 1892941880. http://books.google.com/books?id=GiqiIYdocKMC&pg=PA216&dq=ronglu+legations&hl=en&ei=nCS2TLP7GIH-8AazmpGYDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=ronglu%20legations&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  10. ^ Stephen G. Haw (2007). Beijing: a concise history. Taylor & Francis. p. 94. ISBN 0415399068. http://books.google.com/books?id=40WRdm1LstQC&pg=PA94&dq=ronglu+legations&hl=en&ei=nCS2TLP7GIH-8AazmpGYDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFgQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=ronglu%20legations&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  11. ^ Sterling Seagrave, Peggy Seagrave (1993). Dragon lady: the life and legend of the last empress of China. Vintage Books. p. 318. ISBN 0679733698. http://books.google.com/?id=J07_tPJu9M8C&dq=kansu+braves+from+the+marines+path&q=path+braves+court. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  12. ^ Lanxin Xiang (2003). The origins of the Boxer War: a multinational study. Psychology Press. p. 235. ISBN 0700715630. http://books.google.com/books?id=lAxresT12ogC&pg=PA235&dq=ronglu+supplies+legations&hl=en&ei=nR-2TPvuJ8P78Abk7ZD6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  13. ^ Jane E. Elliott (2002). Some did it for civilisation, some did it for their country: a revised view of the boxer war. Chinese University Press. p. 499. ISBN 9629960664. http://books.google.com/books?id=wWvl9O4Gn1UC&q=li+was+well+aware+of+marked+value+of+weaponry#v=onepage&q=exposed%20himself%20to%20fire%20died&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  14. ^ Peter Fleming (1990). The Siege at Peking: The Boxer Rebellion (illustrated ed.). Dorset Press. p. 226. ISBN 0880294620. http://books.google.com/books?ei=7PQMT_n4E6jd0QHMt9XkBQ&id=pHrZAAAAMAAJ&dq=Equally+baffling+is+the+sparing+and+ineffective+use+of+artillery+by+the+attackers.+After+the+Siege+hundreds+of+guns+were+discovered+in+arsenals+in+and+around+Peking%3B+many+were+modern%2C%2Csome+were+still+in+the+packing-cases+in+which+Krupp+had+consigned+them+from+Europe.+There+was+no+lack+of+ordinance%3B+the+Chinese+had+the+means+to+pulverize+in+a+day+or+two+all+the+foreign+barricades.+Why+then+were+the+Legations+subjected+only+to+a+lackadaisal%2C+intermittent+bombardment+by+a+few+guns%3F+The+Chinese+are+estimated+to+have+fired+3000+shells+and+cannon-balls+into+the+defences+during+the+Siege.+There+was+nothing+to+prevent+them+firing+a+like+number+every+day.+If+they+had%2C+the+Legations+would+have+become+untenable+in+no+time.&q=baffling+sparing+ineffective. Retrieved 1-9-2011. "Equally baffling is the sparing and ineffective use of artillery by the attackers. After the Siege hundreds of guns were discovered in arsenals in and around Peking; many were modern, some were still in the packing-cases in which Krupp had consigned them from Europe. There was no lack of ordinance; the Chinese had the means to pulverize in a day or two all the foreign barricades. Why then were the Legations subjected only to a lackadaisal, intermittent bombardment by a few guns? The Chinese are estimated to have fired 3000 shells and cannon-balls into the defences during the Siege. There was nothing to prevent them firing a like number every day. If they had, the Legations would have become untenable in no time. To this mystery of the artillery there are some faint and indirect clues. Tung Fu-hsiang was be common consent an ogre. All sources, Chinese and foreign, testify to his zeal in furthering the design of massacre and to the ferocity of his Moslem troops. They held the sectors opposite the northern and western sides of the perimeter; it was they who burnt down the Hanlin. But Tung was subordinate to Jung Lu, the Commander-in- Chief, whose own personal army invested the rest of the perimeter, and there is some evidence that Jung Lu deliberately kept him shor tof artillery, an arm which one would not expect an ex-freebooter from the distance province of Kansu to be well-provided from his own resources." 
  15. ^ Peter Fleming (1959). The Siege at Peking. NEW YORK 49 East 33rd Street, New York 16, N.Y: HARPER & BROTHERS. p. 226. "Equally baffling is the sparing and ineffective use of artillery by the attackers. After the Siege hundreds of guns were discovered in arsenals in and around Peking; many were modern,,some were still in the packing-cases in which Krupp had consigned them from Europe. There was no lack of ordinance; the Chinese had the means to pulverize in a day or two all the foreign barricades. Why then were the Legations subjected only to a lackadaisal, intermittent bombardment by a few guns? The Chinese are estimated to have fired 3000 shells and cannon-balls into the defences during the Siege. There was nothing to prevent them firing a like number every day. If they had, the Legations would have become untenable in no time. To this mystery of the artillery there are some faint and indirect clues. Tung Fu-hsiang was be common consent an ogre. All sources, Chinese and foreign, testify to his zeal in furthering the design of massacre and to the ferocity of his Moslem troops. They held the sectors opposite the northern and western sides of the perimeter; it was they who burnt down the Hanlin. But Tung was subordinate to Jung Lu, the Commander-in- Chief, whose own personal army invested the rest of the perimeter, and there is some evidence that Jung Lu deliberately kept him shor tof artillery, an arm which one would not expect an ex-freebooter from the distance provvince of Kansu to be well-provided from his own resources." 
  16. ^ Peter Fleming (1990). The Siege at Peking: The Boxer Rebellion (illustrated ed.). Dorset Press. p. 226. ISBN 0880294620. http://books.google.com/books?ei=NfUMT470PMH00gGcmpH2BQ&id=pHrZAAAAMAAJ&dq=One+account+describes+an+audience+which+Tung+had+of+the+Empress+Dowager+on+23+June%2C+the+third+day+of+the+Siege%2C+at+which+he+complained+that+%27Jung+Lu+has+the+guns+which+my+army+needs%3B+with+their+aid+not+a+stone+would+be+left+standing+in+the+whole+of+the+Legation+Quarter.%27+The+Empress+Dowager%2C+who+had+been+painting+a+design+of+bamboos+on+silk+when+the+warrior+was+announced%2C+dismissed+him+with+contumely.+%27Your+tail%2C%27+she+said+elliptically%2C+%27is+becoming+too+heavy+to+wag.%27+Ching-Shan+mentions+Tung%27s+grievance+about+guns+a+week+later.&q=bamboos+silk. Retrieved 1-9-2011. "One account describes an audience which Tung had of the Empress Dowager on 23 June, the third day of the Siege, at which he complained that 'Jung Lu has the guns which my army needs; with their aid not a stone would be left standing in the whole of the Legation Quarter.' The Empress Dowager, who had been painting a design of bamboos on silk when the warrior was announced, dismissed him with contumely. 'Your tail,' she said elliptically, 'is becoming too heavy to wag.' Ching-Shan mentions Tung's grievance about guns a week later." 
  17. ^ Peter Fleming (1959). The Siege at Peking. NEW YORK 49 East 33rd Street, New York 16, N.Y: HARPER & BROTHERS. p. 226. "One account describes an audience which Tung had of the Empress Dowager on 23 June, the third day of the Siege, at which he complained that 'Jung Lu has the guns which my army needs; with their aid not a stone would be left standing in the whole of the Legation Quarter.' The Empress Dowager, who had been painting a design of bamboos on silk when the warrior was announced, dismissed him with contumely. 'Your tail,' she said elliptically, 'is becoming too heavy to wag.' Ching-Shan mentions Tung's grievance about guns a week later." 
  18. ^ Peter Fleming (1990). The Siege at Peking: The Boxer Rebellion (illustrated ed.). Dorset Press. p. 226. ISBN 0880294620. http://books.google.com/books?ei=NfUMT470PMH00gGcmpH2BQ&id=pHrZAAAAMAAJ&dq=One+account+describes+an+audience+which+Tung+had+of+the+Empress+Dowager+on+23+June%2C+the+third+day+of+the+Siege%2C+at+which+he+complained+that+%27Jung+Lu+has+the+guns+which+my+army+needs%3B+with+their+aid+not+a+stone+would+be+left+standing+in+the+whole+of+the+Legation+Quarter.%27+The+Empress+Dowager%2C+who+had+been+painting+a+design+of+bamboos+on+silk+when+the+warrior+was+announced%2C+dismissed+him+with+contumely.+%27Your+tail%2C%27+she+said+elliptically%2C+%27is+becoming+too+heavy+to+wag.%27+Ching-Shan+mentions+Tung%27s+grievance+about+guns+a+week+later.&q=several+subsequent+decades. Retrieved 1-9-2011. "In those days, and indeed for several subsequent decades," 
  19. ^ Peter Fleming (1959). The Siege at Peking. NEW YORK 49 East 33rd Street, New York 16, N.Y: HARPER & BROTHERS. p. 226. "In those days, and indeed for several subsequent decades," 
  20. ^ Peter Fleming (1990). The Siege at Peking: The Boxer Rebellion (illustrated ed.). Dorset Press. p. 227. ISBN 0880294620. http://books.google.com/books?ei=7_UMT_DwNqfa0QGJ0tiOBg&id=pHrZAAAAMAAJ&dq=the+sinews+of+war+were+regarded+by+Chinese+commanders+as+personal+possessions+or+perquisites.+They+were+the+counters+with+which+the+game+for+power+was+played+and+%2C+even+when+the+exigencies+of+war+seemed+to+demand+it%2C+were+not+lightly%2C+placed+under+the+control+of+a+suboordinate%2C+particularly+one+with+a+forceful+character.+The+picture%2C+faintly+glimpsed%2C+of+a+lack+of+co-operation+between+the+two+generals+principally+concerned+in+the+Siege+thus+has+a+natural+air.&q=sinews+war+personal+possessions. Retrieved 1-9-2011. "the sinews of war were regarded by Chinese commanders as personal possessions or perquisites. They were the counters with which the game for power was played and , even when the exigencies of war seemed to demand it, were not lightly, placed under the control of a suboordinate, particularly one with a forceful character. The picture, faintly glimpsed, of a lack of co-operation between the two generals principally concerned in the Siege thus has a natural air. But why did Jung Lu not use the guns himself? A good deal of evidence suggests that Jung Lu's attitude throughout the Siege was of cardinal importance, and that it was to his restraining or stultifying influence on the Chinese attacks that the foreigners owed their preservation. Before the throne openly extended its patronage to the Boxers, Jung Lu openly favoured their suppression. In a telegram to a senior official on 2 June he summarised the military measures he had put in hand to this end (they were later countermanded from above) and concluded: 'To forestall conflicts with the foreign Powers, we must hasten to purge the metropolitan area of the Boxers. This is important.'" 
  21. ^ Peter Fleming (1959). The Siege at Peking. NEW YORK 49 East 33rd Street, New York 16, N.Y: HARPER & BROTHERS. p. 227. "the sinews of war were regarded by Chinese commanders as personal possessions or perquisites. They were the counters with which the game for power was played and , even when the exigencies of war seemed to demand it, were not lightly, placed under the control of a suboordinate, particularly one with a forceful character. The picture, faintly glimpsed, of a lack of co-operation between the two generals principally concerned in the Siege thus has a natural air. But why did Jung Lu not use the guns himself? A good deal of evidence suggests that Jung Lu's attitude throughout the Siege was of cardinal importance, and that it was to his restraining or stultifying influence on the Chinese attacks that the foreigners owed their preservation. Before the throne openly extended its patronage to the Boxers, Jung Lu openly favoured their suppression. In a telegram to a senior official on 2 June he summarised the military measures he had put in hand to this end (they were later countermanded from above) and concluded: 'To forestall conflicts with the foreign Powers, we must hasten to purge the metropolitan area of the Boxers. This is important.'" 
  22. ^ Peter Fleming (1990). The Siege at Peking: The Boxer Rebellion (illustrated ed.). Dorset Press. p. 228. ISBN 0880294620. http://books.google.com/books?ei=K_QMT_XAG6Tg0QGvgbmcBg&id=pHrZAAAAMAAJ&dq=After+the+Siege+Jung+Lu+was%2C+or+affected+to+be%2C+suprised+that+he+was+not+persona+grata+with+the+foreigners%3B+but+his+name+was+not+%E2%80%94+as+was%2C+for+instance%2C+Tung+Fu-hsiang%27s+%E2%80%94+on+the+Allies%27+list+of+what+would+today+be+called+%27war+criminals%27+whose+punishment+was+one+of+the+conditions+of+peace.+He+is+known+to+have+arranged+the+short+cease-fire+on+25+June.&q=war+criminals+conditions. Retrieved 1-9-2011. "After the Siege Jung Lu was, or affected to be, surprised that he was not persona grata with the foreigners; but his name was not — as was, for instance, Tung Fu-hsiang's — on the Allies' list of what would today be called 'war criminals' whose punishment was one of the conditions of peace. He is known to have arranged the short cease-fire on 25 June, and later, during the truce, he took every opportunity of establishing his own channels of communication with the Ministers, in addition" 
  23. ^ Peter Fleming (1959). The Siege at Peking. NEW YORK 49 East 33rd Street, New York 16, N.Y: HARPER & BROTHERS. p. 228. "After the Siege Jung Lu was, or affected to be, surprised that he was not persona grata with the foreigners; but his name was not — as was, for instance, Tung Fu-hsiang's — on the Allies' list of what would today be called 'war criminals' whose punishment was one of the conditions of peace. He is known to have arranged the short cease-fire on 25 June," 
  24. ^ Herbert Henry Gowen (1913). An Outline History of China: From the Manchu conquest to the recognition of the republic, A. D. 1913. Volume 2 of An Outline History of China. BOSTON: Sherman, French & company. p. 169. http://books.google.com/books?id=3n84AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA169&dq=Later+investigation+brought+out+the+fact+that+the+reactionary+leader,+Prince+Tuan,+was+the+most+inveterate+enemy+of+the+besieged,+whilst+it+was+to+Prince+Jung&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AikNT-P5A6nz0gGOrOHhBQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Later%20investigation%20brought%20out%20the%20fact%20that%20the%20reactionary%20leader%2C%20Prince%20Tuan%2C%20was%20the%20most%20inveterate%20enemy%20of%20the%20besieged%2C%20whilst%20it%20was%20to%20Prince%20Jung&f=false. Retrieved 1-9-2011. "the British Embassy and disaster on a large scale seemed imminent. The chancellor of the Japanese legation, Mr. Sugiyama, was murdered on June 11 and Baron von Ketteler, the German minister, on June %0. The attack, which at times was made with the greatest possible fury, at other times appeared to be half-hearted, and it was apparent that there were divided counsels in the Chinese Court. Later investigation brought out the fact that the reactionary leader, Prince Tuan, was the most inveterate enemy of the besieged, whilst it was to Prince Jung lu that they owed their eventual escape. When the longed-for and long-expected relief came ammunition and food were well-nigh exhausted and out of the defending force of less than five hundred, sixty-five had been killed and a hundred and thirty-one wounded. Moreover, the anxiety and suffering of those within were matched by the suspense of the whole civilized world outside, ignorant and apprehensive of the fate of the besieged." 
  25. ^ Herbert Henry Gowen (1917). An outline history of China (New and Revised Edition ed.). BOSTON: Sherman, French & company. p. 326. http://books.google.com/books?id=uVpGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA326&dq=Later+investigation+brought+out+the+fact+that+the+reactionary+leader,+Prince+Tuan,+was+the+most+inveterate+enemy+of+the+besieged,+whilst+it+was+to+Prince+Jung&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AikNT-P5A6nz0gGOrOHhBQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Later%20investigation%20brought%20out%20the%20fact%20that%20the%20reactionary%20leader%2C%20Prince%20Tuan%2C%20was%20the%20most%20inveterate%20enemy%20of%20the%20besieged%2C%20whilst%20it%20was%20to%20Prince%20Jung&f=false. Retrieved 1-9-2011. "We must add to these figures several thousand native converts who met their fate with unflinching heroism. But for the strong stand taken by some of the Viceroys, notably by Chang Chih-tung, Yuan Shih-kai, Liu K'un-i, Tuan Fang and Li Hung-chang, the bloodshed would doubtless have been a thousandfold worse. Happily there were men in China at this crisis who were prepared to take the consequences of disobeying the Dowager. The S1ege or The Legat1ons.2' The advance of the Boxers upon Peking soon cut off the communications of the foreign ministers with the outside world. But for the timely arrival of some four hundred and fifty marines from the warships it would scarcely have been possible to defend the Legations against the attacks which in a few days commenced. The foreign powers were beginning to realize the critical nature of the situation and poured troops into Tientsin, but the force of two thousand men sent to relieve their fellow-countrymen in Peking proved insufficient and was forced to retire with heavy loss. Consequently the legations were "straitly shut up" within the walls of the British Embassy and disaster on a large scale seemed imminent. The chancellor of the Japanese legation, Mr. Sugiyama, was murdered on June 11 and Baron von Ketteler, the German minister, on June 20. The attack, which at times was made with the greatest possible fury, at other times appeared to be half-hearted, and it was apparent that there were divided counsels in the Chinese Court. Later investigation brought out the fact that the reactionary leader, Prince Tuan, was the most inveterate enemy of the besieged, whilst it was to Prince Jung Lu that they owed their eventual escape. When the longed-for and long-expected relief came ammunition and food were well-nigh exhausted and out of the defending force of less than five hundred, sixty-five had been killed and a hundred and thirty-one wounded. Moreover, the anxiety and" 
  26. ^ an Outline History of China. Forgotten Books. p. 169. ISBN 1440054428. http://books.google.com/books?id=JdhLRsKbsTQC&pg=PA169&dq=Later+investigation+brought+out+the+fact+that+the+reactionary+leader,+Prince+Tuan,+was+the+most+inveterate+enemy+of+the+besieged,+whilst+it+was+to+Prince+Jung&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AikNT-P5A6nz0gGOrOHhBQ&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Later%20investigation%20brought%20out%20the%20fact%20that%20the%20reactionary%20leader%2C%20Prince%20Tuan%2C%20was%20the%20most%20inveterate%20enemy%20of%20the%20besieged%2C%20whilst%20it%20was%20to%20Prince%20Jung&f=false. Retrieved 1-9-2011. "The attack, which at times was made with the greatest possible fury, at other times appeared to be half-hearted, and it was apparent that there were divided counsels in the Chinese Court. Later investigation brought out the fact that the reactionary leader, Prince Tuan, was the most inveterate enemy of the besieged, whilst it was to Prince Jung lu that they owed their eventual escape." 
  27. ^ Herbert H. Gowen (2001). An Outline History of China: From the Manchu Conquest to the Recognition of the Republic, Part 1913 (reprint, illustrated ed.). Simon Publications LLC. p. 169. ISBN 1931313881. http://books.google.com/books?id=VBQx7AR1IvgC&pg=PA169&dq=Later+investigation+brought+out+the+fact+that+the+reactionary+leader,+Prince+Tuan,+was+the+most+inveterate+enemy+of+the+besieged,+whilst+it+was+to+Prince+Jung&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oiwNT7LvN6bt0gHZ1_DQCg&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Later%20investigation%20brought%20out%20the%20fact%20that%20the%20reactionary%20leader%2C%20Prince%20Tuan%2C%20was%20the%20most%20inveterate%20enemy%20of%20the%20besieged%2C%20whilst%20it%20was%20to%20Prince%20Jung&f=false. Retrieved 1-9-2011. "Later investigation brought out the fact that the reactionary leader, Prince Tuan, was the most inveterate enemy of the besieged, whilst it was to Prince Jung lu that they owed their eventual escape." 
  28. ^ An outline history of China: with a thorough account of the republican era interpreted in its historical perspective. D. Appleton and Company. 1926. p. 305. http://books.google.com/books?ei=6ycNT4HLIYPX0QHwpNSJBg&id=7xchAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+coming+of+the+Kansu+Moslem+troops%2C+with+their+black+turbans%2C+brought+a+more+ferocious+element+of+the+Chinese+soldiery+to+the+front.+Their+leader%2C+Tung+Fu-+hsiang%2C+is+said+to+have+used+a+seat+made+out+of+von+Ketteler%27s+skin.&q=seat+skin. Retrieved 1-9-2011. "The coming of the Kansu Moslem troops, with their black turbans, brought a more ferocious element of the Chinese soldiery to the front. Their leader, Tung Fu- hsiang, is said to have used a seat made out of von Ketteler's skin. Yet the attacks, which at times were made with the utmost fury, at other times appeared to be half-hearted, and it was plain that there were divided counsels in the Chinese Court. Later investigation brought out the fact that the reactionary leader, Prince Tuan, was the most inveterate enemy of the besieged, whilst it was to Prince Jung lu that they owed their eventual escape" 
  29. ^ Esther Singleton, ed (1913). The world's great events: an indexed history of the world from earliest times to the present day, Volume 8. VOLUME EIGHT. Designed, Printed, and Bound at The Collier Press, New York: P. F. Collier & son. p. 2403. http://books.google.com/books?id=FIg-AAAAYAAJ&dq=That+somebody+intervened+for+our+semi-protection+seems.+however%2C+probably.+Attacks+were+not+made+by+such+numberas+as+the+Government+had+at+its+disposal+-+theywere+never+pushed+home%2C+but+always&q=Up+to+the+2oth+of+June+we+had%E2%80%94as+already+stated%E2%80%94only+Boxers+armed+with+sword+and+spear+to+fear%2C+but+on+that+day+rifles+began+to+be+used%2C+and+soldiers+fired+them%E2%80%94notably+men+f%5EE%5E+belonging+to+Tung+Fuh+Hsiang%27s+Kan-suh+Leg%22ionscommand.+Our+longing+for+the+appearance+of+Admiral+Seymour+grew+intense%2C+and+night+after+night+we+buoyed+ourselves+up+with+calculations+founded+on+the+sound+of+heavy+guns+in+the+distance+or+the+appearance+of+what+experts+pronounced+to+be+search-lights+in+the+sky%3A+soon%2C+however%2C+we+gave+up+all+hope+of+the+Admiral%27s+party%2C+but%2C+supposing+that+the+Taku+forts+had+been+taken+on+the+i8th%2C+we+inferred+that+a+few+days+later+would+see+a#v=snippet&q=Up%20to%20the%202oth%20of%20June%20we%20had%E2%80%94as%20already%20stated%E2%80%94only%20Boxers%20armed%20with%20sword%20and%20spear%20to%20fear%2C%20but%20on%20that%20day%20rifles%20began%20to%20be%20used%2C%20and%20soldiers%20fired%20them%E2%80%94notably%20men%20f%5EE%5E%20belonging%20to%20Tung%20Fuh%20Hsiang's%20Kan-suh%20Leg%22ionscommand.%20Our%20longing%20for%20the%20appearance%20of%20Admiral%20Seymour%20grew%20intense%2C%20and%20night%20after%20night%20we%20buoyed%20ourselves%20up%20with%20calculations%20founded%20on%20the%20sound%20of%20heavy%20guns%20in%20the%20distance%20or%20the%20appearance%20of%20what%20experts%20pronounced%20to%20be%20search-lights%20in%20the%20sky%3A%20soon%2C%20however%2C%20we%20gave%20up%20all%20hope%20of%20the%20Admiral's%20party%2C%20but%2C%20supposing%20that%20the%20Taku%20forts%20had%20been%20taken%20on%20the%20i8th%2C%20we%20inferred%20that%20a%20few%20days%20later%20would%20see%20a&f=false. Retrieved 1-9-2011. "Up to the 2oth of June we had—as already stated—only Boxers armed with sword and spear to fear, but on that day rifles began to be used, and soldiers fired them—notably men f^E^ belonging to Tung Fuh Hsiang's Kan-suh Legion's command. Our longing for the appearance of Admiral Seymour grew intense, and night after night we buoyed ourselves up with calculations founded on the sound of heavy guns in the distance or the appearance of what experts pronounced to be search-lights in the sky: soon, however, we gave up all hope of the Admiral's party, but, supposing that the Taku forts had been taken on the i8th, we inferred that a few days later would see a" 
  30. ^ Cosmopolitan, Volume 30. VOL. XXX. IRVINGTON-ON-THE-HUDSON, N. Y.: Schlicht and Field.. NOVEMBER, 1900—April, 1901. p. 133. http://books.google.com/books?id=R5LNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA133&lpg=PA133&dq=That+somebody+intervened+for+our+semi-protection+seems.+however,+probably.+Attacks+were+not+made+by+such+numberas+as+the+Government+had+at+its+disposal+-+theywere+never+pushed+home,+but+always&source=bl&ots=wHMsWKA9DU&sig=pxYVbbtT-XCAgGUnALKsXImBPKc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4GALT9j5EITl0QH0yfjbBQ&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=That%20somebody%20intervened%20for%20our%20semi-protection%20seems.%20however%2C%20probably.%20Attacks%20were%20not%20made%20by%20such%20numberas%20as%20the%20Government%20had%20at%20its%20disposal%20-%20theywere%20never%20pushed%20home%2C%20but%20always&f=false. Retrieved 1-9-2011. "hearing of the Palace, must have been by the orders of the government, and it cost our small number over sixty killed and a hundred wounded. That somebody intervened for our semi-protection seems, however, probable. Attacks were not made by such numbers as the government had at its disposal; they were never pushed home, but always sensed just when we feared they would succeed, and, had the force round us really attacked with thoroughness and determination, we could not have held out a week, perhaps not even a day; and so the explanation that there was some kind of protection—that somebody, probably a wise man who knew what the destruction of the legations would cost empire and dynasty, intervened between the issue of the order for our destruction and the execution of it, and so kept the soldiery playing with us as cats do with mice, the continued and seemingly heavy firing telling the Palace how fiercely we were attacked and how stubbornly we defended ourselves; while its curiously half-hearted character not only gave us the chance to live through it, but also gave any relief forces time to come and extricate us, and thus avert the national calamity which the Palace in its pride and conceit ignored, but which someone, in authority, in his wisdom foresaw and in his discretion sought how to push aside." 
  31. ^ The living age, Volume 228. SEVENTH SERIES, VOLUME X. VOL. CCXXVIII. BOSTOM : THE LIVING AGE COMPANY.: Littell, Son and Co.. JANUARY, FEBRUARY, MARCH, 1901.. p. 279. http://books.google.com/books?id=bPsvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA279&lpg=PA279&dq=That+somebody+intervened+for+our+semi-protection+seems.+however,+probably.+Attacks+were+not+made+by+such+numberas+as+the+Government+had+at+its+disposal+-+theywere+never+pushed+home,+but+always&source=bl&ots=Rr-Q2VjEP6&sig=6oW3j_Bazsa5zOI6Y0s7yjKMiZ4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4GALT9j5EITl0QH0yfjbBQ&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=That%20somebody%20intervened%20for%20our%20semi-protection%20seems.%20however%2C%20probably.%20Attacks%20were%20not%20made%20by%20such%20numberas%20as%20the%20Government%20had%20at%20its%20disposal%20-%20theywere%20never%20pushed%20home%2C%20but%20always&f=false. Retrieved 1-9-2011. "As to provisioning—we were completely cut off from the market, and dependent upon what we chanced to have in the Legation, on and after the 20th June; the cordon of Chinese troops drawn round us isolated us completely, and, excepting two or three scanty presents of vegetables, received between the 21st and 27th July, nothing came from the Chinese Government. As to protecting—it is true we can only explain our preservation by supposing that there must have been some protection, but it was not the Chinese Government that gave it; we were under fire from the 20th to the 25th June, from the 28th June to the 18th July, from the 2Sth July to the 2d August, and from the 4th to the 14th August; night and day rifle bullets, cannon balls and Krupp shells had been poured into the various Legations from the gate in front of the Palace Itself, from the very wall of the Imperial City, as well as from numerous nearer points around us, and the assailants on all sides were Chinese soldiers; whether the quiet of the 26th and 27th June and 19th to 27th July was or was not ordered by the Government we cannot say, but the firing during the other periods, close as we were to the Imperial City and within the sight and hearing of the Palace, must have been by the orders of the Government, and it cost our small number over sixty killed and a hundred wounded! That somebody Intervened for our semi-protection seems, however, probable; attacks were not made by such numbers as the Government had at its disposal—they were never pushed home, but always ceased just when we feared they would succeed—and, had the force round us really attacked with thoroughness and determination," 
  32. ^ The living age, Volume 228. SEVENTH SERIES, VOLUME X. VOL. CCXXVIII. BOSTOM : THE LIVING AGE COMPANY.: Littell, Son and Co.. JANUARY, FEBRUARY, MARCH, 1901.. p. 280. http://books.google.com/books?ei=4GALT9j5EITl0QH0yfjbBQ&output=text&id=bPsvAAAAYAAJ&dq=That+somebody+intervened+for+our+semi-protection+seems.+however%2C+probably.+Attacks+were+not+made+by+such+numberas+as+the+Government+had+at+its+disposal+-+theywere+never+pushed+home%2C+but+always&q=we+could+not+have+held+out+a+week%2C+perhaps+not+even+a+day%3B+and+so+the+explanation+that+there+was+some+kind+of+protection%E2%80%94that+somebody%2C+probably+a+wise+man+who+knew+what+the+destruction+of+the+Legations+would+cost+Empire+and+Dynasty%2C+intervened+between+the+issue+of+the+order+for+our+destruction+and+the+execution+of+it%2C+and+Bo+kept+the+soldiery+playing+with+us+as+cats+do+with+mice%2C+the+continued+and+seemingly+heavy+firing+telling+the+Palace+how+fiercely+we+were+attacked+and+how+stubbornly+we+defended+ourselves%2C+while+its+curiously+half-hearted+character+not+only+gave+us+the+chance+to+live+through+it%2C+but+also+gave+any+relief+forces+time+to+come+and+extricate+us%2C+and+thus+avert+the+national+calamity+which+the+Palace+in+its+pride+and+conceit+ignored%2C+but+which+some+one+in+authority+in+his+wisdom+foresaw+and+in+his+discretion+sought+how+to+push+aside.#v=snippet&q=we%20could%20not%20have%20held%20out%20a%20week%2C%20perhaps%20not%20even%20a%20day%3B%20and%20so%20the%20explanation%20that%20there%20was%20some%20kind%20of%20protection%E2%80%94that%20somebody%2C%20probably%20a%20wise%20man%20who%20knew%20what%20the%20destruction%20of%20the%20Legations%20would%20cost%20Empire%20and%20Dynasty%2C%20intervened%20between%20the%20issue%20of%20the%20order%20for%20our%20destruction%20and%20the%20execution%20of%20it%2C%20and%20Bo%20kept%20the%20soldiery%20playing%20with%20us%20as%20cats%20do%20with%20mice%2C%20the%20continued%20and%20seemingly%20heavy%20firing%20telling%20the%20Palace%20how%20fiercely%20we%20were%20attacked%20and%20how%20stubbornly%20we%20defended%20ourselves%2C%20while%20its%20curiously%20half-hearted%20character%20not%20only%20gave%20us%20the%20chance%20to%20live%20through%20it%2C%20but%20also%20gave%20any%20relief%20forces%20time%20to%20. Retrieved 1-9-2011. "we could not have held out a week, perhaps not even a day; and so the explanation that there was some kind of protection—that somebody, probably a wise man who knew what the destruction of the Legations would cost Empire and Dynasty, intervened between the issue of the order for our destruction and the execution of it, and Bo kept the soldiery playing with us as cats do with mice, the continued and seemingly heavy firing telling the Palace how fiercely we were attacked and how stubbornly we defended ourselves, while its curiously half-hearted character not only gave us the chance to live through it, but also gave any relief forces time to come and extricate us, and thus avert the national calamity which the Palace in its pride and conceit ignored, but which some one in authority in his wisdom foresaw and in his discretion sought how to push aside." 
  33. ^ Sir Robert Hart (1901). "These from the land of Sinim.": Essays on the Chinese question. PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES. (Location is LONDON): Chapman & Hall. p. 39. http://books.google.com/books?id=-vggAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA39&lpg=PA39&dq=That+somebody+intervened+for+our+semi-protection+seems.+however,+probably.+Attacks+were+not+made+by+such+numberas+as+the+Government+had+at+its+disposal+-+theywere+never+pushed+home,+but+always&source=bl&ots=V_SVMDK1vn&sig=8YqgzHT-TwyXMc8950-uoposImU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4GALT9j5EITl0QH0yfjbBQ&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=That%20somebody%20intervened%20for%20our%20semi-protection%20seems.%20however%2C%20probably.%20Attacks%20were%20not%20made%20by%20such%20numberas%20as%20the%20Government%20had%20at%20its%20disposal%20-%20theywere%20never%20pushed%20home%2C%20but%20always&f=false. Retrieved 1-9-2011. "gave it. We were under fire from the 20th to the 25th June, from the 28th June to the 18th July, from the 28th July to the 2nd August, and from the 4th to the 14th August: night and day rifle bullets, cannon balls, and Krupp shells had been poured into the various Legations from the gate in front of the Palace itself, from the very wall of the Imperial City, as well as from numerous nearer points around us, and the assailants on all sides were Chinese soldiers; whether the quiet of the 26th and 27th June and 19th to 27th July was or was not ordered by the Government we cannot say, but the firing during the other periods, close as we were to the Imperial City and within the sight and hearing of the Palace, must have been by the orders of Government, and it cost our small number over sixty killed and a hundred wounded! That somebody intervened for our semi-protection seems, however, probable: attacks were not made by such numbers as the Government had at its disposal—they were never pushed home, but always ceased just when we feared they would succeed—and, had the force round us really attacked with thoroughness and determination, we could not have held out a week, perhaps not even a day. So the explanation gained credence that there was some kind of protection—that somebody, probably a wise man who knew" 
  34. ^ Sir Robert Hart (1901). "These from the land of Sinim.": Essays on the Chinese question. PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES. (Location is LONDON): Chapman & Hall. p. 40. http://books.google.com/books?ei=4GALT9j5EITl0QH0yfjbBQ&output=text&id=-vggAAAAMAAJ&dq=That+somebody+intervened+for+our+semi-protection+seems.+however%2C+probably.+Attacks+were+not+made+by+such+numberas+as+the+Government+had+at+its+disposal+-+theywere+never+pushed+home%2C+but+always&q=what+the+destruction+of+the+Legations+would+cost+Empire+and+Dynasty%2C+intervened+between+the+issue+of+the+order+for+our+destruction+and+the+execution+of+it%2C+and+so+kept+the+soldiery+playing+with+us+as+cats+do+with+mice%2C+the+continued+and+seemingly+heavy+firing+telling+the+Palace+how+fiercely+we+were+attacked+and+how+stubbornly+we+defended+ourselves%2C+while+its+curiously+half-hearted+character+not+only+gave+us+the+chance+to+live+through+it%2C+but+also+gave+any+relief+forces+time+to+come+and+extricate+us%2C+and+thus+avert+the+national+calamity+which+the+Palace+in+its+pride+and+conceit+ignored%2C+but+which+some+one+in+authority+in+his+wisdom+foresaw+and+in+his+discretion+sought+how+to+push+aside.#v=snippet&q=what%20the%20destruction%20of%20the%20Legations%20would%20cost%20Empire%20and%20Dynasty%2C%20intervened%20between%20the%20issue%20of%20the%20order%20for%20our%20destruction%20and%20the%20execution%20of%20it%2C%20and%20so%20kept%20the%20soldiery%20playing%20with%20us%20as%20cats%20do%20with%20mice%2C%20the%20continued%20and%20seemingly%20heavy%20firing%20telling%20the%20Palace%20how%20fiercely%20we%20were%20attacked%20and%20how%20stubbornly%20we%20defended%20ourselves%2C%20while%20its%20curiously%20half-hearted%20character%20not%20only%20gave%20us%20the%20chance%20to%20live%20through%20it%2C%20but%20also%20gave%20any%20relief%20forces%20time%20to%20come%20and%20extricate%20us%2C%20and%20thus%20avert%20the%20national%20calamity%20which%20the%20Palace%20in%20its%20pride%20and%20conceit%20ignored%2C%20but%20which%20some%20one%20in%20authority%20in%20his%20wisdom%20foresaw%20and%20in%20his%20discretion%20sought%20how%20to%20push%20aside.&f=false. Retrieved 1-9-2011. "what the destruction of the Legations would cost Empire and Dynasty, intervened between the issue of the order for our destruction and the execution of it, and so kept the soldiery playing with us as cats do with mice, the continued and seemingly heavy firing telling the Palace how fiercely we were attacked and how stubbornly we defended ourselves, while its curiously half-hearted character not only gave us the chance to live through it, but also gave any relief forces time to come and extricate us, and thus avert the national calamity which the Palace in its pride and conceit ignored, but which some one in authority in his wisdom foresaw and in his discretion sought how to push aside." 
  35. ^ Esther Singleton, ed (1913). The world's great events: an indexed history of the world from earliest times to the present day, Volume 8. VOLUME EIGHT. Designed, Printed, and Bound at The Collier Press, New York: P. F. Collier & son. p. 2404. http://books.google.com/books?id=FIg-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2404&lpg=PA2404&dq=That+somebody+intervened+for+our+semi-protection+seems.+however,+probably.+Attacks+were+not+made+by+such+numberas+as+the+Government+had+at+its+disposal+-+theywere+never+pushed+home,+but+always&source=bl&ots=9ZFzVarwE9&sig=T5pZNYUD0O9udKMGACkfVIv0j5U&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4GALT9j5EITl0QH0yfjbBQ&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=That%20somebody%20intervened%20for%20our%20semi-protection%20seems.%20however%2C%20probably.%20Attacks%20were%20not%20made%20by%20such%20numberas%20as%20the%20Government%20had%20at%20its%20disposal%20-%20theywere%20never%20pushed%20home%2C%20but%20always&f=false. Retrieved 1-9-2011. "large force marching from Tien-tsin for our relief, and that within a fortnight it would be with us — otherwise, why imperil us at Peking by such premature action at Taku? We were under fire from the 2oth to the Rations 25th °^ June> from me aSth of June to the i8th besieered. of J^ frQm thg 2gm Qf Ju}y tQ thfi 2(j Qf August, and from the 4th to the i4th of August: night and day rifle bullets, cannon balls, and Krupp shells had been poured into the various Legations from the gate in front of the Palace itself, from the very wall of the Imperial City, as well as from numerous nearer points around us, and the assailants on all sides were Chinese soldiers; whether the quiet of the 26th and 27th of June and eighth to 27th of July was or was not ordered by the government we can not say, but the firing during the other periods, close as we were to the Palace, must have been by the orders of the government; and it cost our small number over sixty killed and a hundred wounded! That somebody intervened for our semi-protection seems, however, probable: attacks were not made by such numbers as the government had at its disposal — they were never pushed home, but always ceased just when we feared they would succeed — and, had the force round us really attacked with thoroughness and determination, we could not have held out a week, perhaps not even a day; and so the explanation that there was some kind of protection" 
  36. ^ Esther Singleton, ed (1913). The world's great events: an indexed history of the world from earliest times to the present day, Volume 8. VOLUME EIGHT. Designed, Printed, and Bound at The Collier Press, New York: P. F. Collier & son. p. 2405. http://books.google.com/books?id=FIg-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2404&lpg=PA2404&dq=That+somebody+intervened+for+our+semi-protection+seems.+however,+probably.+Attacks+were+not+made+by+such+numberas+as+the+Government+had+at+its+disposal+-+theywere+never+pushed+home,+but+always&source=bl&ots=9ZFzVarwE9&sig=T5pZNYUD0O9udKMGACkfVIv0j5U&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4GALT9j5EITl0QH0yfjbBQ&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%E2%80%94that%20somebody%2C%20probably%20a%20wise%20man%20who%20knew%20what%20the%20destruction%20of%20the%20Legations%20would%20cost%20Empire%20and%20Dynasty%2C%20intervened%20between%20the%20issue%20of%20the%20order%20for%20our%20destruction%20and%20the%20execution%20of%20it%2C%20and%20so%20kept%20the%20soldiery%20playing%20with%20us%20as%20cats%20do%20with%20mice%2C%20the%20continued%20and%20seemingly%20heavy%20firing%20telling%20the%20Palace%20how%20fiercely%20we%20were%20attacked%20and%20how%20stubbornly%20we%20defended%20ourselves%2C%20while%20its%20curiously%20half-hearted%20character%20not%20only%20gave%20us%20the%20chance%20to%20live%20through%20it%2C%20but%20also%20gave%20any%20relief%20forces%20time%20to%20come%20and%20extricate%20us%2C%20and%20thus%20avert%20the%20national%20calamity%20which%20the%20Palace%20in%20its%20pride%20and%20conceit%20ignored%2C%20but%20which%20some%20one%20in%20authority%20in%20his%20wisdom%20foresaw%20and%20in%20his%20discretion%20sought%20how%20to%20push%20aside.&f=false. Retrieved 1-9-2011. "—that somebody, probably a wise man who knew what the destruction of the Legations would cost Empire and Dynasty, intervened between the issue of the order for our destruction and the execution of it, and so kept the soldiery playing with us as cats do with mice, the continued and seemingly heavy firing telling the Palace how fiercely we were attacked and how stubbornly we defended ourselves, while its curiously half-hearted character not only gave us the chance to live through it, but also gave any relief forces time to come and extricate us, and thus avert the national calamity which the Palace in its pride and conceit ignored, but which some one in authority in his wisdom foresaw and in his discretion sought how to push aside. On the Ath of August our assailants' rifles The attack 1 & renewed. again began to be troublesome, and the list of killed and wounded was added to. On the 7th some additional barricades isolated us even more than ever, and at the same time dispatches from the Yamen announced that Li Hung Chang was appointed to arrange matters by telegram with the various Foreign Offices. On the 8th the firing was lighter, and letters of condolence came from the Yamen communicating the news of the deaths of the King of Italy and the Duke of Edinburgh; but on the 9th heavy firing was resumed, and grew heavier and heavier until the i4th, the nights of the i2th and i3th being specially" 
  37. ^ Peter Fleming (1990). The Siege at Peking: The Boxer Rebellion (illustrated ed.). Dorset Press. p. 229. ISBN 0880294620. http://books.google.com/books?ei=z_IMT8iVEYna0QGXxd39BQ&id=pHrZAAAAMAAJ&dq=On+31+July+the+relief+force+suffered+a+reverse%2C+losing+sixty+killed.+Nor+was+this+a+temporary+setback.+On+the+following+day+the+Chinese+rallied+strongly+and+drove+the+foreigners+still+further+away+from+Peking%2C+killing+seventy+of+them%3B+and+in+next+to+no+time+they+had+withdrawn+under+heavy+pressure+all+the+way+back+to+Tientsin&q=semi-protection+never+pushed+home. Retrieved 1-9-2011. "That somebody Intervened for our semi-protection seems, however, probable; attacks were not made by such numbers as the Government had at its disposal — they were never pushed home, but always ceased just when we feared they would succeed—and, had the force round us really attacked with thoroughness and determination, we could not have held out a week, perhaps not even a day ." 
  38. ^ Peter Fleming (1959). The Siege at Peking. NEW YORK 49 East 33rd Street, New York 16, N.Y: HARPER & BROTHERS. p. 229. "That somebody Intervened for our semi-protection seems, however, probable; attacks were not made by such numbers as the Government had at its disposal — they were never pushed home, but always ceased just when we feared they would succeed—and, had the force round us really attacked with thoroughness and determination, we could not have held out a week, perhaps not even a day ." 
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