Salinomycin
| Salinomycin | |
|---|---|
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(2R)-2-[(5S,6R)-6-[(1S,2S,3S,5R)-5-[(2S,5R,7S,9S,10S,12R,15R)-2-[(2R,5R,6S)-5-ethyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-tetrahydropyranyl]-15-hydroxy-2,10,12-trimethyl-1,6,8-trioxadispiro[4.1.5^{7}.3^{5}]pentadec-13-en-9-yl]-2-hydroxy-1,3-dimethyl-4-oxoheptyl]-5-methyl-2-tetrahydropyranyl]butanoic acid |
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| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 53003-10-4  |
| PubChem | 72370 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1208572  |
| ATCvet code | QP51 |
| Jmol-3D images | Image 1 |
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| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C42H70O11 |
| Molar mass | 751.00 g/mol |
 (verify) (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) |
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| Infobox references | |
Salinomycin is an antibacterial and coccidiostat ionophore therapeutic drug.
Contents |
[edit] Use in cancer
Salinomycin has been shown by Piyush Gupta et al. of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Broad Institute to kill breast cancer stem cells at least 100 times more effectively than another popular anti-cancer drug (paclitaxel) in mice. The study screened 16,000 different chemical compounds and found that only a small subset, including salinomycin and etoposide, targeted cancer stem cells responsible for metastasis and relapse.[1][2][3][4]
The mechanism of action by which Salinomycin kills cancer stem cells specifically remains unknown, but is thought to be due to its action as a potassium ionophore due to the detection of nigericin in the same compound screen. Studies performed in 2011 showed that salinomycin could induce apoptosis of human cancer cells.
[edit] Use in agriculture
Salinomycin is used in chicken fodder as a coccidiostat.
[edit] Biosynthesis
A team from the University of Cambridge has cloned and sequenced the biosynthetic cluster responsible for salinomycin production, from Streptomyces albus DSM 41398.[5] This has shown that the polyketide backbone of salinomycin is synthesised on an assembly line of nine polyketide synthase (PKS) multienzymes. Furthermore, the cluster contains genes involved in oxidative cyclization including salC (epoxidase) and salBI/BII/BIII (epoxide hydrolase) genes. The cluster also contains genes suspected to be involved in self-resistance, export, precursor supply and regulation. Interestingly, the cluster contains a NRPS-like carrier protein, SalX, that is suspected to tether “pre-salinomycin” during oxidative cyclization. By inactivating salC the Cambridge-based team have demonstrated that salinomycin biosynthesis proceeds via a diene intermediate.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ "Drug shows cancer stem cells not invulnerable". New Scientist. 2009-08-13. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17610-drug-shows-cancer-stem-cells-not-invulnerable.html.
- ^ "New method takes aim at aggressive cancer cells". Broad Communications (Broad Institute). 2009-08-13. http://www.broadinstitute.org/news/1305. Retrieved 2009-08-13.
- ^ Gupta, P. et al.; Onder, Tamer T.; Jiang, Guozhi; Tao, Kai; Kuperwasser, Charlotte; Weinberg, Robert A.; Lander, Eric S. (2009-08-13). "Identification of selective inhibitors of cancer stem cells by high-throughput screening". Cell 138 (4): 645–59. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.06.034. PMID 19682730.
- ^ Adam Huczynski (2012). "Salinomycin – a New Cancer Drug Candidate". Chemical Biology & Drug Design 79: 235–238. doi:10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01287.x.
- ^ Yurkovich, Marie E. et al.; Tyrakis, Petros A.; Hong, Hui; Sun, Yuhui; Samborskyy, Markiyan; Kamiya, Kohei; Leadlay, Peter F. (2011-11-11). "A Late-Stage Intermediate in Salinomycin Biosynthesis Is Revealed by Specific Mutation in the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster". ChemBioChem 13 (1): 66–71. doi:10.1002/cbic.201100590. PMID 22076845.
