Rusyn language

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Rusyn
русиньский язык, русиньска бесїда rusyn’skyj jazyk, rusyn’ska besjida
Region Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Czech Republic
Native speakers

Estimated: At least 600,000.[1]
Census population: 70,374. These are numbers from national official bureaus for statistics:

  • Slovakia - 33,482[2]
  • Serbia - 15,626[3]
  • Ukraine - 6,725[4]
  • Poland - 10,000[5]
  • Croatia - 2,337[6]
  • Hungary - 1,113[7]
  • Czech Republic - 777[8]  (date missing)
Language family
Official status
Official language in

 Vojvodina [9]

Minority language:
 Croatia
 Poland
 Romania
 Serbia
 Slovakia
Language codes
ISO 639-3 rue
Linguasphere 53-AAA-ec < 53-AAA-e
(varieties: 53-AAA-eca to 53-AAA-ecc)
This page contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.
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Official usage of Pannonian Rusyn language in Vojvodina, present-day Serbia

Rusyn (Rusyn: русиньска бесїда or русиньскый язык[10]), also known in English as Ruthene (sometimes Ruthenian), is an East Slavic language variety spoken by the Rusyns of Central Europe. Some linguists treat it as a distinct language[11] and it has its own ISO 639-3 code; some Ukrainian scholars treat it as a dialect of Ukrainian.[12] Each categorisation has controversial political implications.

Contents

Geographical distribution[edit]

Rusyn (and more specifically Carpatho-Rusyn) is the vernacular spoken in the Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine, in northeastern Slovakia, in Vojvodina, in southeastern Poland (where it is often described as łemkowski 'Lemko', from their characteristic word лем / lem 'only', or Lyshak), in Hungary (where the people and language are called ruszin) and in northern Romania (in northern Maramureș, where the people are called "ruteni" and the language "ruteană")

Classification[edit]

The first scholars to recognize the existence of Rusyn as a separate language were with the former Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies in Moscow in 1992 (now the Institute of Slavonic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences), which also trained the first scholars to study Rusyn.[13] These studies were financially supported by the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Ukrainian scholars[citation needed] and politicians do not recognise Rusyns as a separate ethnicity, even though some Rusyn speakers consider themselves ethnically distinct from Ukrainians. Ukrainian linguists[citation needed] consider Rusyn a dialect of Ukrainian, related to the Hutsul dialect in the neighbouring Carpathian region of Ukraine.

Attempts to standardise variants of Rusyn have been unsuccessful. Rusyns live in four countries, and efforts are hampered because Rusyns living outside the traditional home region often do not speak the language fluently. Different orthographies have been developed (in most cases using variants of the Cyrillic script), and a number of different grammatical standards[14] exist, based on regional dialects.

It is not possible to estimate accurately the number of fluent speakers of Rusyn; however, their number is estimated at almost a million, primarily living in Ukraine and Slovakia.

Serbia has recognized Rusyn, more precisely Pannonian Rusyn in Vojvodina, as an official minority language.[15] Since 1995, Rusyn has been recognized as a minority language in Slovakia, enjoying the status of an official language in municipalities where more than 20 percent of the inhabitants speak Rusyn.[16]

Rusyn is listed as a protected language by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Slovakia, Serbia, Croatia and Romania.

Grammars and codification[edit]

The Rusyn dialect was codified as a language in Vojvodina region of Yugoslavia in 1923 and in Slovakia in 1995.[17] Early grammars include Dmytrij Vyslockij's (Дмитрий Вислоцкий) Карпаторусский букварь (Karpatorusskij bukvar') Vanja Hunjanky (1931)[18] and Metodyj Trochanovskij's Буквар. Перша книжечка для народных школ. (Bukvar. Perša knyžečka dlja narodnŷch škol.) (1935).[19][20]

Newspapers[edit]

Dialects[edit]

The Carpatho Rusyn language can be divided as follows:

Name Language area Annotation
Hutsul In the mountainous part of Suceava County and Maramureș County in Romania and the extreme southern parts of the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (province) of Ukraine (as well as in parts of the Chernivtsi and Transcarpathian Oblasts), and on the northern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains.
Boyko Northern side of the Carpathian Mountains in the Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk Oblasts of Ukraine. It can also be heard across the border in the Subcarpathian Voivodship (province) of Poland
Lemko Outside Ukraine in the Prešov Region of Slovakia along the southern side of the Carpathian Mountains. It was formerly spoken on the northern side of the same mountains, in what is now southeastern Poland, prior to Operation Vistula - now used in several diaspora communities scattered in northern Poland Being revived; in Poland it has the status of an ethnic minority language. A newspaper, Karpatska Rus' has been published in this dialect since 1939.
Dolinian Rusyn Transcarpathian Oblast of Ukraine.
Subcarpathian Rusyn
Pryashiv Rusyn The Prešov Region (in Rusyn: "Пряшів" Pryashiv) of Slovakia, as well as by some émigré communities, primarily in the United States of America.
Pannonian Rusyn Northwestern Serbia and eastern Croatia One of the official languages of the Serbian Autonomous Province of Vojvodina.
Bačka

Boiko, Hutsul, Lemko and Dolinian are identified (and for the same speakers) as Ukrainian dialects since most of their speakers identify themselves as Ukrainians.

Alphabet[edit]

Letters and symbols of the Carpatho-Rusyn alphabet
Capital Small Name Translit. Pronunciation Notes
А а a a /a/
Б б бы b /b/
В в вы v /v/
Г г гы h /ɦ/
Ґ ґ ґы g /ɡ/
Д д ды d /d/
Е е e e /e/
Є є є je /je/
Ё ё ё jo /jo/ not present in Pannonian Rusyn
Ж ж жы ž /ʒ/
З з зы z /z/
И и и y /ɪ/
І і i i /i/ not present in Pannonian Rusyn
Ы ы ы y /ɨ/
Ї ї ї ji /ji/
Й й йы j /j/
К к кы k /k/
Л л лы l /l/
М м мы m /m/
Н н ны n /n/
О о o o /o/
П п пы p /p/
Р р ры r /r/
С с сы s /s/
Т т ты t /t/
У у у u /u/
Ф ф фы f /f/
Х х хы x, ch /x/
Ц ц цы c /ts/
Ч ч чы č /t͡ʃ/
Ш ш шы š /ʃ/
Щ щ щы šč /ʃt͡ʃ/
Ѣ ѣ їть /ji/, /i/ Used before World War II
Ю ю ю ju /ju/
Я я я ja /ja/
Ь ь мнягкый знак (ірь) ’ /ʲ/ marks preceding consonant's palatalization
Ъ ъ твердый знак (ір) ” not present in Pannonian Rusyn

See also[edit]

Rusyn language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

References[edit]

  1. ^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr., ed. (2005). "Ethnologue report for language code:rue (Rusyn)". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 978-1-55671-159-6. Retrieved 2007-04-27. 
  2. ^ Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. "Population and Housing Census 2011: Table 11. Resident population by nationality - 2011, 2001, 1991". Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. Retrieved 22 March 2012. 
  3. ^ Republic of Serbia, Republic Statistical Office (24 December 2002). "Final results of the census 2002". Retrieved 16 December 2010. 
  4. ^ State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. "About number and composition population of UKRAINE by data All-Ukrainian population census 2001 data". Retrieved 16 December 2010. 
  5. ^ "Home". Central Statistical Office of Poland. Retrieved 22 March 2012. 
  6. ^ "Republic of Croatia - Central Bureau of Statistics". Crostat. Retrieved 5 September 2010. 
  7. ^ "1.28 Population by mother tongue, nationality and sex, 1900–2001". Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 2001. Retrieved 28 February 2012. 
  8. ^ "Obyvatelstvo podle věku, mateřského jazyka a pohlaví". Retrieved 2 November 2012. 
  9. ^ "The Statue of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina". Skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs. Retrieved 2012-08-07. 
  10. ^ Alternative names are used in different Ruthenian areas, like руска бешеда, rusinščina or even język łemkowski (in southeastern Poland etc. None of them are more academic than another, due to non-recognition of the language.
  11. ^ Bernard Comrie, "Slavic Languages," International Encyclopedia of Linguistics (1992, Oxford, Vol 3, pp. 452-456.
    Ethnologue, 16th edition
  12. ^ George Y. Shevelov, "Ukrainian," The Slavonic Languages (1993, Routledge, pp. 947-998.
  13. ^ Іван Гвать. "Україна в лещатах російських спецслужб". Radiosvoboda.org. Retrieved 2012-08-07. 
  14. ^ Rusyn grammar rules - Ябур, Василь - Плїшкова, Анна: Русиньскый язык в зеркалї новых правил про основны і середнї школы з навчанём русиньского языка. Пряшів : Русин і Народны новинкы, 2005, 128 s.
  15. ^ "Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina". Skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs. Retrieved 2012-08-07. 
  16. ^ Slovenskej Republiky, Národná Rada (1999). "Zákon 184/1999 Z. z. o používaní jazykov národnostných menšín" (in Slovak). Zbierka zákonov. Retrieved 2010-05-18. 
  17. ^ http://www.taraskuzio.net/Nation%20and%20State%20Building_files/national-rusyns.pdf
  18. ^ Vyslockij, Dmytrij (1931). Карпаторусский букварь [Karpatorusskij bukvar'] (in Rusyn). Cleveland 
  19. ^ Trochanovskij, Metodyj (1935). Буквар. Перша книжечка для народных школ. [Bukvar. Perša knyžečka dlja narodnŷch škol.] (in Rusyn). Lviv 
  20. ^ Bogdan Horbal (2005). "The Rusyn Movement among the Galician Lemkos". In Custer, Richard D.. Rusyn-American Almanac of the Carpatho-Rusyn Society (Pittsburgh) (10th Anniversary 2004-2005). 
  21. ^ "Rusnaci u svece". Rusmagazin2.brinkster.net. Retrieved 2012-08-07. 

Further reading[edit]

  • Zatkovich, Gregory. The Rusin Question in a Nutshell. OCLC 22065508. 
  • A new Slavic language is born. The Rusyn literary language in Slovakia. Ed. Paul Robert Magocsi. New York 1996.
  • Magocsi, Paul Robert. Let's speak Rusyn. Бісідуйме по-руськы. Englewood 1976.
  • Aleksandr Dmitrievich Dulichenko. Jugoslavo-Ruthenica. Роботи з рускей филолоґиї. Нови Сад 1995.
  • Taras Kuzio, "The Rusyn question in Ukraine: sorting out fact from fiction", Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, XXXII (2005)
  • Elaine Rusinko, "Rusinski/Ruski pisni" selected by Nataliya Dudash; "Muza spid Karpat (Zbornik poezii Rusiniv na Sloven'sku)" assembled by Anna Plishkova. Books review. "The Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. 42, No. 2. (Summer, 1998), pp. 348-350. JSTOR archive
  • Плішкова, Анна [Anna Plishkova] (ed.): Муза спід Карпат (Зборник поезії Русинів на Словеньску). [Muza spid Karpat (Zbornik poezii Rusiniv na Sloven'sku)] Пряшів: Русиньска оброда, 1996. on-line
  • Геровский Г.Ю. Язык Подкарпатской Руси - Москва, 1995
  • Marta Harasowska. "Morphophonemic Variability, Productivity, and Change: The Case of Rusyn", Berlin ; New York : Mouton de Gruyter, 1999, ISBN 3-11-015761-6.
    • Book review by Edward J. Vajda, Language, Vol. 76, No. 3. (Sep., 2000), pp. 728–729
  • I. I. Pop, Paul Robert Magocsi, Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture, University of Toronto Press, 2002, ISBN 0-8020-3566-3
  • Plišková, Anna: Rusínsky jazyk na Slovensku: náčrt vývoja a súčasné problémy. Prešov : Metodicko-pedagogické centrum, 2007, 116 s. Slovak Rusyn

External links[edit]

Rusyn language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rusyn test of Wiktionary at Wikimedia Incubator
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rusyn language
History
West Slavic
East Slavic
South Slavic
Constructed languages
Separate dialects and
Slavic microlanguages
Linguistics
Italics indicate extinct languages.
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