College of Cardinals

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The College of Cardinals is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church.[1]

A function of the college is to advise the Pope about church matters when he summons them to an ordinary consistory.[2] It also convenes on the death or resignation of a pope as a papal conclave to elect a successor.[3] The college has no ruling power except during the sede vacante (papal vacancy) period, and even then its powers are extremely limited by the terms of the current law, which is laid down in the Apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis and the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State.

Historically, cardinals were the clergy of the city of Rome, serving the Bishop of Rome as the Pope, who had clerical duties in parishes of the city. The College has its origins in the events surrounding the crowning of Henry IV as King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor at the age of six, after the unexpected death of Henry III in 1056. Until this moment secular authorities had significant influence over who was to be appointed Pope, and the Holy Roman Emperor in particular had the special ability to appoint him. This was significant as the aims and views of the Holy Roman Emperor and the Church did not always coincide. Members of what was to become known as the Gregorian Reform took advantage of the new King and his lack of power, and in 1059 declared that the election of the Pope was an affair only for the Church. This was part of a larger power struggle, which became known as the Investiture Controversy, as the Church attempted to gain more control over their clergy, and in doing so gain more influence in the lands and governments they were appointed to. Theological implications aside, its creation represented a significant shift in the balance of power in the Early Medieval world. From the beginning of the 12th century, the College of Cardinals started to meet as such, when the cardinal bishops, cardinal priests, and cardinal deacons ceased acting as separate groups.[4]

The Dean of the College of Cardinals and the Sub-Dean are the president and vice-president of the college. Both are elected by and from the cardinals holding suburbicarian dioceses, but the election requires Papal confirmation. Except for presiding, the dean has no power of governance over the cardinals, instead acting as primus inter pares (first among equals).

The Secretary of State, the prefects of the Congregations of the Roman Curia, the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, the Vicar General of Rome, and the Patriarchs of Venice and Lisbon, are usually Cardinals, with few, usually temporary, exceptions. The Fundamental Law of Vatican City State requires that appointees to the state's legislative body, the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, be cardinals.[5]

Contents

Origins [edit]

The Church cites Acts 6 as the formation of the Sacred College of Cardinals. Specifically, the seven assistants, Stephen, Philip, Nicanor, Timon, Nicholas, Parmenas, and Prochorus, selected by the Apostles to relieve them of the more mundane tasks of the Church so that they might concentrate more on prayer, contemplation, and preaching. As early as the third century, these assistants were defined as critical supporters of the papacy, and by the fourth century, the title of Cardinal was applied to these consultors of the Pope.[6]

The word cardinal itself is derived from the Latin Carda, translated as "hinge". The cardinals were believed to facilitate a relationship between the theological and governmental roles of the hierarchy of the Church as a sort of pivot; on them hung the relationship between Christ and His Church on Earth, headed by the pope. This definition of helper has not changed over the years, and popes have not ceased to depend on the College for advice on doctrine and government.[7]

Towards the end of the 600s, the title of Cardinal had become synonymous with an honor, and was no longer reserved to men who served the pope as special assistants. Sts. Augustine and Ambrose applied the term to truths of life and Christian virtues respectively. In AD 845 the Council of Meaux "required Bishops to establish Cardinal titles or parishes in their towns and outlining districts."[8] At the same time, the popes began referring to the cardinal priests of Rome to serves as legates and delegates within Rome at ceremonies, synods, councils, etc., as well as abroad on diplomatic missions and councils. Those who were assigned to the latter roles were given the titles of Legatus a latere (Cardinal Legate) and Missus Specialis (Special Missions).[9]

During the pontificate of Stephen V (AD 816-17), the three classes of the College that are present today began to form. Stephen decreed that all cardinal-bishops were bound to say Mass on rotation at the high altar at St. Peter's Basilica, one per Sunday. The first class to form was that of the cardinal-deacons, direct theological descendants of the original seven ordained in Acts 6, followed by the cardinal-priests, and finally, the cardinal-bishops.[10]

The College played an integral part in various reforms within the Church as well, as early as the pontificate of Pope Leo XO (AD 1050). In AD 759, the third Lateran Council declared that only Cardinals could assume the papacy, a requirement that has since lapsed. In AD 1130, under Urban II, all the classes were permitted to take part in papal elections; up to this point, only cardinal-bishops had this role.[11]

By the end of the 1300s, the practice of solely Italian cardinals had ceased. Between the 1300s and 1600s, there was much struggle for the College between the cardinals of the day and the reigning popes. The most effective way for a pope to increase his power was to increase the number of cardinals, promoting those who had nominated him. Those cardinals in power so these actions as an attempt to weaken their influence. In 1517, Pope Leo X added another thirty-one cardinals, bringing the total to sixty-five so that he could have a supportive majority among the cardinalate. Paul IV brought the total to seventy. Pius IV raised an additional six. By the papcy of Sixtus V, the number was set at seventy, divided among fourteen cardinal-deacons, fifty cardinal-priests, and six cardinal-bishops.[12]

Choosing the Pope [edit]

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Under the terms of Pope Paul VI's motu proprio Ingravescentem Aetatem, cardinals who had reached the age of 80 before the conclave opened had no vote in papal elections. The current rules for the election of the Roman Pontiff, those in Pope John Paul II's Universi Dominici Gregis of 22 February 1996, state that cardinals who have reached the age of 80 before the day the see becomes vacant do not have a vote.[3]

Although the canonical qualifications required of candidates for episcopacy, indicated in canon 378 of the Code of Canon Law, leave a broad field open to the cardinals, they have in fact for over six centuries consistently elected one of their own number to be Bishop of Rome. The last time they chose someone who was not a cardinal was at the 1378 election of Pope Urban VI. However, the conclave rules specify the procedures to be followed, should someone residing outside Vatican City or not yet a bishop be elected.[13]

Members of the College of Cardinals [edit]

The following is the list of all living Cardinals as of 10 April 2013. Cardinals are shown in order of precedence, based on seniority by date of appointment. Paulo Evaristo Arns is the most senior member of the College by length of service (the Protopriest); he is the last surviving from the 1973 consistory. Angelo Sodano, however, has the highest precedence as a Cardinal Bishop as Dean of the College of Cardinals.

Godfried Danneels will be the next Cardinal to lose, on 4 June 2013, his right to participate in any conclave called to fill a vacancy of the Holy See arising after that date. On 10 April 2013, there was a total of 205 cardinals, of whom 113 were still under age 80. Of those 113, 46 were appointed by Pope John Paul II, and 67 by Pope Benedict XVI. As of May 2013, the oldest living Cardinal is Ersilio Tonini.

115 of the 117 Cardinals under the age of 80 at the time of Pope Benedict XVI's resignation participated in the conclave to elect his successor. The two Cardinal electors who did not participate in the conclave were Julius Riyadi Darmaatmadja (for health reasons) and Keith O'Brien (for personal reasons). Of the 115 Cardinals who participated in the conclave that elected Pope Francis, 48 were appointed by Pope John Paul II, and 67 by Pope Benedict XVI.

Most of the Cardinals are from the Latin Church; those who are from the Eastern Catholic Churches have their church explicitly indicated.

Within the College of Cardinals, there are three categories, the highest-ranked Cardinal Bishops, then Cardinal Priests, and finally Cardinal Deacons. Within each category the Cardinals are ranked by seniority of appointment.

Despite these titles, in fact since the pontificate of Pope John XXIII almost all Cardinals who were not already bishops at the time their appointment was announced have been ordained bishops prior to the conclusion of the formal installation, though from the late twentieth century Jesuit priests made cardinals when already over 80 have usually petitioned not to become bishops and have received permission in this sense.


Italian cardinals as percentage of total College of Cardinals (1903–2013)
February 2013 22.60
April 2005 17.09
October 1978 22.50
August 1978 22.80
1963 35.36
1958 35.80
1939 54.80
1922 51.60
1914 50.76
1903 56.25



2013 World Representation in the College of Cardinals
Region Total Population Catholics  % Catholic  % of Catholic total  % of College of Cardinals
Africa 885,103,542 135,211,325 15.27% 12.57% 8.17%
Asia and Middle East 3,889,093,723 123,851,272 3.18% 11.51% 9.62%
Europe 750,072,510 283,916,457 37.85% 26.37% 57.65%
Central America 42,883,849 32,317,384 75.36% 3.00% 1.00%
North America and Caribbean 472,952,469 192,274,838 40.65% 17.88% 12.98%
South America 371,363,897 299,570,011 80.66% 27.87% 10.58%
Oceania 30,686,468 7,747,654 25.24% 0.72% 1.92%



College of Cardinals (2013)
Appointed Name Country Born Age Title(s)
Cardinals of the Order of Bishops
Titular Bishops of Seven Suburbicarian Sees
Angelo Sodano  Italy 23 November 1927 85 Bishop of Ostia and Cardinal Bishop of Albano, Dean of the College of Cardinals, Cardinal Secretary of State Emeritus, Cardinal since 28 June 1991.
Roger Etchegaray  France 25 September 1922 90 Cardinal Bishop of Porto-Santa Rufina, Vice-Dean of the College of Cardinals, president Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, Cardinal since 30 June 1979.
Giovanni Battista Re  Italy 30 January 1934 79 Cardinal Bishop of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto, Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for Bishops, Cardinal since 21 February 2001.
Francis Arinze  Nigeria 1 November 1932 80 Cardinal Bishop of Velletri-Segni, Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, Cardinal since 25 May 1985.
Tarcisio Bertone  Italy 2 December 1934 78 Cardinal Bishop of Frascati, Cardinal Secretary of State and Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal since 21 October 2003.
José Saraiva Martins  Portugal 6 January 1932 81 Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina, Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, Cardinal since 21 February 2001.
Patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches
Nasrallah Pierre Sfeir  Lebanon 15 May 1920 93 Patriarch Emeritus of Antioch (Maronite Catholic Church), Cardinal since 28 February 1994.
Emmanuel III Delly  Iraq 6 October 1927 85 Patriarch Emeritus of Babylon (Chaldean Catholic Church), Cardinal since 24 November 2007.
Antonios Naguib  Egypt 18 March 1935 78 Patriarch Emeritus of Alexandria (Coptic Catholic Church), Cardinal since 20 November 2010.
Bechara Boutros al-Rahi  Lebanon 25 February 1940 73 Patriarch of Antioch (Maronite Catholic Church), Cardinal since 24 November 2012.
Cardinals of the Order of Priests
Consistory of 5 March 1973 Paulo Evaristo Arns  Brazil 14 September 1921 91 Archbishop Emeritus of São Paulo, Cardinal Protopriest since July 2012.
Consistory of 24 May 1976 William Wakefield Baum  United States 21 November 1926 86 Major Penitentiary Emeritus
Consistory of 30 June 1979
Marco Cé  Italy 8 July 1925 87 Patriarch Emeritus of Venice
Franciszek Macharski  Poland 20 May 1927 85 Archbishop Emeritus of Kraków
Consistory of 2 February 1983
Michael Michai Kitbunchu  Thailand 26 January 1929 84 Archbishop Emeritus of Bangkok
Alexandre do Nascimento  Angola 1 March 1925 88 Archbishop Emeritus of Luanda
Godfried Danneels  Belgium 5 June 1933 79 Archbishop Emeritus of Mechelen-Brussels
Thomas Stafford Williams  New Zealand 20 March 1930 83 Archbishop Emeritus of Wellington
Joachim Meisner  Germany 25 December 1933 79 Archbishop of Cologne
Consistory of 25 May 1985
Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy  India 5 February 1924 89 Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
Miguel Obando y Bravo  Nicaragua 2 February 1926 87 Archbishop Emeritus of Managua
Ricardo Vidal  Philippines 6 February 1931 82 Archbishop Emeritus of Cebu
Henryk Gulbinowicz  Poland 17 October 1923 89 Archbishop Emeritus of Wrocław
Jozef Tomko  Slovakia 11 March 1924 89 President Emeritus of the Pontifical Committee for International Eucharistic Congresses
Paul Poupard  France 30 August 1930 82 President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Culture
Friedrich Wetter  Germany 20 February 1928 85 Archbishop Emeritus of Munich and Freising
Silvano Piovanelli  Italy 21 February 1924 89 Archbishop Emeritus of Florence
Adrianus Johannes Simonis  Netherlands 26 November 1931 81 Archbishop Emeritus of Utrecht
Bernard Francis Law  United States 4 November 1931 81 Archpriest Emeritus of the Basilica of St. Mary Major
Giacomo Biffi  Italy 13 June 1928 84 Archbishop Emeritus of Bologna
Consistory of 28 June 1988
Eduardo Martínez Somalo  Spain 31 March 1927 86 Camerlengo Emeritus of the Holy Roman Church
Achille Silvestrini  Italy 25 October 1923 89 Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
José Freire Falcão  Brazil 23 October 1925 87 Archbishop Emeritus of Brasília
Alexandre José Maria dos Santos  Mozambique 18 March 1924 89 Archbishop Emeritus of Maputo
Giovanni Canestri  Italy 30 September 1918 94 Archbishop Emeritus of Genoa
Simon Pimenta  India 1 March 1920 93 Archbishop Emeritus of Bombay
Edward Bede Clancy  Australia 13 December 1923 89 Archbishop Emeritus of Sydney
Edmund Casimir Szoka  United States 14 September 1927 85 President Emeritus of the Governorate of Vatican City
László Paskai  Hungary 8 May 1927 86 Archbishop Emeritus of Esztergom-Budapest
Christian Wiyghan Tumi  Cameroon 15 October 1930 82 Archbishop Emeritus of Douala
Consistory of 28 June 1991
Edward Idris Cassidy  Australia 5 July 1924 88 President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity
Nicolás de Jesús López Rodríguez  Dominican Republic 31 October 1936 76 Archbishop of Santo Domingo Primate of the Americas
Fiorenzo Angelini  Italy 1 August 1916 96 President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers
Roger Mahony  United States 27 February 1936 77 Archbishop Emeritus of Los Angeles
Camillo Ruini  Italy 19 February 1931 82 Vicar General Emeritus for the Diocese of Rome
Ján Chryzostom Korec  Slovakia 22 January 1924 89 Bishop Emeritus of Nitra
Henri Schwery  Switzerland 14 June 1932 80 Bishop Emeritus of Sion
Consistory of 26 November 1994
Miloslav Vlk  Czech Republic 17 May 1932 81 Archbishop Emeritus of Prague
Carlo Furno  Italy 2 December 1921 91 Grand Master Emeritus of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre and Archpriest Emeritus of the Basilica of St. Mary Major
Julius Riyadi Darmaatmadja  Indonesia 20 December 1934 78 Archbishop Emeritus of Jakarta
Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino  Cuba 18 October 1936 76 Archbishop of San Cristóbal de la Habana
Gilberto Agustoni  Switzerland 26 July 1922 90 Prefect Emeritus of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura
Emmanuel Wamala  Uganda 15 December 1926 86 Archbishop Emeritus of Kampala
William Henry Keeler  United States 4 March 1931 82 Archbishop Emeritus of Baltimore
Jean-Claude Turcotte  Canada 26 June 1936 76 Archbishop Emeritus of Montreal
Ricardo María Carles Gordó  Spain 24 September 1926 86 Archbishop Emeritus of Barcelona
Adam Joseph Maida  United States 18 March 1930 83 Archbishop Emeritus of Detroit
Vinko Puljić  Bosnia and Herzegovina 8 September 1945 67 Archbishop of Vrhbosna (Sarajevo)
Juan Sandoval Íñiguez  Mexico 28 March 1933 80 Archbishop Emeritus of Guadalajara
Ersilio Tonini  Italy 20 July 1914 98 Archbishop Emeritus of Ravenna
Consistory of 21 February 1998
Jorge Medina Estévez  Chile 23 December 1926 86 Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments
Darío Castrillón Hoyos  Colombia 4 July 1929 83 President Emeritus of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei and Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for the Clergy
James Francis Stafford  United States 26 July 1932 80 Major Penitentiary Emeritus
Salvatore De Giorgi  Italy 6 September 1930 82 Archbishop Emeritus of Palermo
Serafim Fernandes de Araújo  Brazil 13 August 1924 88 Archbishop Emeritus of Belo Horizonte
Antonio María Rouco Varela  Spain 24 August 1936 76 Archbishop of Madrid
Dionigi Tettamanzi  Italy 14 March 1934 79 Archbishop Emeritus of Milan
Polycarp Pengo  Tanzania 5 August 1944 68 Archbishop of Dar-es-Salaam
Christoph Schönborn, OP  Austria 22 January 1945 68 Archbishop of Vienna
Norberto Rivera Carrera  Mexico 6 June 1942 70 Archbishop of Mexico
Francis Eugene George  United States 16 January 1937 76 Archbishop of Chicago
Marian Jaworski  Ukraine 21 August 1926 86 Archbishop Emeritus of Lviv
Jānis Pujāts  Latvia 14 November 1930 82 Archbishop Emeritus of Riga
Consistory of 21 February 2001
Agostino Cacciavillan  Italy 14 August 1926 86 President Emeritus of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See
Sergio Sebastiani  Italy 11 April 1931 82 President Emeritus of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See
Zenon Grocholewski  Poland 11 October 1939 73 Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education
Crescenzio Sepe  Italy 2 June 1943 69 Archbishop of Naples
Jorge María Mejía  Argentina 31 January 1923 90 Librarian and Archivist Emeritus of the Holy Roman Church
Walter Kasper  Germany 5 March 1933 80 President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity
Ivan Dias  India 14 April 1936 77 Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
Geraldo Majella Agnelo  Brazil 19 October 1933 79 Archbishop Emeritus of São Salvador da Bahia
Pedro Rubiano Sáenz  Colombia 13 September 1932 80 Archbishop Emeritus of Bogotá
Theodore Edgar McCarrick  United States 7 July 1930 82 Archbishop Emeritus of Washington
Desmond Connell  Ireland 24 March 1926 87 Archbishop Emeritus of Dublin
Audrys Juozas Bačkis  Lithuania 1 February 1937 76 Archbishop Emeritus of Vilnius
Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa  Chile 5 September 1933 79 Archbishop Emeritus of Santiago de Chile
Julio Terrazas Sandoval  Bolivia 7 March 1936 77 Archbishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Wilfrid Fox Napier  South Africa 8 March 1941 72 Archbishop of Durban
Oscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga, SDB  Honduras 29 December 1942 70 Archbishop of Tegucigalpa
Bernard Agré  Côte d'Ivoire 2 March 1926 87 Archbishop Emeritus of Abidjan
Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne  Peru 28 December 1943 69 Archbishop of Lima
Francisco Álvarez Martínez  Spain 14 July 1925 87 Archbishop Emeritus of Toledo
Cláudio Hummes  Brazil 8 August 1934 78 Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for the Clergy
José IV Policarpo  Portugal 26 February 1936 77 Patriarch Emeritus of Lisbon
Severino Poletto  Italy 18 March 1933 80 Archbishop Emeritus of Turin
Cormac Murphy-O'Connor  United Kingdom 24 August 1932 80 Archbishop Emeritus of Westminster
Edward Michael Egan  United States 2 April 1932 81 Archbishop Emeritus of New York
Lubomyr Husar  Ukraine 26 February 1933 80 Major Archbishop Emeritus of Kyiv-Halych (Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church)
Karl Lehmann  Germany 16 May 1936 77 Bishop of Mainz
Roberto Tucci, SJ  Italy 19 April 1921 92 President Emeritus of the Administrative Committee of Radio Vatican
Consistory of 21 October 2003[14]
Angelo Scola  Italy 7 November 1941 71 Archbishop of Milan
Anthony Olubumni Okogie  Nigeria 16 June 1936 76 Archbishop Emeritus of Lagos
Bernard Panafieu  France 26 January 1931 82 Archbishop Emeritus of Marseille
Gabriel Zubeir Wako  Sudan 27 February 1939 74 Archbishop of Khartoum
Carlos Amigo Vallejo  Spain 23 August 1934 78 Archbishop Emeritus of Seville
Justin Francis Rigali  United States 19 April 1935 78 Archbishop Emeritus of Philadelphia
Keith O'Brien  United Kingdom 17 March 1938 75 Archbishop Emeritus of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh
Eusebio Oscar Scheid  Brazil 8 December 1932 80 Archbishop Emeritus of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro
Ennio Antonelli  Italy 18 November 1936 76 President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for the Family
Peter Kodwo Appiah Turkson  Ghana 11 October 1948 64 President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace
Telesphore Placidus Toppo  India 13 October 1939 73 Archbishop of Ranchi
George Pell  Australia 8 April 1941 72 Archbishop of Sydney
Josip Bozanić  Croatia 20 March 1949 64 Archbishop of Zagreb
Jean-Baptiste Phạm Minh Mẫn  Viet Nam 5 March 1934[15] 79 Archbishop of Ho Chi Minh City
Philippe Barbarin  France 17 October 1950 62 Archbishop of Lyon
Péter Erdő  Hungary 25 June 1952 60 Archbishop of Esztergom-Budapest
Marc Ouellet  Canada 8 June 1944 68 Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops
Consistory of 24 March 2006
Agostino Vallini  Italy 17 April 1940 73 Vicar General of Rome
Jorge Urosa  Venezuela 28 August 1942 70 Archbishop of Caracas
Gaudencio Borbon Rosales  Philippines 10 August 1932 80 Archbishop Emeritus of Manila
Jean-Pierre Ricard  France 25 September 1944 68 Archbishop of Bordeaux
Antonio Cañizares Llovera  Spain 15 October 1945 67 Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments
Nicolas Cheong Jin-suk  South Korea 7 December 1931 80 Archbishop Emeritus of Seoul
Seán Patrick O'Malley, OFM Cap  United States 29 June 1944 68 Archbishop of Boston
Stanisław Dziwisz  Poland 27 April 1939 74 Archbishop of Kraków
Carlo Caffarra  Italy 1 June 1938 74 Archbishop of Bologna
Joseph Zen Ze-Kiun  Hong Kong[16] 13 January 1932 81 Bishop Emeritus of Hong Kong
Consistory of 24 November 2007
Seán Brady  Ireland 16 August 1939 73 Archbishop of Armagh
Lluís Martínez Sistach  Spain 29 April 1937 76 Archbishop of Barcelona
André Armand Vingt-Trois  France 7 November 1942 70 Archbishop of Paris
Angelo Bagnasco  Italy 14 January 1943 70 Archbishop of Genoa
Théodore-Adrien Sarr  Senegal 28 November 1936 76 Archbishop of Dakar
Oswald Gracias  India 24 December 1944 68 Archbishop of Bombay
Francisco Robles Ortega  Mexico 2 March 1949 64 Archbishop of Guadalajara
Daniel DiNardo  United States 23 May 1949 63 Archbishop of Galveston-Houston
Odilo Pedro Scherer  Brazil 21 September 1949 63 Archbishop of São Paulo
John Njue  Kenya 1944[17] 68 or 69 Archbishop of Nairobi
Estanislao Esteban Karlic  Argentina 7 February 1926 87 Archbishop Emeritus of Paraná
Consistory of 20 November 2010
Medardo Joseph Mazombwe  Zambia 24 September 1931 81 Archbishop Emeritus of Lusaka
Raúl Eduardo Vela Chiriboga  Ecuador 1 January 1934 79 Archbishop Emeritus of Quito
Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya  Democratic Republic of the Congo 7 October 1939 73 Archbishop of Kinshasa
Paolo Romeo  Italy 20 February 1938 75 Archbishop of Palermo
Donald William Wuerl  United States 12 November 1940 72 Archbishop of Washington
Raymundo Damasceno Assis  Brazil 15 February 1937 76 Archbishop of Aparecida
Kazimierz Nycz  Poland 1 February 1950 63 Archbishop of Warsaw
Malcolm Ranjith  Sri Lanka 15 November 1947 65 Archbishop of Colombo
Reinhard Marx  Germany 21 September 1953 59 Archbishop of Munich and Freising
José Manuel Estepa Llaurens  Spain 1 January 1926 87 Military Archbishop Emeritus of Spain
Consistory of 18 February 2012
George Alencherry  India 19 April 1945 68 Major Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly (Syro-Malabar Catholic Church)
Thomas Christopher Collins  Canada 16 January 1947 66 Archbishop of Toronto
Dominik Duka, OP  Czech Republic 26 April 1943 70 Archbishop of Prague
Wim Eijk  Netherlands 22 June 1953 59 Archbishop of Utrecht
Giuseppe Betori  Italy 25 February 1947 66 Archbishop of Florence
Timothy Michael Dolan  United States 6 February 1950 63 Archbishop of New York
Rainer Maria Woelki  Germany 18 August 1956 56 Archbishop of Berlin
John Tong Hon  Hong Kong 31 July 1939 73 Bishop of Hong Kong
Lucian Mureșan  Romania 23 May 1931 81 Major Archbishop of Făgăraş and Alba Iulia (Romanian Greek-Catholic Church)
Consistory of 24 November 2012
Baselios Cleemis  India 15 June 1959 53 Major Archbishop of Trivandrum (Syro-Malankara Catholic Church)
John Onaiyekan  Nigeria 29 January 1944 69 Archbishop of Abuja
Rubén Salazar Gómez  Colombia 22 September 1942 70 Archbishop of Bogotá
Luis Antonio Tagle  Philippines 21 June 1957 55 Archbishop of Manila
Cardinals of the Order of Deacons[18]
Consistory of 21 October 2003[14]
Jean-Louis Tauran  France 3 April 1943 70 President of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, Cardinal Protodeacon since February 2011
Renato Raffaele Martino  Italy 23 November 1932 80 President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace
Francesco Marchisano  Italy 25 June 1929 83 President Emeritus of the Office of Labor of the Apostolic See
Julián Herranz Casado  Spain 31 March 1930 83 President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts
Javier Lozano Barragán  Mexico 26 January 1933 80 President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers
Attilio Nicora  Italy 16 March 1937 76 President of the Financial Information Authority
Georges Marie Martin Cottier, OP  Switzerland 25 April 1922 91 Former Titular Archbishop of Tullia, retired as Pro-Theologian of the Pontifical Household and as Secretary-General of the International Theological Commission
Stanisław Nagy  Poland 30 September 1921 91 Former Titular Archbishop of Hólar and Professor Emeritus of Theology
Consistory of 24 March 2006
William Joseph Levada  United States 15 June 1936 76 Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
Franc Rodé  Slovenia 23 September 1934 78 Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life
Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo  Italy 27 August 1925 87 Archpriest Emeritus of the Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls
Albert Vanhoye  France 23 July 1923 89 formerly rector of the Pontifical Biblical Institute and secretary of the Pontifical Biblical Commission
Consistory of 24 November 2007
Leonardo Sandri  Argentina 18 November 1943 69 Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
Giovanni Lajolo  Italy 3 January 1935 78 President Emeritus of the Governorate of Vatican City State
Paul Josef Cordes  Germany 5 September 1934 78 President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum
Angelo Comastri  Italy 17 September 1943 69 Archpriest of St. Peter's Basilica, Vicar General for the Vatican City State, and President of the Fabric of St. Peter
Stanisław Ryłko  Poland 4 July 1945 67 President of the Pontifical Council for the Laity
Raffaele Farina  Italy 24 September 1933 79 Librarian and Archivist Emeritus of the Holy Roman Church
Giovanni Coppa  Italy 9 November 1925 87 Apostolic Nuncio Emeritus to Czech Republic
Consistory of 20 November 2010
Angelo Amato  Italy 8 June 1938 74 Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints
Robert Sarah  Guinea 15 June 1945 67 President of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum
Francesco Monterisi  Italy 28 May 1934 78 Archpriest Emeritus of the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
Raymond Leo Burke  United States 30 June 1948 64 Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura
Kurt Koch  Switzerland 15 March 1950 63 President of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity
Paolo Sardi  Italy 1 September 1934 78 Patron of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Mauro Piacenza  Italy 15 September 1944 68 Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy
Velasio de Paolis  Italy 19 September 1935 77 President Emeritus of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See
Gianfranco Ravasi  Italy 18 October 1942 70 President of the Pontifical Council for Culture
Elio Sgreccia  Italy 6 June 1928 84 President Emeritus of the Pontifical Academy for Life
Walter Brandmüller  Germany 26 January 1929 84 President Emeritus of the Pontifical Committee for Historical Sciences
Domenico Bartolucci  Italy 7 May 1917 96 Director Emeritus of the Sistine Chapel Choir
Consistory of 18 February 2012
Fernando Filoni  Italy 15 April 1946 67 Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
Manuel Monteiro de Castro  Portugal 29 March 1938 75 Major Penitentiary
Santos Abril y Castelló  Spain 21 September 1935 77 Archpriest of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
Antonio Maria Vegliò  Italy 3 February 1938 75 President of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants
Giuseppe Bertello  Italy 1 October 1942 70 President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State
Francesco Coccopalmerio  Italy 6 March 1938 75 President of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts
João Braz de Aviz  Brazil 24 April 1947 66 Prefect of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life
Edwin Frederick O'Brien  United States 8 April 1939 74 Grand Master of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem
Domenico Calcagno  Italy 3 February 1943 70 President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See
Giuseppe Versaldi  Italy 30 July 1943 69 President of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See
Prosper Grech, O.S.A.  Malta 24 December 1925 87 Docent at various Roman universities and Consultor of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
Karl Josef Becker  Germany 18 April 1928 85 Docent Emeritus at the Pontifical Gregorian University, and Consultor of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
Consistory of 24 November 2012
James Michael Harvey  United States 20 October 1949 63 Archpriest of the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls

Cardinals by nationality [edit]

Number of cardinals Nationality
48  Italy
19  United States
10  Spain
9  Brazil –  Germany
8  France
7  India –  Poland
4  Mexico –  Switzerland
3  Australia –  Argentina –  Canada –  Colombia –  Nigeria –  Philippines –  Portugal
2  Chile –  Czech Republic –  Hong Kong –  Hungary –  Ireland –  Lebanon –  Netherlands –  Slovakia –  Ukraine –  United Kingdom
1  Angola –  Austria –  Belgium –  Bolivia –  Bosnia and Herzegovina –  Cameroon –  Côte d'Ivoire –  Croatia –  Cuba –  Democratic Republic of the Congo –  Dominican Republic –  Ecuador –  Egypt –  Ghana –  Guinea –  Honduras –  Indonesia –  Iraq –  Kenya –  Latvia –  Lithuania –  Malta –  Mozambique –  New Zealand –  Nicaragua –  Peru –  Romania –  Senegal –  Slovenia –  South Africa –  South Korea –  Sri Lanka –  Sudan –  Tanzania –  Thailand –  Uganda –  Venezuela –  Viet Nam –  Zambia

Size of the College of Cardinals [edit]

Main article: Size of the College of Cardinals

The size of the College of Cardinals at any given moment has historically been limited by popes, ecumenical councils, and even the College itself. Over the period from 1099 to 1986, the total number of cardinals appointed was approximately 2900 (excluding possible undocumented 12th century cardinals, cardinals appointed during the Western Schism by pontiffs now considered to be antipopes, and subject to some other sources of uncertainty), nearly half of whom were created after 1655.[19]

See also [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ 1983 CIC, Bk. II, Pt. II, Sec. I, Chap. III The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
  2. ^ CIC 1983, can. 349
  3. ^ a b John Paul II, Ap. Const. Universi Dominici Gregis in AAS 88 (1996)
  4. ^ Broderick, J.F. 1987. "The Sacred College of Cardinals: Size and Geographical Composition (1099–1986)." Archivum historiae Pontificiae, 25: 8.
  5. ^ Pope John Paul II (26 November 2000). "Fundamental Law of Vatican City State". Retrieved 2008-04-11. 
  6. ^ Noonan, James-Charles (2012). The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Catholic Church, Revised Edition. New York, NY: Sterling Ethos. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-1-4027-8730-0. 
  7. ^ Noonan, James-Charles (2012). The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Catholic Church, Revised Edition. New York, NY: Sterling Ethos. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4027-8730-0. 
  8. ^ van Lierde, Peter C. (1964). What Is a Cardinal?. New York: Hawthorne Books Inc. p. 14. 
  9. ^ Noonan, James-Charles (2012). The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church, Revised Edition. New York: Sterling Ethos. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-1-40278730-0. 
  10. ^ Jr, James-Charles Noonan, (2012). The church visible : the ceremonial life and protocol of the Roman Catholic Church. New York: Sterling Ethos. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-4027-8730-0. 
  11. ^ Jr, James-Charles Noonan, (2012). The church visible : the ceremonial life and protocol of the Roman Catholic Church. New York: Sterling Ethos. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-4027-8730-0. 
  12. ^ Jr, James-Charles Noonan, (2012). The church visible : the ceremonial life and protocol of the Roman Catholic Church. New York: Sterling Ethos. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-4027-8730-0. 
  13. ^ Universi Dominici gregis, 88–90
  14. ^ a b In 2003 Pope John Paul II announced he was also creating one cardinal secretly (in pectore). This appointment would have taken effect if it had been announced before the Pope's death. There was press speculation that it was his senior personal secretary, Stanisław Dziwisz, or a resident of the mainland of the People's Republic of China. On 6 April 2005 the Vatican spokesman revealed that Pope John Paul II had not announced the name of this cardinal before witnesses prior to his death and that the appointment was therefore null.
  15. ^ Metropolitan Archbishops of Thành-Phô Hô Chí Minh GigaCatholic.com
  16. ^ Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, with which the Holy See does not currently maintain diplomatic relations.
  17. ^ "Cardinal Njue" at catholic-pages.com
  18. ^ Cardinal-Deacons have the right to apply to become Cardinal-Priests after ten years as a Cardinal-Deacon. All living eligible Cardinal-Deacons have exercised this right.
  19. ^ Broderick, 1987, p. 11.

External links [edit]

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