School of Economic Science

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Not to be confused with London School of Economics.

The School of Economic Science [SES], a registered charity based in Mandeville Place, near Oxford Street in London, provides courses in what it calls "Practical Philosophy"[1] (its core subject) and "Economics with Justice"[2]. The courses are based on the Hindu religious belief of Advaita Vedanta,[3] which sees an underlying unity in all things. The School also pursues a range of other studies and activities, all linked to the principles that it teaches [4][5]. Those who continue their studies following the introductory course are encouraged to take up meditation and later to undertake voluntary work to help with the running of the School, and to attend occasional residential programmes. It is seen by some commentators as a cult or New religious movement.[6]

Contents

[edit] History

The School of Economic Science was founded in 1937 by Leon MacLaren with the support of his father Andrew MacLaren MP; the aim was to study and expound the economic theories of the American economist Henry George, an advocate of land value taxation. [7] [8] [9] [10] Some references claim Andrew MacLaren founded the School of Economic Science, with leadership later passing to his son. [11]

In the 1950s, MacLaren introduced and developed courses in philosophy, which became and have remained the School's principal area of study. Also during the 1950s MacLaren was a member of the Society for the Study of Normal Psychology (now known as the Study Society),[12] a spiritual organization influenced by the teachings of Georges Ivanovich Gurdjieff and P. D. Ouspensky. After meeting the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (later to find fame as the Beatles' guru) in London, MacLaren and the Study Society founded the School of Meditation[13] in 1961, to promote the practice of Transcendental Meditation.

In the 1960s the SES's philosophy courses became grounded in Advaita Vedanta following a meeting between Leon MacLaren and Shantanand Saraswati, the 'Shankaracharya of the North', one of the heads of the tradition in India. The Shankaracharya's successor Vasudevananda Saraswati continues to provide spiritual inspiration to the SES today.

Leon MacLaren was succeeded upon his death in 1994 by Donald Lambie, the current leader of the School of Economic Science.

[edit] The Teachings

The School’s founders explored new possibilities for a system that would bring about economic justice, against the background of the severe economic depression of the early 1930s. This approach to the study of economics led to the study of philosophy - "the love of wisdom" – in order to gain deeper insights into what they saw as the natural laws governing humanity and the origin of those laws.

During the late 1950s philosophy became the central subject of teaching and practice within the School. It is approached as an essentially practical study, to be applied in daily life. The material presented is drawn from a variety of sources within the philosophical writings and dialogues, scriptures and other literature of East and West, including the Bhagavad Gita, the Upanishads, the Bible, Plato, Marsilio Ficino and Hermes Trismegistus.

The introductory philosophy course covers some basic principles, highlighting the main influences that govern human experience. After the introductory course, the various aspects of the subject are examined more deeply and philosophical texts are studied in detail.

Since the 1960s there has been a connection with a tradition in India that propounds teaching known as advaita vedanta. Advaita means literally "not two"; vedanta refers to the knowledge underlying the creation. Together these are said to explain the essential unity of everything in creation and the source from which it arises. This teaching also speaks of a concept of ‘pure consciousness’ as the true essence of every being, and the human possibility of shedding the covers on this essence to allow it to be expressed in its purity.

[edit] Associated bodies and activities

The 1970s saw the founding of independent schools for children, which continue today. These are now known as the St James Independent Schools[14] (having formerly included St Vedast Independent Schools, separately for boys and girls, until 1985) and are run by a charity known as the Independent Educational Association Limited. They were founded with the object of 'restoring and revitalising the best educational traditions coupled with the philosophical principles taught by the School'. The School of Economic Science and the IEAL are legally and administratively separate, but retain a close association. St James has published an information booklet[15] describing their relationship.

The SES runs an annual four day event called Art in Action, also initiated in the 1970s. This brings together artists and craftspeople from many parts of the world and in recent years has attracted between 20,000 and 30,000 visitors a year.

Renaissance studies by SES have led to several published works, including translations from latin of many of Marsilio Ficino's letters [16][17][18][19][20][21][22]

The Education Renaissance Trust,[23] a UK registered charity, was founded by some senior students in the SES in 1998. Its aim is to 'help schools and support teachers who put spiritual values at the heart of education.'

There are currently 19 branches of the School in Great Britain. There are also many associated but legally independent schools overseas.

The branch of the School in the USA was called The Philosophy Foundation. Upon the death of Leon MacLaren, this branch established their own direct connection with the Shankara tradition, first with the Shankaracharya of the North, then, in 2005, with the Shankaracharya of the South. In 2008, it changed its name to the Advaita Meditation Center, to reflect its emphasis on the practical realization of enlightenment, as opposed to a purely intellectual study of philosophers and philosophies. Today this group, located in Waltham, Massachusetts, is a volunteer alliance of individuals helping each other and the public develop spiritually through mutual instruction and practice in Yoga Asanas, Svādhyāya, service with awareness, Mantra Meditation, and meditation retreats.[24]

[edit] Criticisms

Secret Cult, a 1984 book by Peter Hounam and Andrew Hogg, alleged that the School was then a secretive cult 'penetrating the corridors of power’, with sinister links to the Liberal Party.[25] From time to time since then there have been further allegations of secrecy. The School's website insists that these criticisms "greatly misrepresent the aims and activities of the School, but they have alerted it to the need to provide more information about the way its courses and associated activities progress."[26]

In 2005, following complaints from a number of former St James Schools pupils on a discussion forum[27] and elsewhere, the Governors of the St James Schools initiated an Inquiry[28] into allegations of mistreatment of children, mostly during the period 1975 to 1985. The Inquiry concluded that there had been 'mental and physical mistreatment' of children, including 'criminal assaults' by some teachers, who were members of the School of Economic Science, although it reported there had been 'a real change of ethos and conduct of the schools' since then.

With the forum's then rapid growth, and following the inquiry, Channel 4 News investigated the St James Schools and SES in 2006.[29]

The actress Clara Salaman has published a novel[30] "based on her own experiences growing up at the secretive St James School of The School Of Economic Science".[31]

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Details of Philosophy Courses http://www.philosophycourse.com/
  2. ^ Details of Economics Courses http://www.economicswithjustice.co.uk/
  3. ^ Richard King, Orientalism and Religion, Routledge, 1999, page 135-6.
  4. ^ Link to SES Language Studies http://www.schooleconomicscience.org/index.php?page=language
  5. ^ Dorine Tolley (2009). The Power Within: Leon MacLaren, A Memoir of His Life and Work. Shepheard-Walwyn Publishing. ISBN 1-4392-1030-6.  p216-219.
  6. ^ Colin Slee, "New Religious Movements and the Churches", in Bryan R. Wilson, Jamie Cresswell (eds), New Religious Movements: Challenge and Response, Routledge (1999), page 170; George D. Chryssides, Exploring New Religions, Continuum International Publishing (1999), page 374.
  7. ^ Land and Liberty, Henry George Foundation of Great Britain, 1933 p 231; 1935 p89; 1936 p94, 1937 p97.
  8. ^ Land and Liberty, 1936 p129, p161, p164.
  9. ^ John Stewart (2009). Standing for Justice. BookSurge Publishing. ISBN 0856831948.  page 65
  10. ^ Dorine Tolley (2009). The Power Within: Leon MacLaren, A Memoir of His Life and Work. Shepheard-Walwyn Publishing. ISBN 1-4392-1030-6. p52, p68.
  11. ^ George D. Chryssides, Exploring New Religions, Continuum International Publishing (1999), page 374.
  12. ^ http://www.studysociety.com/
  13. ^ http://www.schoolofmeditation.org/
  14. ^ http://www.stjamesschools.co.uk/
  15. ^ http://www.stjamesschools.co.uk/v2/about.htm
  16. ^ The Letters of Marsilio Ficino. Shepheard-Walwyn Publishers.vol. I, 1975. ISBN 0-85683-010-0
  17. ^ The Letters of Marsilio Ficino. Shepheard-Walwyn Publishers.vol. I, 1975. ISBN 0-85683-010-0
  18. ^ The Letters of Marsilio Ficino. Shepheard-Walwyn Publishers.vol. II, 1978. ISBN 0-85683-036-4
  19. ^ The Letters of Marsilio Ficino. Shepheard-Walwyn Publishers.vol. III, 1981. ISBN 0-85683-045-3
  20. ^ The Letters of Marsilio Ficino. Shepheard-Walwyn Publishers.vol. IV, 1988. ISBN 0-85683-070-4
  21. ^ The Letters of Marsilio Ficino. Shepheard-Walwyn Publishers.vol. VI, 1999. ISBN 0-85683-167-0
  22. ^ The Letters of Marsilio Ficino. Shepheard-Walwyn Publishers.vol. VII, 2003 ISBN 0-85683-192-1
  23. ^ http://www.education-renaissance-trust.org.uk/
  24. ^ History of the Advaita Meditation Center
  25. ^ Peter Hounam, Andrew Hogg, Secret Cult, Albatross Books 1984.
  26. ^ http://www.schooleconomicscience.org/index.php?page=issues
  27. ^ http://www.ses-forums.org (formerly at whyaretheydead.net)
  28. ^ http://www.iirep.com/Report/report.htm
  29. ^ http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/world/school%20abuse%20inquiry/162790
  30. ^ Clara Salaman, Shame on You, Penguin Books, 2009, ISBN 0-141-0412-6
  31. ^ http://www.guardianbookshop.co.uk/BerteShopWeb/viewProduct.do?ISBN=9780141041261

[edit] External links

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