Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

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Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
2nd President of India
In office 13 May 1962 – 13 May 1967
Prime Minister	Gulzarilal Nanda (1st term) Lal Bahadur Shastri Gulzarilal Nanda (2nd term)
Vice President	Zakir Hussain
Preceded by	Rajendra Prasad
Succeeded by	Zakir Hussain
1st Vice President of India
In office May 13, 1952 – May 12, 1962
President	Rajendra Prasad
Preceded by	Office created
Succeeded by	Zakir Hussain
Born	September 5, 1888(1888-09-05) Thiruttani, Tamil Nadu, India
Died	April 17, 1975 (aged 86) Chennai,Tamil Nadu, India
Political party	Independent
Spouse(s)	Sivakamu
Children	Five daughters and a son
Occupation	Politician, Philosopher, Professor
Religion	Hinduism

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, OM, FBA, (Telugu: సర్వేపల్లి రాధాకృష్ణ); (5 September 1888 – 17 April 1975), was an Indian philosopher and statesman. He was the first Vice-President of India (1952-1962), and its second President (1962-1967).

One of India's most influential scholars of comparative religion and philosophy, Radhakrishnan is considered through his efforts to have built a bridge between East and West by having shown the philosophical systems of each tradition to be comprehensible within the terms of the other. He wrote authoritative exegeses of India's religious and philosophical literature for the English speaking world. His academic appointments included the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the University of Calcutta (1921-?) and Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics at Oxford University (1936-1952).

Among the many honours he received were a knighthood (1931) and the Bharat Ratna (1954). His birthday is celebrated in India as Teacher's Day on 5 September.

Contents 1 Personal life and background 1.1 Early life and education 1.2 Marriage 2 Career 3 Philosophy 4 Works 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Personal life and background

[edit] Early life and education

Radhakrishnan was born into a middle class Telugu family at Tirutani in Tamil Nadu state, a town in Madras Presidency, British India, 64 km to the northwest of Madras (now Chennai). His early years were spent in Tirutani and Tirupati. His father was a subordinate revenue official in the service of a local Zamindar (landlord). His primary education was at Primary Board High School at Tirutani. In 1896 he was shifted to the Hermansburg Evangelical Lutheral Mission School at Tirupati.^[1]

Radhakrishnan was awarded scholarships throughout his education. He joined the Voorhee's College in Vellore but switched to the Madras Christian College at the age of 17. He graduated with a Master's degree in Philosophy from the Madras Christian College in 1906, being one of its most distinguished alumni.^[2] Radhakrishnan wrote his thesis for the M.A. degree on "The Ethics of the Vedanta and its Metaphysical Presuppositions".^[3] He was afraid that his M.A. thesis, "The Ethics of the Vedanta" would offend his philosophy professor, Dr. A.G. Hogg. Instead, Dr. Hogg commended Radhakrishnan on doing an excellent job. Radhakrishnan's M.A. thesis was published when he was only 20. Philosophy was not his personal choice, but seemingly an accident. A cousin of his who had graduated from the same college handed over to him the textbooks in philosophy. As Radhakrishnan was poor at this juncture of his life, this incident decided his future career.^[4][5] Later on he felt deep interest in his subject and wrote many acclaimed works on philosophy, both eastern and western.

[edit] Marriage

Radhakrishnan was married to Sivakamu, a distant cousin, in 1904 at the age of 16. His bride was then only 10 years old. The marriage was a traditional Indian arranged marriage. They had five daughters and a son, Sarvepalli Gopal, who later went on to a notable career as a historian.

[edit] Career

In 1914, in a strange twist of fate, Radhakrishnan met Srinivasa Ramanujan, the mathematical genius. Srinivasa was leaving for Cambridge for studies and had come to seek Radhakrishnan's blessings because a goddess came in his dream and told him to do so before undertaking the trip. The two never met again.

In 1918, Radhakrishnan was selected as Professor of Philosophy by the University of Mysore. By that time, he had written many articles for journals of repute like The Quest, Journal of Philosophy and the International Journal of Ethics. He completed his first book "The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore." He believed Tagore's philosophy to be the "genuine manifestation of the Indian spirit." Radhakrishnan's second book, "The Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy" was published in 1920.

In 1921, he was appointed as a professor in philosophy to occupy the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the University of Calcutta. Radhakrishnan represented the University of Calcutta at the Congress of the Universities of the British Empire in June 1926 and the International Congress of Philosophy at Harvard University in September 1926. In 1929, Radhakrishnan was invited to take the post vacated by Principal J. Estlin Carpenter in Manchester College, Oxford. This gave him the opportunity to lecture to the students of the University of Oxford on Comparative Religion. For his services to education, he was knighted by the British Government in 1931, but did not use the title in personal life preferring instead his academic title 'Doctor'. He was the Vice-Chancellor of Andhra University from 1931 to 1936. In 1936, Radhakrishnan was named Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics at the University of Oxford, and was elected a Fellow of All Souls College. In 1939, Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya invited him to become Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University. He continued as its Vice-Chancellor till January, 1948. When India became independent in 1947, Radhakrishnan represented India at UNESCO, and was later Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union, from 1949 to 1952. He was also elected to the Constituent Assembly of India.

Radhakrishnan was elected as the first Vice President of India in 1952.^[6] In 1956, his wife Sivakamamma died. They were married for over 51 years.^[6] He was elected as the second President of India (1962-1967). When he became President, some of his students and friends requested him to allow them to celebrate his birthday, 5 September. He replied,

"Instead of celebrating my birthday, it would be my proud privilege if 5 September is observed as Teachers' Day."

His birthday has since been celebrated as Teachers' Day in India.^[7] Radhakrishnan along with Ghanshyam Das Birla and a few other Social Workers in pre independence era formed Krishnarpan Charity Trust.

[edit] Philosophy

Radhakrishnan argued that Western philosophers, despite all claims to objectivity, were biased by theological influences of their own culture.^[8] He wrote books on Indian philosophy according to Western academic standards, and made Indian philosophy worthy of serious consideration in the West. In his book "Idealist View of Life" he has made a powerful case for the importance of intuitive thinking as opposed to purely intellectual forms of thought. He is well known for his commentaries on the Prasthana Trayi namely, the Bhagavadgita, the Upanishads and the Brahma Sutra.

He was elected as a Fellow of the British Academy in 1938. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954, and the Order of Merit in 1963. He received the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade in 1961, and the Templeton Prize in 1975, a few months before his death. He donated the entire Templeton Prize amount to Oxford University. The Oxford University instituted the Radhakrishnan Scholarships in 1989 which was later renamed the Radhakrishna Chevening Scholarships in his memory.

For recent biographies, see Robert Minor's: "Radhakrishnan, a religious biography" or Sarvepalli Gopal's:"Radhakrishnan;a biography".

“

It is not God that is worshipped but the authority that claims to speak in His name. Sin becomes disobedience to authority not violation of integrity.

”

[edit] Works

• The Hindu View of Life (1926), 92 pages
• An Idealist View of Life (1929), 351 pages

• Review: E.A. Burtt (Cornell University), The Philosophical Review, Vol. 44, No. 2, (Mar., 1935), pp. 205-207

"Those who have read the author's previous volumes or have heard him speak are accustomed to associate with him warmth and vigor of style, penetrating flashes of keen analysis, and detailed familiarity with past and present philosophies in both east and west. In these respects none will find the book disappointing."

• Eastern Religions and Western Thought (1939), Oxford University Press, 396 pages
• Religion and Society (1947), 242 pages
• The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishna ed. by P.A.Schilpp (1952), Tudor Publishing Company, New York
• Recovery of Faith (1956), 205 pages
• A Source Book in Indian Philosophy (1957), 683 pages, Princeton University Press

• Review: E.A. Burtt (Cornell University), The Philosophical Review, Vol. 67, No. 3, (Jul., 1958), pp. 411-412

"I believe this is the first time I have written a review when no negative criticism of any kind seemed to me warranted. ... No one interested in Indian thought who does not expect to master the original materials can dispense with this book."

• The Principal Upanisads (1953), 958 pages, HarperCollins Publishers Limited

[edit] References

[edit] External links

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

• http://www.sarvepalli.com - Official Website - Dr.Sarvepalli RadhaKrishnan
• Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan- The philosopher president, Press Information Bureau, Government of India
• Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888—1975) by Michael Hawley, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Political offices
Preceded by Position created	Vice President of India May 13, 1952 - May 13, 1962	Succeeded by Zakir Hussain
Preceded by Rajendra Prasad	President of India May 13, 1962 - May 13, 1967	Succeeded by Zakir Hussain

v • d • e Presidents of India Rajendra Prasad · Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan · Zakir Hussain · V.V. Giri† · Muhammad Hidayatullah† · V.V. Giri · Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed · Basappa Danappa Jatti† · Neelam Sanjiva Reddy · Zail Singh · R. Venkataraman · Shankar Dayal Sharma · K.R. Narayanan · Abdul Kalam · Pratibha Patil "†" indicate acting or caretaker officeholders.

v • d • e Vice Presidents of India Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan · Zakir Hussain · V. V. Giri · Gopal Swarup Pathak · Basappa Danappa Jatti · Muhammad Hidayatullah · R. Venkataraman · Shankar Dayal Sharma · K. R. Narayanan · Krishan Kant · Bhairon Singh Shekhawat · Mohammad Hamid Ansari

v • d • e Bharat Ratna laureates Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1954) · C. Rajagopalachari (1954) · C. V. Raman (1954) · Bhagwan Das (1955) · Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya (1955) · Jawaharlal Nehru (1955) · Govind Ballabh Pant (1957) · Dhondo Keshav Karve (1958) · Bidhan Chandra Roy (1961) · Purushottam Das Tandon (1961) · Dr. Rajendra Prasad (1962) · Dr. Zakir Hussain (1963) · Pandurang Vaman Kane (1963) · Lal Bahadur Shastri (1966) · Indira Gandhi (1971) · V. V. Giri (1975) · K. Kamaraj (1976) · Mother Teresa (1980) · Acharya Vinoba Bhave (1983) · Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1987) · M. G. Ramachandran (1988) · B. R. Ambedkar (1990) · Nelson Mandela (1990) · Rajiv Gandhi (1991) · Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (1991) · Morarji Desai (1991) · Abul Kalam Azad (1992) · J. R. D. Tata (1992) · Satyajit Ray (1992) · A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (1997) · Gulzarilal Nanda (1997) · Aruna Asaf Ali (1997) · M. S. Subbulakshmi (1998) · Chidambaram Subramaniam (1998) · Jayaprakash Narayan (1998) · Ravi Shankar (1999) · Amartya Sen (1999) · Gopinath Bordoloi (1999) · Lata Mangeshkar (2001) · Bismillah Khan (2001) · Bhimsen Joshi (2008)

v • d • e Templeton Prize laureates Mother Teresa (1973) • Frère Roger (1974) • Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1975) • Leo Joseph Suenens (1976) • Chiara Lubich (1977) • Thomas Torrance (1978) • Nikkyo Niwano (1979) • Ralph Wendell Burhoe (1980) • Cicely Saunders (1981) • Billy Graham (1982) • Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1983) • Michael Bourdeaux (1984) • Alister Hardy (1985) • James I. McCord (1986) • Stanley Jaki (1987) • Inamullah Khan (1988) • Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker & George MacLeod (1989) • Baba Amte & Charles Birch (1990) • Immanuel Jakobovits (1991) • Kyung-Chik Han (1992) • Charles Colson (1993) • Michael Novak (1994) • Paul Davies (1995) • Bill Bright (1996) • Pandurang Shastri Athavale (1997) • Sigmund Sternberg (1998) • Ian Barbour (1999) • Freeman Dyson (2000) • Arthur Peacocke (2001) • John Polkinghorne (2002) • Holmes Rolston III (2003) • George Ellis (2004) • Charles Townes (2005) • John D. Barrow (2006) • Charles Taylor (2007) • Michał Heller (2008) • Bernard d'Espagnat (2009)