Russian Constitution of 1978

The Constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of 12 April 1978 was formally its supreme law.

History

At its Extraordinary Session of 12 April 1978, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR adopted a new republican Constitution, to replace the old Russian Constitution of 1937, including its subsequent amendments. The new Constitution initially consisted of a Preamble and 185 articles, and was prepared as part of the whole project of adjusting all 15 republican Constitutions to the new Constitution of the Soviet Union of October 1977.

It was the fourth Constitution of the Russian SFSR. Following a turbulent period of democratization and subsequent economic reform the Constitution was amended several times. It lost its legal force by the referendum of 12 December 1993, which was preceded by a power struggle between the President of Russia and Russia's legislative institutions - the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet of Russia.

List of amendments

Amendment	date	New institutions/additions	Eliminated institutions
Law "On Modifications and Additions to Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian SFSR"	27 October 1989	Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian SFSR Congresses of People' Deputies of the Autonomous SSRs (allowed to be established, but not mandatory; only Dagestan ASSR decided to establish its own Congress) Multi-candidate elections Supreme Soviet of Russia becomes bicameral Soviet of the Republic and Soviet of Nationalities established Committee for Constitutional Supervision of the Russian SFSR Judges now elected for 10-year term	Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (leadership passed directly to Chairman of the Supreme Soviet) Indirect elections of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (Presidium of the Supreme Soviet now formed ex officio instead) Direct elections to the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR (Supreme Soviet now elected by Congress of People's Deputies instead)
Law "on modification of article 104 of the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian SFSR"	31 May 1990	Congress now elects Chairman and three (instead of one) of deputy chairmans of the Supreme Soviet	None
Law "On Modifications and Additions to Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian SFSR"	16 June 1990	Multi-party system	Single-party system
Law "On Modifications and Additions to Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian SFSR"	15 December 1990	Declaration of State Sovereignty got constitutional status Direct democracy has become clearly recognised in Constitution. citizenship of the Russian SFSR Right to hold property (incl., but not explicitly, private property) is recognised Prosecutor General of the Russian SFSR Constitutional Court of the Russian SFSR	Prosecutor of the Russian SFSR Committee for Constitutional Supervision of the Russian SFSR
Law "On Modifications and Additions to Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian SFSR"	24 May 1991	Directly-elective Presidency of the Russian SFSR is established ASSRs converted into Republics of the Russian SFSR	Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics (transformed)
Law "On Modifications and Additions to Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian SFSR because of reform of the local self-government"	24 May 1991	Local administrations	Ispolkoms
Law "On Modifications and Additions to Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian SFSR because of transformation of Autonomous oblasts into Soviet Socialist Republics within RSFSR"	3 July 1991	Three new republics established	Three autonomous oblasts dissolved
Law "On Modifications and Additions to Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian SFSR"	1 November 1991	Russian flag changed to white-azure-scarlet Presidencies of Republics of the Russian SFSR is recognised Jury trial has became part of the Judiciary of Russia	1954 flag of the Russian SFSR
Law "On Modifications and Additions to Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian SFSR"	21 April 1992	Renaming of the Russian SFSR to the Russian Federation is confirmed Federal Treaty became part of the Russian Constitution Krais, oblasts and cities Moscow and Saint-Petersburg became Federal subjects of Russia Russian sovereignty is finally confirmed Declaration of Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen is made part of Constitution Democracy, separation of powers and republican form of government and federalism) were declared as "unshakable foundations of the constitutional system", making first legislative usage of that term in the Russian constitutional law.	Russian membership in the Soviet Union is constitutionally revoked, but some articles retained metions of Soviet Constitution and laws Principle of democratic centralism has been de jure revoked (while it was de facto abolished in 1937, with indirect-elected Congresses of Soviets).
Law "On Modifications and Additions to Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian Federation"	9 December 1992	Existence Armed Forces of the Russian Federation has been recognised in the Constitution Parliamentary control over President is strengthed. Explicit constitutional recognition of private property. Justice of the peace became part of the Judiciary of Russia	Russian membership in the Soviet Union revoked nearly completely (the only mention of the 1977 Constitution of the USSR remains in article 4). Mention of the Soviet Armed Forces is removed from Constitution. Judges no longer has fixed term of office
Law "on modification of article 71 of the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian Federation"	10 December 1992	Chechen Republic Republic of Ingushetia	Chechen-Ingush ASSR

See also

• Constitution of Russia (1993)
• Russian Constitution of 1918
• 1977 Soviet Constitution

Preceded by Russian Constitution of 1937

Constitution of Russia 12 April 1978–12 December 1993

Succeeded by Constitution of Russia