Scott Boras

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Scott Boras
Born Scott Dean Boras
November 2, 1952 (1952-11-02) (age 57)
Sacramento, California
Residence Newport Beach, California
Nationality American
Education University of the Pacific, PharmD 1977
McGeorge School of Law, JD 1982
Occupation Sports Agent
Years active 27
Employer Boras Corporation
Website
www.borascorp.com

Scott Boras (born November 2, 1952 in Sacramento, Calif., USA) is widely regarded as the most powerful sports agent in baseball. He is the founder, owner and president of the Boras Corporation, a sports agency based in Newport Beach, Calif. which represents roughly 175 professional baseball clients, including many of the game's highest-profile players. Boras has brokered many record-setting contracts since 1982, and many of his clients, including Carlos Beltrán, Matt Holliday, Daisuke Matsuzaka, Magglio Ordóñez, Manny Ramirez, Alex Rodriguez, Mark Teixeira and Barry Zito, are among the highest paid in the game.

Contents

[edit] Early Life and Playing Career

Boras grew up in Elk Grove, Calif., the son of a dairy farmer.[1] He attended the University of the Pacific on a baseball scholarship, leading the team with a .312 batting average in 1972.[2] As of 2009, Boras remains in the top 10 in school history in multiple offensive categories.[2] Boras was inducted into the Pacific Athletics Hall of Fame in 1995,[3] and the baseball team's annual "Most Improved Player" award is named in his honor.[4] Following his college career, Boras played four years of minor league baseball for the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs organizations.[5] Boras made the Florida State League All-Star team in 1976,[6] but knee problems shortened his career and he retired with a career batting average of .288.[5] Boras received his Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) degree from the University of the Pacific in 1977.[7]

Following his playing career, Boras returned to the University of the Pacific, earning his law degree (juris doctorate) from the university's McGeorge School of Law in 1982.[8] After law school, Boras worked as an associate in the pharmaceutical defense department of the Chicago firm Rooks, Pitts & Poust (now Dykema Gossett), defending drug companies against class-action lawsuits.[9]

[edit] Boras Corporation

Boras's start as an agent came representing Mike Fischlin, a former high school teammate and major league shortstop for the Cleveland Indians, and Bill Caudill, a former minor league teammate and closer for the Seattle Mariners, both of whom now work for Boras.[10][7] In 1983, Boras negotiated one of the largest contracts in baseball history for Caudill ($7.5 million), and not long afterward Boras left his law firm job to represent players full-time.[11]

Today, Boras is the president and owner of the Boras Corporation, a baseball-only sports agency.[12] Boras and the Boras Corporation have become known for record-setting contracts for their free agent and amateur draft clients.[13] Boras was the first baseball agent to negotiate contracts in excess of $50 million (Greg Maddux, five years, $57.5 million in 1997),[14] $100 million (Kevin Brown, seven years, $105 million in 1998)[15] and $200 million (Alex Rodriguez, 10 years, $252 million in 2000).[16] Alex Rodriguez's current contract with the New York Yankees may become the first contract to break the $300 million barrier, depending on Rodriguez's home run totals.[17]

Boras also represents many of the elite players in each year's amateur draft and has been a strong advocate for increasing the amount of money they receive.[13] Boras's first record-setting contract for a drafted player was $150,000 for Tim Belcher in 1983.[18] Since then, Boras's clients have regularly pushed draft compensation higher, starting with Andy Benes in 1988 ($247,500), Ben McDonald in 1989 ($1.01 million guarantee, including a $350,000 bonus), Todd Van Poppel in 1990 ($1.2 million guarantee, including a $500,000 bonus) and Brien Taylor in 1991 ($1.55 million)[7][19] and continuing through J.D. Drew ($8.5 million in 1998) and Mark Teixeira ($9.5 million in 2001).[20] In 2009, Boras's clients broke several draft records, led by Stephen Strasburg, who surpassed the $15 million barrier with the largest contract in draft history ($15.1 million), Donavan Tate, who received the largest signing bonus ever given to a high school player ($6.25 million), and Jacob Turner, who received the largest signing bonus ever given to a high school pitcher ($4.7 million).[21][22]

The Boras Corporation operates out of a $20 million, 23,000-square foot, two-story, glass-and-steel building in Newport Beach, Calif.[23] The corporate headquarters includes a kitchen, laundry room, gym, shower, lounge, 70 flat-screen televisions and a large patio with a 15-foot tall waterfall, fire pit and barbecue.[24] Boras' subsidiary companies include Boras Marketing (memorabilia, marketing, and endorsements)[25] and the Boras Sports Training Institute (strength/conditioning and sports psychology).[26] Many of Boras's 75-person staff are former major leaguers, including Bob Brower, Don Carman, Bill Caudill, Scott Chiamparino, Mike Fischlin, Jim McNamara, Calvin Murray, Jeff Musselman, Domingo Ramos and Kurt Stillwell, and the company has scouts spread across the United States, Asia and Latin America.[11][23][27][28] Boras's staff also includes an MIT-trained economist, a former NASA computer engineer, three lawyers, five personal trainers, an investment team, a sports psychologist, a 14-person research staff and an employee charged with watching every day's games and sending information to Boras.[24][29]

[edit] High-Profile Negotiations

Over the course of his 27 years as a sports agent, Boras has represented hundreds of players on all 30 major league teams and has participated in dozens of high-profile negotiations. Boras's specialty is the record-breaking contract, which he says is the most difficult to achieve because it then provides an "umbrella" from which other players can benefit.[13] Boras is well-known for identifying sources of leverage for his clients and using them for the clients' advantage. This has included advising draft picks to return to school instead of signing, taking advantage of the right to go to salary arbitration hearings, and advising superstars to wait for free agency instead of taking "hometown discount" contracts.[30][31] This does not endear him to fans, who regularly side with their favorite teams and not individual players.[32] Boras, however, has said his job is to represent his clients' interests, even if it means weathering public criticism.[33][34][35] Boras is also known for his innovative strategies in the draft, salary arbitration and free agency, which have benefited his clients enough that Major League Baseball has changed its rules in response to Boras on multiple occasions.[36]

[edit] 1980's

  • Boras's first major contract showdown was between Bill Caudill and the Toronto Blue Jays in February 1985. Caudill was eligible for salary arbitration, and Boras negotiated a $7.5 million contract that made Caudill the second-highest paid reliever in the game.[9]
  • In 1988, Boras represented the top three picks in the amateur draft: Andy Benes, Mark Lewis and Steve Avery. Benes signed for a $235,000 bonus, the largest in baseball history at the time.[37]
  • The next year, in 1989, Boras negotiated the first multi-year major league contract ever given to a baseball-only amateur, a $1.01 million deal for first overall pick Ben McDonald with the Baltimore Orioles, which included a $350,000 signing bonus.[37]

[edit] 1990's

  • In 1990, Boras stunned baseball officials by securing a record $1.2 million guaranteed major league contract for the #14 pick in the draft, high school pitcher Todd Van Poppel. The contract included a $500,000 signing bonus.[37]
  • In 1991, Boras again set a record by securing a $1.55 million bonus from the New York Yankees for high school phenomenon Brien Taylor.[37]
  • Other early Boras clients included Keith Hernandez, Alex Fernandez, Charles Johnson, Robb Nen, Jay Bell and Jim Abbott.[1][38][7]
  • In 1992, Boras negotiated a record five-year, $28 million contract for Greg Maddux with the Atlanta Braves, eclipsing the second-best offer by $9 million. The contract trailed only David Cone's contract in terms of annual value and was two years longer.[39]
  • In 1993, Boras represented the first two picks in the draft, Alex Rodriguez and Darren Dreifort. Each eventually received $1.3 million contracts.[37]
  • In 1996, Boras used an obscure provision in the major league rules to have draft picks Matt White (seventh overall pick, San Francisco Giants) and Bobby Seay (12th overall pick, Chicago White Sox) declared free agents. White and Seay both then signed with the expansion Tampa Bay Devil Rays, with White receiving a $10.2 million contract and Seay receiving a $3 million bonus, many times what they would have received via the draft process. The following year, Major League Baseball changed its rules in response to Boras's success in circumventing the draft, which had resulted in at least $25 million in extra money for his clients.[36] For many years, being "outsmarted" by Boras and losing Seay remained a sore spot for White Sox owner Jerry Reinsdorf, one of Commissioner Bud Selig's closest allies.[40][41]
  • In 1997, Boras advised draft pick J.D. Drew not to accept the Philadelphia Phillies' $3 million offer. Drew instead signed a professional contract with the independent St. Paul Saints. Boras and the MLBPA then filed a grievance to have Drew declared a free agent since only "amateurs" could be subject to what was then known as the "amateur draft." Boras won the argument, but the arbitrator ruled he could not grant Drew free agency since he was not a member of the MLBPA. Instead, Drew re-entered the draft the following year and signed with the St. Louis Cardinals for nearly three times the Phillies' best offer.[36] Major League Baseball again was forced to amend its rules because of Boras; the draft is now called the "First Year Player Draft" as a result of the Drew grievance.[42]
  • Following the 1997 season, Boras broke the $50 million barrier by negotiating a five-year, $57.5 million contract for Greg Maddux with the Atlanta Braves, making Maddux the highest paid player in the game.[14]
  • Only a year later, in 1998, Boras broke the $100 million barrier by negotiating a seven-year, $105 million contract for Kevin Brown with the Los Angeles Dodgers. Brown dethroned Maddux as the highest-paid player in the game.[15]
  • Also in 1998, Boras negotiated a seven-year, $87.5 million contract for Bernie Williams to stay with the New York Yankees, even though the Yankees had made a public statement that they would not exceed $60 million for Williams.[43]
  • In 1999, Boras filed a grievance on behalf of Adrián Beltré because the Los Angeles Dodgers falsified Beltré's Dominican Republic birth records prior to signing him in 1994. Team representatives changed the records in order to sign Beltré when he was only 15 (under baseball rules international prospects are not eligible to sign until they are 16). In response to Boras's grievance, Commissioner Bud Selig awarded Beltré damages of $48,500. Additionally, Selig imposed significant penalties on the Dodgers.[44]

[edit] 2000

  • In 2000, under Boras's supervision, high school prospect Landon Powell earned his GED following his junior year of high school and then filed the necessary paperwork to make him eligible for that year's draft. Powell went undrafted, since the major league teams did not expect him to be draft eligible, making him a free agent.[45] Whether because of Powell's ability, his pricetag, or internal resentment within Major League Baseball about his successful end-run around the draft, Powell did not sign, instead enrolling at the University of South Carolina.[36]
  • At the baseball Winter Meetings following the 2000 season, Boras negotiated two record-breaking contracts for clients who had gone first and second overall in the 1993 draft. The former second pick, Darren Dreifort, was the first to sign, with Boras finalizing a five-year, $55 million contract for Dreifort to stay with the Los Angeles Dodgers on December 11.[46]
  • One day later, on December 12, Boras finalized what was then the largest contract in professional sports history, a 10-year, $252 million contract for former first overall pick Alex Rodriguez to play for the Texas Rangers.[16] The contract doubled the previous record for an American team sport, Kevin Garnett's $126 million contract with the Minnesota Timberwolves, and exceeded the price owner Tom Hicks had paid for the entire Rangers franchise three years earlier.[47]

[edit] 2001

  • In February 2001, Boras and Andruw Jones defeated the Atlanta Braves in salary arbitration, with Jones earning an arbitration-record $8.2 million salary in only his second year of arbitration eligibility.[48] The Jones decision remained the largest salary arbitration win for any player in history until 2008.[49]
  • The Texas Rangers and Boras engaged in another high-profile negotiation after the June 2001 draft. Boras negotiated a $9.5 million, four-year major league contract for fifth overall pick Mark Teixeira.[37]
  • In December 2001, Boras and free agent Barry Bonds, the reigning National League MVP, surprised the San Francisco Giants by accepting the club's offer of salary arbitration.[50] Boras eventually negotiated a five-year, $90 million contract for the 37-year-old slugger.[51]

[edit] 2002

  • In December 2002, for the second year in a row, a Boras free agent client surprised his former team by accepting salary arbitration. This time, it was Greg Maddux accepting the offer from the Atlanta Braves.[52] Boras eventually negotiated a record-breaking $14.75 million contract for the star pitcher, at the time the largest one-year contract in baseball history.[53]

[edit] 2003

  • In December 2003, Boras was a part of the complex multi-party negotiations that would have resulted in Alex Rodriguez being traded from the Texas Rangers to the Boston Red Sox. Boras and Rodriguez offered to accept $12 million in reduced salaries in return for marketing rights and the right for Rodriguez to be a free agent after the 2005 season. The trade was eventually killed by the MLBPA because it would have cost Rodriguez $30 million in previously-guaranteed compensation, setting a bad precedent (from the union's perspective) regarding the renegotiation of guaranteed contracts.[54]

[edit] 2004

  • In February 2004, Boras again negotiated regarding a trade for Alex Rodriguez, this time successfully from the Texas Rangers to the New York Yankees. Once again, because of the complexity of Rodriguez's contract, several contractual modifications were necessary for the trade to happen, but unlike the prior year, none of the changes sacrificed previously guaranteed compensation.[55]
  • Boras represented the two consensus top prospects in the 2004 draft, Stephen Drew and Jered Weaver. The San Diego Padres had the first pick in the draft and were prepared to select Drew or Weaver, but Padres owner John Moores ordered the team to select Matt Bush in order to save money. Drew eventually received a $5.5 million major league contract from the Arizona Diamondbacks and is now their starting shortstop.[56][57] Weaver eventually received a $4 million bonus from the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim and won 16 games in 2009.[58][59] Bush never rose past Class A, hit .219 for his career, endured a series of off-field legal problems and is now out of baseball.[60]
  • Following the 2004 season, Boras negotiated a five-year, $55 million contract for J.D. Drew to play for the Los Angeles Dodgers. Boras included the right to opt out of the contract after two years, which Drew used effectively after the 2006 season.[61]
  • In mid-December 2004, Boras brokered a five-year, $64 million contract for Adrián Beltré with the Seattle Mariners.[62]
  • Later that month, Boras negotiated a four-year, $40 million contract for Boston Red Sox catcher and team captain Jason Varitek to return to the team.[63]

[edit] 2005

  • In January 2005, Boras negotiated his third contract in excess of $100 million, this time sending Carlos Beltrán to the New York Mets for $119 million guaranteed over seven years.[64]
  • A few days later, Boras finalized a four-year $36 million contract for Derek Lowe with the Los Angeles Dodgers.[65]
  • The next month, Boras negotiated another contract with a potential value in excess of $100 million, when Magglio Ordóñez agreed to a five-year, $75 million contract with two vesting option years that push the potential value to $105 million over seven years. The contract was complicated by language allowing the Tigers to void the contract after the 2005 season if Ordóñez's previous knee problems returned.[66]
  • Also in February 2005, Boras won a salary arbitration case for Kyle Lohse against the Minnesota Twins. Lohse received a raise from $395,000 to $2.4 million.[67]
  • In December 2005, Boras negotiated a four-year, $52 million contract for Boston Red Sox centerfielder Johnny Damon to join the rival New York Yankees. The Red Sox had failed to improve their $40 million offer, thinking Boras was bluffing.[68][69]
  • Also in December 2005, Boras landed a five-year, $60 million contract for Kevin Millwood with the Texas Rangers, despite Millwood's history of arm trouble.[70] The deal gave the Rangers the ability to void the final year of the contract (2010) if Millwood did not meet certain innings totals. However, Millwood met the required threshold in September 2009.[71]

[edit] 2006

  • In February 2006, Boras won a salary arbitration hearing for Kyle Lohse for the second year in a row, defeating the Minnesota Twins and earning Lohse a raise to $3.95 million. Lohse became the first player to win back-to-back arbitration cases since 1991.[72]
  • In June 2006, Boras client and former University of Tennessee star pitcher Luke Hochevar was selected first overall in the draft by the Kansas City Royals. Hochevar eventually signed a four-year major league contract for $5.2 million guaranteed, with the opportunity to make up to $7 million.[73] The contract vindicated Boras's advice; at the prompting of a different agent, Hochevar had nearly accepted a $2.98 million offer from the Los Angeles Dodgers the previous September. Boras advised Hochevar to decline the offer.[74]
  • Following the 2006 season, Boras advised J.D. Drew to opt out of the final three years and $33 million remaining on his contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers. Boras then negotiated a five-year, $70 million contract for Drew with the Boston Red Sox. The contract was not finalized until January 26, 2007, because Boras and the Red Sox had to develop special contract language regarding potential injury to Drew's shoulder. Drew had the shoulder surgically repaired earlier in his career.[75]
  • On December 14, 2006, after weeks of speculation, public posturing, and intensely scrutinized negotiations, Boras finalized a six-year, $52 million contract for Japanese superstar pitcher Daisuke Matsuzaka to play for the Boston Red Sox. Matsuzaka was not a free agent (the Red Sox paid an additional $51.1 million to his Japanese team for exclusive negotiating rights), meaning Matsuzaka's only alternative to signing with the Red Sox was to return to Japan.[76]
  • Two weeks later, on December 28, 2006, Boras negotiated a record-breaking seven-year, $126 million contract with the San Francisco Giants for Barry Zito. The contract was the largest ever given to a pitcher in baseball history, and Zito remains one of the highest paid players in the game.[77]

[edit] 2007

  • The 2007 collective bargaining agreement between Major League Baseball and the MLBPA imposed an August 15 deadline for draft picks to sign. This was in direct response to Boras's successful strategy of advising draft picks like Jason Varitek, J.D. Drew, Stephen Drew, Jered Weaver, Luke Hochevar and Max Scherzer to wait as long as possible to sign and marked at least the third time baseball rules were changed because of Boras.[78]
  • On August 13, 2007, Boras finalized a record-breaking $7.3 million contract with the Detroit Tigers for the 27th overall draft pick, Rick Porcello. The four-year major league contract, which could end up paying Porcello over $10 million, was the largest contract ever given to a high school player.[79]
  • On October 28, 2007, Boras and New York Yankees third baseman Alex Rodriguez exercised the right to opt out of Rodriguez's original 10-year, $252 million contract, with three years and $72 million remaining.[80] Boras and Rodriguez were criticized for the timing of the decision, which leaked during Game 4 of the 2007 World Series.[81] Rodriguez met with Yankees officials in Miami, and afterward Rodriguez instructed Boras to finalize a record-breaking 10-year, $275 million contract.[17] Boras and the Yankees then crafted a series of unique marketing bonuses that will pay Rodriguez an additional $30 million for tying and surpassing Willie Mays, Babe Ruth, Hank Aaron, and Barry Bonds on the all-time home run list.[17] If Rodriguez passes Bonds, his contract will be worth $305 million, the first contract in team sports history to eclipse the $300 million milestone.[17] The high-profile opt-out and negotiations strained Boras and Rodriguez's relationship, but Boras retained his role as Rodriguez's baseball agent and has since reported that their relationship is "repaired."[82]
  • In December 2007, Boras negotiated a two-year, $36.2 million contract for Andruw Jones with the Los Angeles Dodgers, making Jones the fifth highest paid player in the major leagues despite a .222 batting average during the 2007 season.[83] Following a poor 2008 season, Boras negotiated Jones's release from the Dodgers in January 2009 in return for deferring the remaining money owed on the contract.[84] Jones then signed a minor-league contract with the Texas Rangers.[85]

[edit] 2008

  • On July 31, 2008, Boras negotiated away the option years on Manny Ramirez's contract with the Boston Red Sox as part of Ramirez's trade to the Los Angeles Dodgers, making Ramirez a free agent after the 2008 season, two years early.[86]
  • On August 15, 2008, negotiations between Boras and the Pittsburgh Pirates regarding second overall draft pick Pedro Alvarez went up to (and beyond) the midnight deadline for draft picks to sign. Major League Baseball unilaterally extended the deadline, and Boras and the MLBPA filed a grievance. After weeks of legal wrangling, Alvarez signed a major league contact for $6.355 million.[87]
  • In December 2008, Boras negotiated an eight-year, $180 million contract for Mark Teixeira with the New York Yankees, making Teixeira the highest-paid first baseman in baseball history and the third highest-paid player in all of baseball, behind only Alex Rodriguez and Derek Jeter.[88]

[edit] 2009

  • In January 2009, Boras negotiated a four-year, $60 million contract with the Atlanta Braves for Derek Lowe and a three-year, $36 million contract with the New York Mets for Óliver Pérez.[89][90]
  • In February 2009, Boras secured a two-year, $45 million deal for Manny Ramirez with the Los Angeles Dodgers.[91]
  • In August 2009, Boras negotiated the largest contract in draft history for first overall pick Stephen Strasburg, a $15.1 million major league contract with the Washington Nationals.[21]
  • Several other Boras clients also signed record-breaking deals following the 2009 draft, including Donavan Tate's $6.25 million signing bonus with the San Diego Padres (largest ever for a high school player), Jacob Turner's $4.7 million signing bonus with the Detroit Tigers (largest ever given to a high school pitcher, part of a major league contract that could pay Turner an additional $4 million) and second-overall pick Dustin Ackley's $6 million signing bonus (tied for the largest upfront bonus in history, part of a major league contract worth up to $10 million with $7.5 million guaranteed).[22][92]

[edit] Future

  • Boras client Matt Holliday is headlining the free agent market following the 2009 major league season.[93]
  • Boras advisee Bryce Harper, who appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated in June 2009 at age 16, is expected to be the first overall pick in the 2010 draft.[94]
  • In September 2009, top amateur prospect Anthony Ranaudo announced that he would retain Boras as his advisor for the 2010 amateur draft.[95]

[edit] List of clients and advisees

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[edit] Major League

[edit] Minor League

[edit] Amateur

[edit] References

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  2. ^ a b "Pacific Baseball Record Book". Pacific Tigers 2009 Baseball Media Guide. http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/paci/sports/m-basebl/auto_pdf/BaseballRecordBook.pdf. 
  3. ^ "Pacific Athletics Hall of Fame". University of the Pacific. http://pacifictigers.cstv.com/hallfame/paci-hofalltime.html. 
  4. ^ "Pacific Baseball - Team Awards". University of the Pacific. http://pacifictigers.cstv.com/sports/m-basebl/mtt/paci-m-basebl-teamawards.html. 
  5. ^ a b "Scott Boras Minor League Statistics & History". Baseball-Reference. http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=boras-001sco. 
  6. ^ Official Baseball Guide 1977. The Sporting News. 1977. 
  7. ^ a b c d Tom Verducci (June 14, 1993). "Big Deals - For agents Scott Boras and Dennis Gilbert, baseball is a bonanza". Sports Illustrated. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1138685/3/index.htm. 
  8. ^ "McGeorge School of Law Alumni Profiles". McGeorge School of Law. http://www.mcgeorge.edu/x4142.xml. 
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  12. ^ Jon Erlichman (August 21, 2009). "For the Record: Baseball on Downturn Times". Bloomberg Television. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EIVbL_hxXXw. 
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  18. ^ Bryan Curtis (May 9, 2001). "Scott Boras, Motherhood, and Apple Pie". Slate Magazine. http://www.slate.com/id/105783/. 
  19. ^ Jeff Passan (June 5, 2006). "The arm that changed the Major League draft". Yahoo! Sports. http://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/news?slug=jp-taylor060506. 
  20. ^ Tim Casey (January 22, 2006). "A small-town boy becomes a big-time force in baseball". Sacramento Bee. 
  21. ^ a b Bill Shaikin (August 17, 2009). "Stephen Strasburg gets a record $15.1-million deal with the Nationals". Los Angeles Times. 
  22. ^ a b Jim Callis (August 17, 2009). "$160.2 Million Spent In Top 10 Rounds". http://www.baseballamerica.com/blog/draft/?p=1755. 
  23. ^ a b Tim Brown (August 18, 2009). "What a peach: Boras orchestrates satisfaction". Yahoo! Sports. http://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/news?slug=ti-boras081809&prov=yhoo&type=lgns. 
  24. ^ a b Bob Nightengale (November 14, 2006). "Boras is baseball's bigger deal man". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2006-11-14-boras-cover_x.htm. 
  25. ^ GGL and New York Yankee Johnny Damon Launch the Professional Baseball Video Game League
  26. ^ "Sports Training for Baseball Superstars - Major League Muscle", Men's Health: 114, May 2009, http://menshealth.coverleaf.com/menshealth/200905/?pg=133#pg133 
  27. ^ Larry Stone (March 23, 2008). "Mariners prospect Carlos Triunfel has the touch of greatness". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/larrystone/2004300142_stone23.html. 
  28. ^ Evan Grant (December 4, 2005). "Inside Scott Boras Corp.". The Dallas Morning News. http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/spt/baseball/rangers/stories/120405dnspoborastrinkets.259f7ba.html. 
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  35. ^ Jack Curry (December 13, 2004). "Ultimate Salesman, Pitching the Biggest Stars in Baseball". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/13/sports/baseball/13boras.html. 
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  38. ^ Jon Heyman (November 29, 1998). "Powerful Boras Holds Many of the Free-Agent Cards". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1998/nov/29/sports/sp-48748. 
  39. ^ Joe Sexton (December 10, 1992). "Maddux Bolts, and Yankees Feel Jilted". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/10/sports/baseball-maddux-bolts-and-yankees-feel-jilted.html. 
  40. ^ Peter Gammons (May 6, 2000). "They did it right when they built Pac Bell". ESPN. http://espn.go.com/gammons/s/0506.html. 
  41. ^ Thomas Boswell (September 23, 2004). "In a Pinch, Reinsdorf Ready to Start Swinging". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43200-2004Sep22.html. 
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