Salicornioideae
| Salicornioideae | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Salicornia europaea | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Core eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Amaranthaceae |
| Subfamily: | Salicornioideae Ulbr. |
| Genera | |
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About 11 genera, see text |
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The Salicornioideae is a subfamily of the Amaranthaceae, formerly in family Chenopodiaceae.[1]
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[edit] Description
The Salicornioideae have articulated, succulent stems and strongly reduces leaves. The flowers are aggregated in thick, dense spike-shaped thyrses.
[edit] Photosynthesis pathway
The majority of the Salicornieae species are C3-plants. The only species that has developped C4-photosynthesis is Tecticornia indica (syn. Halosarcia indica).[2]
[edit] Distribution and Evolution
Plants from the Salicornioideae are found around the world. All are halophytes, growing in coastal or inland saline habitats.
They originated in Eurasia about 38-28 million years ago (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene) and radiated rapidly. Already in the Middle Miocene, about 19-14 million years ago, all major lines were present.
[edit] Systematics
The taxon was first published in 1849 by Alfred Moquin-Tandon (in: A. De Candolle (ed.): Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, Vol. 13(2)) as a tribe Salicornieae within the family Chenopodiaceae. in 1934, Oskar Eberhard Ulbrich raised the taxon to subfamily level and named it Salicornioideae (in: A. Engler & K. Prantl (eds.): Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, ed. 2, Vol. 16c).
The family Chenopodiaceae is now included in Amaranthaceae s.l.[3]
Phylogenetic resarch by Kadereit et al (2006) supports the monophyly of the subfamily. It comprises just one tribe, Salicornieae.
- Tribus Salicornieae: with 11 genera and about 90 species:[4]
- Allenrolfea Kuntze, with 3 species:
- Allenrolfea occidentalis (S. Watson) Kuntze, in North America and Mexico.
- Allenrolfea patagonica (Moq.) Kuntze, in South America
- Allenrolfea vaginata (Griseb.) Kuntze, in South America
- Arthrocnemum Moq., with 2 species:
- Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moric.) C.Koch, in the Mediterranean and Southwest Asia
- Arthrocnemum subterminale (Parish) Standl., in California and Mexico
- Halocnemum M.Bieb., with two species:
- Halocnemum strobilaceum, in the southern Mediterranean, southwestern and western Central Asia.
- Halocnemum yurdakulolii Yaprak, in southern Turkey[5]
- Halopeplis Bunge ex Ung.-Sternb., with 3 species:
- Halopeplis amplexicaulis (Vahl) Ung.-Sternb. ex Ces., Pass. & Gibelli, in southern Mediterranean and South Africa
- Halopeplis perfoliata (Forssk.) Bunge ex Asch. & Schweinf, from the Arabian Peninsula to southwest Pakistan
- Halopeplis pygmaea (Pall.) Bunge ex Ung.-Sternb., from the Caspian to Central Asia
- Halostachys C.A.Mey. ex Schrenk, with only one species:
- Halostachys belangeriana in Central and Southwest Asia and southeastern Europe
- Heterostachys Ung.-Sternb.: with 2 species in Central and South America
- Heterostachys olivascens (Speg.) Molfino
- Heterostachys ritteriana (Moq.) Ung.-Sternb.
- Kalidium Moq. (Syn.: Kalidiopsis Aellen): with 6 species in Central and Southwest Asia and Southeast Europe
- Microcnemum Ung.-Sternb., with only one species:
- Microcnemum coralloides in Spain, Turkey, Armenia, and northwestern Iran
- Salicornia L., with 15 species worldwide, absent in Australia and South America
- Sarcocornia A.J.Scott, with about 20 species worldwide
- Tecticornia Hook f. (inclusive Halosarcia Paul G.Wilson, Pachycornia Hook. f., Sclerostegia Paul G.Wilson, Tegicornia Paul G.Wilson[4]), with about 35 species, in Australia, southern Pakistan, eastern and western tropical Africa
- Allenrolfea Kuntze, with 3 species:
[edit] References
- Gudrun Kadereit, Ladislav Mucina & Helmut Freitag (2006): Phylogeny of Salicornioideae (Chenopodiaceae): diversification, biogeography, and evolutionary trends in leaf and flower morphology. - In: Taxon 55(3), p. 617–642. pdf-File (Chapters description, distribution and evolution, systematics)
- ^ Shepherd, K.A.; M. Waycott and A. Calladine (2004), "Radiation of the Australian Salicornioideae (Chenopodiaceae)--based on evidence from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences", American Journal of Botany 91 (9): 1387, doi:10.3732/ajb.91.9.1387, http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/91/9/1387, retrieved 2008-05-26
- ^ Gudrun Kadereit, Thomas Borsch, K. Weising, Helmut Freitag (2003): Phylogeny of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae and the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. - In: International Journal of Plant Sciences 164(6), p.979.
- ^ Kai Müller & Thomas Borsch (2005): Phylogenetics of Amaranthaceae using matK/trnK sequence data – evidence from parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian approaches, In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 92, p. 66-102.
- ^ a b Shepherd, Kelly A.; Wilson, Paul G. (2007), "Incorporation of the Australian genera Halosarcia, Pachycornia, Sclerostegia and Tegicornia into Tecticornia (Salicornioideae, Chenopodiaceae)", Australian Systematic Botany 20: 319, doi:10.1071/SB07002
- ^ A. E. Yaprak & Gudrun Kadereit (2008): A new species of Halocnemum M.Bieb. (Amaranthaceae) from southern Turkey. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 158. 716–721. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00910.x
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