Sandy Bridge

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Sandy Bridge is the codename for a microarchitecture developed by Intel beginning in 2005 for central processing units in computers to replace the Nehalem microarchitecture. It was designed for the full range of applications from mobile devices, laptop and desktop computers, to large enterprise servers. Intel demonstrated a Sandy Bridge processor in 2009, and released first products in January 2011 based on the architecture.[1][2]

Originally, implementations targeted a 32 nanometer manufacturing process based on planar double-gate transistors.[citation needed] Subsequent products, codenamed Ivy Bridge, use a 22 nanometer process. The Ivy Bridge die shrink, known in the Intel Tick-Tock model as the "tick", is based on 3D tri-gate transistors. Intel demonstrated Ivy Bridge processors in 2011.[3]

Contents

[edit] Technology

Developed primarily by Intel branch of Israel, the codename was originally "Gesher" (meaning "bridge" in Hebrew). The name was changed to avoid being associated with the defunct Gesher political party;[4] the decision was led by Ron Friedman, vice president of Intel managing the group at the time.[1] Intel demonstrated a Sandy Bridge processor with A1 stepping at 2 GHz during the Intel Developer Forum in September 2009.[5]

Upgraded features from Nehalem include:

[edit] Models and steppings

All Sandy Bridge processors with one, two, or four cores report the same CPUID model 0206A7h[6] and are closely related. The stepping number can not be seen from the CPUID but only from the PCI configuration space. The later Sandy Bridge-E processors with up to eight cores and no graphics are using CPUIDs 0206D6h and 0206D7h.[7]

CPUID Stepping Die Code Name Die size Transistors Max. Cores Max. GPU EUs Max. L3 Cache
0206A7h D2 Sandy Bridge-HE-4 216 mm² 1.16 billion 4 12 8 MB
J1 Sandy Bridge-H-2 149 mm² 624 million 2 12 4 MB
Q0 Sandy Bridge-M-2 131 mm² 504 million 2 6 3 MB
0206D6h C1 Sandy Bridge-EP-8 435 mm² 2.27 billion 8 N/A 20 MB
M0 Sandy Bridge-EP-4 294 mm² 1.27 billion 4 N/A 10 MB
0206D7h C2 Sandy Bridge-EP-8 435 mm² 2.27 billion 8 N/A 20 MB
M1 Sandy Bridge-EP-4 294 mm² 1.27 billion 4 N/A 10 MB

[edit] Performance

  • The average performance increase, according to IXBT Labs and Semi Accurate as well as many other benchmarking sites, at clock to clock is 11.3% Average compared to the Nehalem Generation, which includes Bloomfield,Clarkdale and Lynnfield processors.[8]
  • Around twice the integrated graphics performance compared to Clarkdale's (12 EUs comparison).

[edit] List of Sandy Bridge processors

1Processors featuring Intel's HD 3000 graphics are set in bold. Other processors feature HD 2000 graphics or no graphics core (Graphics Clock rate indicated by N/A).

[edit] Desktop platform

[9] [10] [11] [12]

Target
segment		 Cores
(Threads)		 Processor
Branding & Model		 CPU Clock rate Graphics Clock rate L3
Cache		 TDP Release
Date (Y-M-D)		 Price
(USD)		 Motherboard
Normal Turbo Normal Turbo Socket Interface Memory
Extreme /
High-End		 6 (12) Core i7
Extreme		 3960X 3.3 GHz 3.9 GHz N/A 15 MB 130 W 2011-11-14 $999 LGA
2011		 DMI 2.0
PCIe 3.0		 Up to quad
channel
DDR3-1600[13]
Core i7 3930K 3.2 GHz 3.8 GHz 12 MB $583
4 (8) 3820 3.6 GHz 10 MB 2012-02-13[14] $294
Performance 2700K 3.5 GHz 3.9 GHz 850 MHz 1350 MHz 8 MB 95 W 2011-10-24 $332 LGA
1155		 DMI 2.0
PCIe 2.0		 Up to dual
channel
DDR3-1333(1066 on celeron)
2600K 3.4 GHz 3.8 GHz 2011-01-09 $317
2600 $294
2600S 2.8 GHz 65 W $306
4 (4) Core i5 2500K 3.3 GHz 3.7 GHz 1100 MHz 6 MB 95 W $216
2500 $205
2500S 2.7 GHz 65 W $216
2500T 2.3 GHz 3.3 GHz 650 MHz 1250 MHz 45 W
2400 3.1 GHz 3.4 GHz 850 MHz 1100 MHz 95 W $184
2405S 2.5 GHz 3.3 GHz 65 W 2011-05-22 $205
2400S 2011-01-09 $195
2320 3.0 GHz 95 W 2011-09-04 $177
2310 2.9 GHz 3.2 GHz 2011-05-22
2300 2.8 GHz 3.1 GHz 2011-01-09
Mainstream 2 (4) 2390T 2.7 GHz 3.5 GHz 650 MHz 3 MB 35 W 2011-02-20 $195
Core i3 2120T 2.6 GHz N/A 2011-09-04 $127
2100T 2.5 GHz 2011-02-20
2130 3.4 GHz 850 MHz 65 W 2011-09-04 $138
2125 3.3 GHz $134
2120 2011-02-20 $138
2105 3.1 GHz 2011-05-22 $134
2102 Q2 2011 $127
2100 2011-02-20 $117
2 (2) Pentium G860 3.0 GHz 2011-09-04 $86
G850 2.9 GHz 2011-05-24
G840 2.8 GHz $75
G632 2.7 GHz Q3 2011
G630 2011-09-04 $75
G622 2.6 GHz Q2 2011
G620 2011-05-24 $64
G630T 2.3 GHz 650 MHz 35 W 2011-09-04 $70
G620T 2.2 GHz 2011-05-24
Celeron G540 2.5 GHz 850 MHz 1000 MHz 2 MB 65 W 2011-09-04 $52
G530 2.4 GHz $42
G530T 2.0 GHz 650 MHz 35 W $47
1 (2) G460 1.8 GHz 1.5 MB 2011-12-11 $37
1 (1) G440 1.6 GHz 1 MB 2011-09-04

Suffixes to denote:

  • K - Unlocked (adjustable CPU ratio up to 57 bins)
  • S - Performance-optimized lifestyle (low power with 65W TDP)
  • T - Power-optimized lifestyle (ultra low power with 35-45W TDP)
  • X - Extreme performance (adjustable CPU ratio with no ratio limit)

[edit] Server platform

Target
Segment		 Socket Cores
(Threads)		 Processor
Branding & Model		 CPU Clock rate Graphics Clock rate L3
Cache		 Interface Supported
Memory		 TDP Release
Date		 Price
(USD)
Standard Turbo Normal Turbo
4P Server LGA
2011		 8 (16)
6 (12)
4 (4/8)
2 (2/4)		 Xeon E5 46xx N/A 2× QPI
DMI 2.0
PCIe 3.0		 Up to quad
channel
DDR3-1600		 Q2 2012
2P Server 8 (16) 2687W 3.1 GHz 20 MB 4x DDR3-1600 150 W Q1 2012 $1885
2690 2.9 GHz 135 W $2057
2680 2.7 GHz 130 W $1723
2670 2.6 GHz 115 W $1552
2665 2.4 GHz $1440
2660 2.2 GHz 95 W $1329
2650 2.0 GHz $1106
2650L 1.8 GHz 70 W $1106
6 (12) 2667 2.9 GHz 15 MB 130 W $1552
2640 2.5 GHz 4x DDR3-1333 95 W $884
2630 2.3 GHz $612
2620 2.0 GHz $406
2630L 2.0 GHz 60 W $662
4 (8) 2643 3.3 GHz 10 MB 4x DDR3-1600 130 W $884
4 (4) 2609 2.4 GHz 4x DDR3-1066 80 W $294
2603 1.8 GHz $202
2 (4) 2637 3.0 GHz 5 MB 4x DDR3-1600 $884
LGA
1356		 8 (16) 2470 2.3 GHz 20 MB 1× QPI
DMI 2.0
PCIe 3.0		 3x DDR3-1600 95 W Q2 2012 $1440
2450 2.1 GHz $1106
2450L 1.8 GHz 70 W $1106
6 (12) 2440 2.4 GHz 15 MB 3x DDR3-1333 95 W $834
2430 2.2 GHz $551
2420 1.9 GHz $388
2430L 2.0 GHz 60 W $662
4 (4) 2407 2.2 GHz 10 MB 3x DDR3-1066 80 W $250
2403 1.8 GHz $192
1P Server LGA
2011		 6 (12) 1660 3.3 GHz 3.9 GHz 15 MB 2× QPI
DMI 2.0
PCIe 3.0		 Up to quad
channel
DDR3-1333		 130 W Q1 2012 $1080
1650 3.2 GHz 3.8 GHz 12 MB $583
4 (8) 1620 3.6 GHz 3.9 GHz 10 MB $294
LGA
1155		 4 (8) Xeon E3 1290 4.0 GHz 8 MB DMI 2.0
PCIe 2.0		 Up to dual
channel
DDR3-1333		 95 W 2011-05-29 $885
1280 3.5 GHz 3.9 GHz 2011-03-15 $612
1275 3.4 GHz 3.8 GHz 850 MHz 1350 MHz $339
1270 N/A 80 W $328
1260L 2.4 GHz 3.3 GHz 650 MHz 1250 MHz 45 W $294
1245 3.3 GHz 3.7 GHz 850 MHz 1350 MHz 95 W $262
1240 N/A 80 W $250
1235 3.2 GHz 3.6 GHz 850 MHz 1350 MHz 95 W $240
1230 N/A 80 W $215
4 (4) 1225 3.1 GHz 3.4 GHz 850 MHz 1350 MHz 6 MB 95 W $194
1220 N/A 8 MB 80 W $189
2 (4) 1220L 2.2 GHz 3 MB 20 W

[edit] Mobile platform

  • Core i5-2515E and Core i7-2715QE processors have support for ECC memory and PCI express port bifurcation.
  • All mobile processors, except Celeron and Pentium, use Intel's Graphics sub-system HD 3000 (12 EUs).
Target
Segment		 Cores /
Threads		 Processor
Branding & Model		 CPU Clock rate Graphics Clock rate L3
Cache		 TDP Release
Date		 Price
(USD)		 Motherboard
Normal Turbo
(1C/2C/4C)		 Normal Turbo Interface Socket
Extreme 4 (8) Core i7
Extreme		 2960XM 2.7 GHz 3.7/3.6/3.4 GHz 650 MHz 1300 MHz 8 MB 55 W 2011-09-04 $1096 *DMI 2.0
*Memory: Up to
dual channel
DDR3-1600 MHz
PCIe 2.0		 Socket G2 /
BGA-1224
2920XM 2.5 GHz 3.5/3.4/3.2 GHz 2011-01-05
Performance Core i7 2860QM 2.5 GHz 3.6/3.5/3.3 GHz 45 W 2011-09-04 $568
2820QM 2.3 GHz 3.4/3.3/3.1 GHz 2011-01-05
2760QM 2.4 GHz 3.5/3.4/3.2 GHz 6 MB 2011-09-04 $378
2720QM 2.2 GHz 3.3/3.2/3.0 GHz 2011-01-05
2715QE 2.1 GHz 3.0/2.9/2.7 GHz 1200 MHz OEM
2710QE
2675QM 2.2 GHz 3.1/3.0/2.8 GHz 1200 MHz 2011-10-02 *DMI 2.0
*Memory: Up to
dual channel
DDR3-1333 MHz
PCIe 2.0
2670QM 1100 MHz
2635QM 2.0 GHz 2.9/2.8/2.6 GHz 1200 MHz 2011-01-05
2630QM 1100 MHz
Mainstream 2 (4) 2640M 2.8 GHz 3.5/3.3 GHz 1300 MHz 4 MB 35 W 2011-09-04 $346 Socket G2 /
BGA-1023
2620M 2.7 GHz 3.4/3.2 GHz 2011-02-20
2649M 2.3 GHz 3.2/2.9 GHz 500 MHz 1100 MHz 25 W
2629M 2.1 GHz 3.0/2.7 GHz $311
2655LE 2.2 GHz 2.9/2.7 GHz 650 MHz 1000 MHz OEM
2677M 1.8 GHz 2.9/2.6 GHz 350 MHz 1200 MHz 17 W 2011-06-20 $317
2637M 1.7 GHz 2.8/2.5 GHz $289
2657M 1.6 GHz 2.7/2.4 GHz 1000 MHz 2011-02-20 $317
2617M 1.5 GHz 2.6/2.3 GHz 950 MHz $289
2610UE 2.4/2.1 GHz 850 MHz OEM
Core i5 2557M 1.7 GHz 2.7/2.4 GHz 1200 MHz 3 MB 2011-06-20 $250
2537M 1.4 GHz 2.3/2.0 GHz 900 MHz 2011-02-20
2467M 1.6 GHz 2.3/2.0 GHz 1150 MHz 2011-06-19 OEM
2540M 2.6 GHz 3.3/3.1 GHz 650 MHz 1300 MHz 35 W 2011-06-20 $266
2520M 2.5 GHz 3.2/3.0 GHz $225
2515E 3.1/2.8 GHz 1100 MHz OEM
2510E
2435M 2.4 GHz 3.0/2.7 GHz 1300 MHz 2011-10-02
2430M 1200 MHz
2410M 2.3 GHz 2.9/2.6 GHz 2011-06-20
Core i3 2350M N/A 1150 MHz 2011-10-02 $225
2330E 2.2 GHz 1050 MHz 2011-06-19 OEM
2330M 1100 MHz
2310E 2.1 GHz 1050 MHz 2011-02-20
2310M 1100 MHz
2367M 1.4 GHz 350 MHz 1000 MHz 17 W 2011-10-02
2357M 1.3 GHz 950 MHz 2011-06-19
2340UE 800 MHz
2 (2) Pentium 967 1.3 GHz 1000 MHz 2 MB 2011-10-02
957 1.2 GHz 800 MHz 2011-06-19
B960 2.2 GHz 650 MHz 1100 MHz 35 W 2011-10-02
B950 2.1 GHz 2011-06-19
B940 2.0 GHz
Celeron B840 1.9 GHz 1000 MHz 2011-09-04 $86
B815[15] 1.6 GHz 1050 MHz Q1 2012
B810E 1000 MHz 2011-06-19 OEM
B810 950 MHz 2011-03-13 $86
B800 1.5 GHz 1000 MHz 2011-06-19 $80
857 1.2 GHz 350 MHz 17 W 2011-07-03 $134
847 1.1 GHz 800 MHz 2011-06-19
847E OEM
1 (1) 827E 1.4 GHz 1.5 MB 2011-07-03
787 1.3 GHz $107
B720[16] 1.7 GHz 650 MHz 1000 MHz 35 W Q1 2012
B710 1.6 GHz 2011-06-19 $70

Suffixes to denote:

  • M - Mobile processors
    • XM - Unlocked
    • QM - Quad-core
  • E - Embedded mobile processors
    • QE - Quad-core
    • LE - Performance-optimized
    • UE - Power-optimized

[edit] Cougar Point chipset flaw

On January 31, 2011, Intel issued a recall on all 67-series motherboards due to a flaw in the Cougar Point Chipset.[17] A hardware issue, in which the chipset's SATA-II ports may fail over time, cause failure of connection to SATA-II devices, though data is not at risk.[18] Intel claims that this problem will only affect 5% of users over 3 years, however, heavier I/O workloads can exacerbate the problem.

Intel stopped production of flawed B2 stepping chipsets and began producing B3 stepping chipsets with the silicon fix. Shipping of these new chipsets started on 14 February 2011 and Intel estimated full recovery volume in April 2011.[19] Motherboard manufacturers (such as ASUS and Gigabyte Technology) and computer manufacturers (such as Dell and Hewlett-Packard) stopped selling products that involved the flawed chipset and offered support for affected customers. Options ranged from swapping for B3 motherboards to product refunds.[20][21]

Sandy Bridge processor sales were temporarily on hold, as one cannot use the CPU without a motherboard. However, processor release dates were not affected.[22] After two weeks, Intel continued shipping some chipsets, but manufacturers had to agree to a set of terms that will prevent customers from encountering the bug.[23]

[edit] Limitations

[edit] Overclocking

Due to a single clock generator controlling the speed of all electrical buses, overclocking of LGA-1155 compatible processors beyond the default 100 MHz base clock speed is very limited, up to 5-7% without other hardware components failing.[24] However, Intel has made available K-edition processors which feature unlocked multipliers; the highest multiplier for Sandy Bridge is 57.[25]

Intel has demonstrated a Sandy Bridge CPU running stably overclocked at 4.9 GHz on air cooling.[26][27]

Intel Sandy Bridge E-series Processors will come with "Performance OverClocking" support.[28]

[edit] Chipset

Non-K edition CPUs can overclock up to four bins from its turbo multiplier. Refer here for chipset support.

[edit] Intel Insider and remote-control

The processors include a "service" called Intel Insider which the company calls "an extra layer of content protection".[29] This protection technology is only intended for streaming services at the moment.

Sandy Bridge processors with vPro capability have security features that can remotely disable a PC or erase information from hard drives. This can be useful in the case of a lost or stolen PC. The commands can be received through 3G signals, Ethernet, or Internet connections. AES encryption acceleration will be available, which can be useful for video conferencing and VoIP applications.[30]

[edit] Roadmap

Main articles: Ivy Bridge (microarchitecture) and Haswell (microarchitecture)
Intel processor roadmap
Intel CPU core roadmaps from NetBurst and P6 to Skylake


[edit] See also

Portal icon Computer Science portal
Portal icon Electronics portal

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b "The Man Behind 'Sandy Bridge'". December 28, 2010. http://freepress.intel.com/community/news/blog/2010/12/28/the-man-behind-sandy-bridge. Retrieved November 11, 2011. 
  2. ^ Brooke Crothers (December 15, 2010). "CES: First Intel next-gen laptops will be quad core". The Circuits Blog (CNET.com). http://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-20025830-64.html. Retrieved November 11, 2011. 
  3. ^ "Intel 22nm 3-D Tri-Gate Transistor Technology". News release and press materials (Intel). May 2, 2011. http://newsroom.intel.com/docs/DOC-2032. Retrieved November 11, 2011. 
  4. ^ "'Sandy Bridge' Breaks the Mold for Chip Codenames". December 28, 2010. http://freepress.intel.com/community/news/blog/2010/12/28/sandy-bridge-breaks-the-mold-for-chip-codenames. Retrieved November 11, 2011. 
  5. ^ Anand Lal Shimpi (September 22, 2009). "IDF 2009 - Intel Shows off 22nm & 32nm, Sandy Bridge Demoed". AnandTech. http://www.anandtech.com/show/2842/. Retrieved November 11, 2011. 
  6. ^ http://www.intel.com/support/processors/corei5/sb/CS-032059.htm?wapkw=%20specification%20update
  7. ^ http://www.intel.com/content/dam/doc/specification-update/core-i7-lga-2011-specification-update.pdf
  8. ^ AnandTech - The Sandy Bridge Review: Intel Core i7-2600K, i5-2500K and Core i3-2100 Tested
  9. ^ "Intel's Sandy Bridge E-Series in Q4 2011". Tom's Hardware. 2011-02-11. http://www.tomshardware.com/news/Sandy-Bridge-E-Series-Patsburg-Direct-Media-Interface-Core-i7-9-series,12179.html. Retrieved 2011-02-13. 
  10. ^ "Additional Details on Sandy Bridge-E Processors, X79, and LGA2011". Anandtech. 2011-04-26. http://www.anandtech.com/show/4291/additional-details-on-sandy-bridgee-processors-x79-and-lga2011. Retrieved 2011-04-30. 
  11. ^ "Products (Formerly Sandy Bridge)". Official product web site. Intel. http://ark.intel.com/products/codename/29900. Retrieved November 11, 2011. 
  12. ^ "Intel i7 3930k and 3960x". Intel. 2011-11-22. http://ark.intel.com/search/products?q=core+i7&page=3. Retrieved 2011-11-22. 
  13. ^ Chris Angelini (September 12, 2011). "Intel Core i7-3960X (Sandy Bridge-E) And X79 Platform Preview". Tom's Hardware. http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/core-i7-3960x-x79-performance,3026.html. Retrieved November 14, 2011. 
  14. ^ Fuad Abazovic (January 6, 2012). "Intel Core i7-3820 comes on February 13". Fudzilla. http://fudzilla.com/processors/item/25441-intel-core-i7-3820-comes-on-february-13. Retrieved January 6, 2012. 
  15. ^ http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/Celeron_Dual-Core/Intel-Mobile%20Celeron%20B815.html
  16. ^ http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/Celeron_Dual-Core/Intel-Mobile%20Celeron%20B720.html
  17. ^ Sandy Bridge، راه حل‌ها، بازار ایران
  18. ^ Tom's Hardware,Intel Identifies Cougar Point Chipset Error, Halts Shipments http://www.tomshardware.com/news/cougar-point-sandy-bridge-sata-error,12108.html
  19. ^ "Intel Identifies Chipset Design Error, Implementing Solution" (Press release). Intel Corporation. January 31, 2011. http://newsroom.intel.com/community/intel_newsroom/blog/2011/01/31/intel-identifies-chipset-design-error-implementing-solution. 
  20. ^ "Intel chip bug affects HP, Dell, Samsung and Lenovo". BBC News. 2011-02-03. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12354263. 
  21. ^ "HP to offer refund for PCs with flawed Intel chip". Reuters. 2011-02-02. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/02/uk-intel-hp-idUKTRE7118OL20110202. 
  22. ^ Intel to Ship Dual-core Sandy Bridge Chips on Feb. 20 | PCWorld
  23. ^ Intel to continue shipping flawed Sandy Bridge chipsets | Expert Reviews
  24. ^ Intel to limit Sandy Bridge Overclocking, Bit-Tech, July 22, 2010, http://www.bit-tech.net/news/hardware/2010/07/22/intel-to-limit-sandy-bridge-overclocking/1 
  25. ^ Anand Lal Shimpi (September 14, 2010). "Intel’s Sandy Bridge Architecture Exposed". AnandTech: p. 8. http://www.anandtech.com/show/3922/intels-sandy-bridge-architecture-exposed/. Retrieved November 11, 2011. 
  26. ^ YouTube - ‪Intel demos Sandy Bridge running at 4.9GHz‬‏
  27. ^ "IDF Intel 2010: Intel Overclocks Sandy Bridge CPU to 4.9 GHz, outpaces 12-core AMD Opteron". ZDNet. http://www.zdnet.com/blog/computers/idf-intel-2010-intel-overclocks-sandy-bridge-cpu-to-49ghz-outpaces-12-core-amd-opteron/3863. 
  28. ^ Intel to launch X79 Express chipset for Sandy Bridge E enthusiast processors | ZDNet
  29. ^ "Intel Insider". http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture-and-technology/intel-insider-for-premium-hd-home-entertainment.html. Retrieved 2011-11-30. 
  30. ^ Hachman, Mark (2010-09-14). "Intel’s ‘Sandy Bridge’ Chip to Include vPro Business Features". PC Magazine. http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369110,00.asp. 

[edit] External links
 
Discontinued
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pre-x86 (8-bit)
Early x86 (16-bit)
x87 (external FPUs)
8/16-bit databus
8087
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80187
80287
80387SX
32-bit databus
80387DX
80487
IA-32 (32-bit)
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Sandy Bridge / Ivy Bridge
32 nm
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Future
 
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