Sea Shepherd Conservation Society

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Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
Logo
Logo

Flag
Flag
Founders Paul Watson
Type 501(c)(3)
Founded 1977 in Oregon,  United States
Headquarters Friday Harbor, Washington,  United States
Melbourne  Australia
Area served Global
Focus Environmentalism, Marine conservation
Method Direct action
Slogan Investigating violations; Enforcing laws; Protecting marine wildlife worldwide
Website http://www.seashepherd.org

The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society is a non-profit environmental organization based in Friday Harbor, Washington in the United States and in Melbourne, Australia for its Southern Hemisphere operations. Members undertake campaigns that the society says are guided by the United Nations World Charter for Nature and other statutory laws protecting marine species and environments.[1] It operates a fleet of vessels it calls Neptune's Navy: the MV Steve Irwin, and the RV Sirenian, as well as several smaller boats. The group used the Ocean Warrior, later renamed the RV Farley Mowat as its flagship.[2] The vessel was seized by the Canadian government in May 2009.[3]

The Sea Shepherds garnered international criticism and international praise for their extralegal direct actions against whalers. [4] The society was founded in 1977 by Paul Watson, an early member of Greenpeace, after a dispute with the organization over the philosophy of only "bearing witness" to the killing of whales.[5] In 2008, Animal Planet began filming the weekly series Whale Wars based on the group's encounters.

On its official website, Sea Shepherd defines its mission as the following:

'Established in 1977, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) is an international non-profit, marine wildlife conservation organization. Our mission is to end the destruction of habitat and slaughter of wildlife in the world's oceans in order to conserve and protect ecosystems and species.

Sea Shepherd uses innovative direct-action tactics to investigate, document, and take action when necessary to expose and confront illegal activities on the high seas. By safeguarding the biodiversity of our delicately-balanced ocean ecosystems, Sea Shepherd works to ensure their survival for future generations.'

—Sea Shepherd Conservation Society[6]

Contents

[edit] Organization

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Sea Shepherd engages in conventional protests and what it calls direct actions to protect such marine wildlife as seals, dolphins and whales. Direct actions have included scuttling commercial fishing vessels while in harbor, disabling vessels in harbor, ramming, throwing glass bottles of butyric acid on the decks of vessels at sea, boarding of whaling vessels while at sea, and seizure and destruction of drift nets at sea. Sea Shepherd has also conducted an intense media campaign against Japanese whaling and the Canadian sealing industry in particular.

A wildlife advocate during an education session on board RV Farley Mowat.

In its anti-whaling efforts, the society attempts to deter Japanese ships that hunt minke and fin whales in the name of scientific research. Sea Shepherd and other environmental groups dispute the Japanese claim of research "as a disguise for commercial whaling, which is banned."[7][8] There have been no deaths from Sea Shepherd actions. Attacking and sinking other ships has led to reports of injuries on behalf of attacked sailors and the sea shepherds themselves; including concussions, and complications from chemical attacks. A recent injury report was made by two Japanese crewmen who were attacked with a foul-smelling butyric acid stink bomb during Sea Shepherd's February 2007 action in the Ross Sea.[9]

Critics have asserted that Sea Shepherd's actions constitute violations of international law; [10] Sea Shepherd has responded by stating that its actions constitute enforcement of international maritime law under the United Nations World Charter for Nature.[citation needed]

Sea Shepherd is supported by private and corporate donations and operated by volunteers and paid staff, including Watson's wife. According to the group's web site, Sea Shepherd is funded by donations from the general public, memberships, gifts, and grants. Sea Shepherd is a legal non-government environmental organisation and in the United States has a 501(c)(3) tax exempt status. 80.8% of the organisation's revenue are spent on it's programs, while 8.9% of revenue is spent on administrative costs.[11]

Sea Shepherd has an affiliated organization, O.R.C.A. Force whose president is Watson.[citation needed]

In December 2007, the ship Robert Hunter was renamed the Steve Irwin in honor of Australian Steve Irwin ("The Crocodile Hunter").[12]

In 2007, the Robert Hunter was removed from the shipping registers of the United Kingdom and Belize.[4] The Steve Irwin now sails under the Dutch flag. [13]

[edit] Operations

A tally on the side of the Farley Mowat, showing ships that Sea Shepherd claim to have sunk.

Sea Shepherd operations have included interdiction against commercial fishing, shark poaching in the Caribbean, Canadian seal hunting, and whaling.[5][4]

Sea Shepherd claims to have sunk whaling ships. Some of the claimed attacks include:

  • 1980 – the whalers Isba I and Isba II sunk in Vigo, Spain;
  • 1998 – the whaler Morild sunk in Norway.

[edit] 1979

Sea shepherd spent a year hunting for the notorious whaling ship Sierra. In July 1979, The Sea Shepherd, manned by Watson and two others, rammed and crippled the whaler off the coast of Portugal. The crew was arrested but escaped. The Sierra was able to make it back to port for extensive repairs.[14] In December, Watson and Peter Woof[15] secretly re-entered Portugal to scuttle their own ship which had been seized.[16]

While in Lisbon in February 1980, the Sierra was sunk with limpet mines by operatives reported to be associated with Sea Shepherd.[14][17] Sea Shepherd's involvement has not been verified.

[edit] 1983

Sea Shepherd protested a Canadian seal hunt in the Gulf of St. Lawrence off the north coast of Newfoundland in March 1983. The arrival of the group led to a one day suspension of the hunt. On March 25, the Sea Shepherd II was ordered back to by Canadian authorities after the vessel came within one half mile seal hunters. Watson promised to scuttle the ship if they attempted to board it.[18] The Sea Shepherd II was fortified with barbed wire and a water cannon.[19] On March 27, the vessel was stuck in ice and Watson and three others walked across the ice to Cheticamp where they were later arrested. 15 officers boarded the ship from a Canadian Coast Guard vessel with the use of tear gas and smoke bombs. The crew was arrested without any resistance or injuries. They were charged with conspiracy to commit mischief and conspiracy to commit extortion.[20] Watson was sentenced to 15 months imprisonment.[citation needed]

[edit] 1986

In 1986, Sea Shepherd went to document and obstruct whaling in the Faroe Islands. Known as the Grindadrap, the Faroese drive whales ashore and kill them with knives. The ship had barbed-wire strung along it to prevent boarding and the crew repelled the Faroese police by shooting speed-line ropes at the police rigid-hulled inflatable boats. The Faroese police returned fire with tear gas canisters.[citation needed]

In 1986, the group scuttled two unoccupied whaling vessels, Hvalur 6 and Hvalur 7, in Reykjavík harbour, and sabotaged a whale processing station in Hvalfjörður. Iceland and other whaling nations decried this as an act of terrorism.[21] As a result of this incident, the International Whaling Commission revoked Sea Shepherd's observer status.

[edit] 1992-1994 Norwegian whaling

In late December 1992, the Sea Shepherds sabotaged the whaler Nybraena in response to Norway's decision to resume commercial whaling despite the internationally recognized 1986 nonbinding moratorium. Police found the vessel's engine room nearly full of water at her moorings in the Lofoten Islands but were able to keep it afloat.[22] The crew was at a Christmas party during the attempted sinking which Watson described as a "Christmas gift to the Atlantic and to the children of the world, so that they can have whales in the future".[23][24] Watson and another member were charged with gross destruction of property.[25] Watson was convicted in absentia and sentenced to 120 days in prison.[citation needed]

In July 1994, Sea Shepherd again operated off the coast of Norway to protest the renewed commercial and researched based whaling of minke whales. After being intercepted by the Norwegian Coast Guard in Vestfjord, the organization's Whales Forever rammed the cutter Andernes. The cutter was slightly damaged but injuries were not reported. The Andernes fired two nonexplosive warning shots at the Whales Forever in an attempt to prevent the vessel from reaching the country's main whaling port of Lofoten. The Sea Shepherd's ship then fled towards the Shetland Islands.[26][27]

In 1994, the Sea Shepherd again unsuccessfully attempted to scuttle another Norwegian whaling vessel called the Senet at its wharf in Gressvic.[28]

[edit] 1998

The group and other activists protested the Makah tribe's reestablished traditional hunt of grey whales off the coast of the Olympic Peninsula. The Makah have received international sanction and federal support for a plan to take 20 whales over the course of five years. The hunts had not occurred in 70 years due to the diminishment of the whale population by commercial whaling. In an attempt to scare the whales from the area, the group utilized underwater speakers blasting the sounds of killer whales as well as a small mock killer whale submarine.[29]

On November 2, police arrested four protesters who entered the reservation during the demonstration. All four were later released. Angry Makah seized an inflatable boat belonging to the group and threw rocks at the Sea Shepherd's 95-foot former Coast Guard vessel Sirenian. members of the tribe also seized an inflatable boat belonging to the group.[30]

The Sea Shepherd Society operated two ships in a standoff that had lasted 57 days before coming to an agreement to withdraw on November 26.[31]

[edit] 2000

Sea Shepard had been trying to put pressure on the Faroe Islands in order to stop the hunting of pilot whales.[32] In September 2000, Watson was found guilty by a court in the Faroe Islands for violation of immigration laws and illegal entry into Faroese waters. Bousquet, Earl (2001-07-23). "Ocean Warriors Confront Lucian Fishermen". Government of Saint Lucia. http://www.stlucia.gov.lc/pr2001/ocean_warriors_confront_lucian_fishermen.htm. Retrieved on 2009-07-13. </ref>

[edit] 2002

Sea Shepherd flag flying on the RV Farley Mowat.

In 2002, the Cocos Island of Costa Rica was the semi-permanent home of the Ocean Warrior. Sea Shepherd patrolled for poachers in the National Park and UNESCO World Heritage site. On April 22, they were en route to sign an agreement with the Ministry of the Environment for official approval to intervene against illegal fishing activities in the country's waters. The Ocean Warrior came across the Varadero I which the group alleges was poaching sharks. They forced the other vessel into a nearby Guatemalan port and were later charged with attempted shipwrecking by the fishermen.[33]

[edit] 2005–2006

Sea Shepherd maintained a naval patrol in the Galapagos Islands to protect sea turtles and other marine wildlife, and a campaign against the 2005 seal hunt in Canada, which includes a boycott of Canadian seafood products.

Between December 2005 and January 2006 Sea Shepherd and Greenpeace vessels were in the Southern Ocean to confront Japanese whalers. Sea Shepherd declared that they would do whatever they thought was necessary to prevent the Japanese whaling operations, even if it cost them their own ship. The Farley Mowat rammed a Japanese supply ship called the Oriental Bluebird. On January 16 the organisation declared that their fuel supplies had run out and that they were heading to shore. They claimed credit for chasing the whalers from whaling grounds and hindering operations for over 15 days.[34]

[edit] 2007

In February 2007, the Robert Hunter and Farley Mowat participated in "Operation Leviathan" by surrounding the Japanese whaling vessel Kaiko Maru to attempt to prevent the vessel from continuing its hunting. The Robert Hunter and Farley Mowat obstructed the path of the whaling ship,[35] and the Robert Hunter and Kaiko Maru collided with each other. The Robert Hunter suffered a 3-foot long gash in the hull above the waterline at the stern of the ship.[36]

[edit] 2008

[edit] Operation Migaloo

MV Steve Irwin arriving in Melbourne, 2008

The recent 2007-08 Antarctic campaign was named Operation Migaloo, after the only known albino humpback in the world.[37] and is the focus of the first season of Animal Planet's reality TV series Whale Wars, which premiered on November 7, 2008.

On January 15, 2008, after attempting to entangle the whaling vessel's propeller and throwing containers of butyric acid onto the decks,[38] two Sea Shepherd members Benjamin Potts and Giles Lane from the Sea Shepherd vessel MV Steve Irwin boarded the Japanese whaling vessel Yushin Maru No. 2 while both vessels were underway.

The crew of the Yushin Maru No. 2 detained the men for two days, before turning them over to the Australian customs vessel MV Oceanic Viking; subsequently, the Steve Irwin rendezvoused with the Oceanic Viking and the two crewmembers were returned to Sea Shepherd.[38][39][40][41] On March 3, 2008 Sea Shepherd members threw bottles of butyric acid and packages of slippery powder onto the Japanese vessel Nisshin Maru. Three on board claimed injuries, with one reporting acid in his eyes, according to a report in the Yomiuri Shimbun, though "on Japanese claims the four crew had been hurt, Watson said: "They are so full of crap. "We filmed and photographed the entire thing. Not a single thing landed anywhere near their crew ... It is their way of trying to get sympathy."[42][43] The Japanese deputy foreign minister Itsunori Onodera summoned the ambassadors of the Netherlands and Australia and requested to take "immediate and appropriate actions". The Australian ambassador expressed his "sincere regret" to the incident. He also referred to the statement from the Australian foreign minister Stephen Smith who condemned any kind of violence against the Japanese crew members.[44]

The International Whaling Commission issued a statement on March 8, 2008 that "called upon the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society to refrain from dangerous actions that jeopardise safety at sea, and on vessels and crews concerned to exercise restraint."[45] The statement also reiterated earlier IWC resolutions from May and July 2007 that read in part, "The commission and its contracting governments do not condone and in fact condemn any actions that are a risk to human life and property in relation to the activities of vessels at sea."[46][47]


On March 17, 2008 Paul Watson alleges he was shot by the Japanese crew or coast guard personnel during the campaign. The incident is heavily documented during the show in the final episode, and the first six episodes are covered as a buildup to what is portrayed as the major incident during the campaign. The footage in "Whale Wars" shows Watson standing on the deck of the Steve Irwin while Sea Shepherd crew throws stink bombs made of glass bottles filled with butyric acid at the Nisshin Maru whaling vessel.[48] The Japanese respond by throwing flashbang devices. Watson is then shown reaching inside his jacket and bullet-proof vest and remarking "I've been hit." Back inside the bridge of the Steve Irwin, a metal fragment is found inside the vest.[49] The Australian Foreign Affairs Department condemned the incident.[50]

On 17 September 2008, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department announced that the Interpol put three Sea Shepherd members on an international wanted list, on suspicion of interfering with Japan’s whaling activities in the Antarctic Ocean on 12 February 2007.[51]

On 9 April 2008, first mate Peter Brown was described in a newspaper article as saying that the incident only became a hostage situation because the Sea Shepherd vessel left the scene, so the Japanese would be forced to hold the two crewmen longer. He was also quoted as saying, "It's all giant street theater."[41]

[edit] Canadian Seal Hunt

The MV Farley Mowat operated during Canadian seal hunting in March and April 2008. The group contends it was in international waters observing Canada's seal hunt while Canadian authorities allege the vessel was harassing the seal hunters.

On 29 March 2008 the MV Farley Mowat and a Canadian Coast Guard ship collided.[52] The coast guard icebreaker had put itself between the Farley Mowat and a smaller seal hunter's boat. The group says their vessel was rammed while the Canadian Fisheries and Oceans department says the coast guard ship was grazed by the Farley Mowat.[53]

The captain and first officer were arrested for bringing their vessel to within one-half nautical mile of seal hunters on March 30, April 11, and April 12. The location of the boat at the time of the seizure is controversial. Sea Shepherd claims the boat was seized illegally in international waters. The Fisheries minister claims that the boat was seized in Canadian waters. On 2 July 2008, they entered a plea of not guilty.The lawyer set to defend the Captain and First Mate has withdrawn from the case.[54] They did not want to be represented by a Sydney lawyer and were not represented during their four-day trial. On June 30, they were convicted of endangering lives.[55] The judge found that they had been warned to back away from the sealers but ignored the radioed commands. The MV Farley Mowat remains unsold in Sidney.[56]

[edit] 2009

MV Steve Irwin in Hobart, 2009

[edit] Operation Musashi

The current 2008-2009 Antarctic campaign is named Operation Musashi after the 17th-century Japanese strategist Miyamoto Musashi.[57] On December 4, 2008, actress Daryl Hannah joined Sea Shepherd's crew aboard the Steve Irwin to take part in this season's operation.[58]

[edit] Collision with Yushin Maru 2

On February 6, 2009, Watson reported that the Steve Irwin had collided with the Yushin Maru 2 as the harpoon vessel tried to block its attempt to prevent the transfer of a dead whale up the slipway of the factory ship Nisshin Maru. As Watson explained the incident, "We were in the process of blocking the transfer from the Yushin Maru 2 when the Yushin Maru 1 moved directly in front of the bow to block us. I could not turn to starboard without hitting the Yushin Maru 1. I tried to back down but the movement of the Yushin Maru 2 made the collision unavoidable."[59] The Japanese whalers blamed Sea Shepherd for the crash, characterizing the incident as a "deliberate ramming."[60][61] The collision occurred while filming an episode of Whale Wars.[62]

[edit] Criticism

 This article's Criticism or Controversy section(s) may mean the article does not present a neutral point of view of the subject. It may be better to integrate the material in such sections into the article as a whole. (May 2009)

Sea Shepherd has been criticized primarily for crew safety issues and its direct action tactics.

In 1994, International Whaling Commission Secretary Ray Gambell stated "the IWC and all its members ardently condemn Sea Shepherd's acts of terrorism".[63] Sea Shepherd's actions were also condemned at the body's meetings in 2006, 2007, and 2008.[64]

The Institute of Cetacean Research, a Japanese government-sponsored whaling and whale research group, has been critical of Sea Shepherd.[65] The organization objects to the use of butyric acid, that at a minimum makes it difficult to work on the decks of affected ships because of the substance's nauseating effects. Industrial safety data sheets warn of the corrosive properties of the acid, which can irritate skin and eyes and harm aquatic organisms.[66][67] Ther have been claims of injuries by Japanese whalers [42] the Sea Shepherds assert that their actions have never caused violence or injury during the enforcement of those laws.[68]

In 2002 James F. Jarboe, Domestic Terrorism Section Chief, Counterterrorism Division, United States Federal Bureau of Investigation, told a House of Representitives Subcommittee on Forests and Forest Health: "Since 1977, when disaffected members of the ecological preservation group Greenpeace formed the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and attacked commercial fishing operations by cutting drift nets, acts of 'eco-terrorism' have occurred around the globe."[4]

Typical proponents of conservation have also raised concerns. New Zealand Conservation Minister Chris Carter criticized Sea Shepherd as irresponsible for using tactics such as running into whaling ships with a "can opener" device". The governments of both Australia and New Zealand, however, have characterized their actions as violent towards the whalers.[69][70] These have prompted the government of the Netherlands to proceed with steps to remove the Steve Irwin from its shipping registries. [71]

Dr. Sidney Holt, formerly of the International Whaling Commission and a chief architect of the 1986 moratorium on whaling, has called Watson's involvement in anti-whaling an "absolute disaster" for the cause. He referenced "blowback" for those who want to see an end to whaling and "creating danger for other ships".[14]

Bill Rossiter, the president of the Cetacean Society International , was critical of the Sea Shepherd after the 2004 campaign to defend dolphins in Taiji, Japan. He said that their release of captured dolphins "played into the hands of the authorities" and prevented other groups from documenting the activities at Tiji.[72]

[edit] Greenpeace

Watson was one of the founders of Greenpeace in 1972 and the first officer on its early campaigns against whaling and Canadian seal hunting. In 1977 Watson was voted off the Greenpeace board of directors. The organization has been critical of Sea Shepherd which Watson formed a year after being removed.[14] Greenpeace has criticized Sea Shepherd for the group's tactics,[73] particularly regarding its interaction with whaling ships while at sea. The rival environmental group maintains Sea Shepherd is a violent organization whose tactics may endanger the lives of fishermen and whalers.[74][75]

Greenpeace has called Watson a violent extremist and an eco-terrorist and will no longer comment on his activities.[14]

[edit] Supporters

 This article's Criticism or Controversy section(s) may mean the article does not present a neutral point of view of the subject. It may be better to integrate the material in such sections into the article as a whole. (May 2009)

As a nonprofit orgazization, Sea Shepherd relies heavily on support and endorsements, which include:

[edit] Whaling and fishing industry

In 2006, Horst Klienschmidt, outgoing Vice Chair of the International Whaling Commission, a traditional opponent of Sea Shepherd, joined the group as an adviser and now a sitting director of Sea Shepherd South Africa. [76]

[edit] Science and education

[edit] Political leadership endorsements

  • Former Australian Minister of the Environment Ian Campbell has endorsed Sea Shepherd.[78]
  • The Five Nations Iroquois Confederacy [79]
  • The Green Party of Tasmania, the home port of the Sea Shepherd flag ship MV Steve Irwin, has endorsed and supported the Society in various ways, including advocacy within the Australian government and public endorsement of the group.[80] In 2009, after Australian authorities seized film footage and ships logs following anti-whaling operations against Japan, Greens leader Bob Brown demanded that Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd should order their immediate return.[81]
  • In September 1998, the Dalai Lama sent Sea Shepherd an official message declaring his support.[82]

[edit] Media endorsement

  • Marine wildlife photographer Robert Talbot.[83]

[edit] Celebrity endorsement and activism

[edit] Books written by members of SSCS

  • David B. Morris, Earth Warrior: Overboard with Paul Watson and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 1995). ISBN 1-55591-203-6
  • Rik Scarce, Eco-Warriors: Understanding the Radical Environmental Movement, second revised ed. (1990; Left Coast Press, 2005), Ch. 6. ISBN 978-1598740288
  • Paul Watson, Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy (Los Angeles: Chaco Press, 1993). ISBN 0-9616019-5-7
  • Paul Watson, Ocean Warrior: My Battle to End the Illegal Slaughter on the High Seas (1994; Key Porter Books, 1996). ISBN 978-1550135992
  • Paul Watson, Seal Wars: Twenty-five Years in the Front Lines with the Harp Seals (2002; Firefly Books, 2003). ISBN 978-1552977514

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2002/jun/03/fish.food
  2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1938213.stm
  3. ^ http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/mowat-officers-convicted-on-seal-hunt-charges/article1203849/
  4. ^ a b c d Parry, Lloyd (9 February 2007). "Whalers aid in Antarctic rescue of environmentalists" (HTML). Times Online. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1358479.ece. Retrieved on 8 June 2009. 
  5. ^ a b Heller, Peter. "The Whale Warriors: Whaling in the Antarctic Seas" (HTML). National Geographic. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0605/features/whales-5.html. Retrieved on 2007-02-10. 
  6. ^ http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/
  7. ^ "Australia condemns bloody killing of whale and calf by Japanese fleet". Times Newspapers Ltd.. 8 February 2008. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3325580.ece. 
  8. ^ "Kyokuyo Joins Maruha to End Whale Meat Sales in Japan". Bloomberg News. 30 May 2007. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=aPhG1CfyPue0. 
  9. ^ "Whaling acid attack terrorist act: Japan" (HTML). Reuters via The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 February 2007. http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Whaling-acid-attack-terrorist-act-Japan/2007/02/09/1170524300133.html. Retrieved on 11 February 2007. 
  10. ^ http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=aEoBPqiTHEgg&refer=japan
  11. ^ Charity Navigator http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=5784 Accessed Jul, 14, 2009
  12. ^ Wotherspoon, Sarah (2007-12-05). "Protest ship renamed to honour Croc Hunter Steve Irwin". Herald Sun. http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22871246-2862,00.html. Retrieved on 2009-07-14. 
  13. ^ Khatchadourian, Raffi (5 November 2007). "Neptune’s Navy". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/11/05/071105fa_fact_khatchadourian. Retrieved on 18 January 2008. 
  14. ^ a b c d e f "Paul Watson: Sea Shepherd eco-warrior fighting to stop whaling and seal hunts". Telegraph.co.uk. 2009-04-17. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/5166346/Paul-Watson-Sea-Shepherd-eco-warrior-fighting-to-stop-whaling-and-seal-hunts.html. Retrieved on 2009-07-15. 
  15. ^ Spokane Daily Chronicle, Jan 3, 1980 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BKYSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KvkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6969,1486411&dq=sea-shepherd
  16. ^ "Environmentalist to discuss battles to save whales, seals". Wilmington Morning Star: pp. 3C. 1983-04-19. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uG4WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ixMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6983,1070070&dq=sea-shepherd. Retrieved on 2009-07-15. 
  17. ^ The Bulletin, Feb 7, 1980 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6YsSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1fYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3368,5541633&dq=sea-shepherd
  18. ^ "17 Protesting Seal Hunt Arrested". Toledo Blade: pp. 11. 1983-03-28. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AHkUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=swIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6143,9063147&dq=sea-shepherd. Retrieved on 2009-07-14. 
  19. ^ "Anti-Sealing Vessel Boarded". The Spokesman-Review: pp. 3. 1983-03-28. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WdURAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nu4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2081,6644518&dq=sea-shepherd. Retrieved on 2009-07-14. 
  20. ^ "Anti-Seal hunt Protectors Charged". Ellensburg Daily Record: pp. 7. 1983-03-30. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EzcQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=944DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3267,7904102&dq=sea+shepherd+extortion. Retrieved on 2009-07-14. 
  21. ^ Sveinn Birkir BjörnssonWhaler Down: Looking back at the sinking of the whaleboats in 1986 Reykjavik Grapevine, 03 Nov 2006.
  22. ^ "Elsewhere... REKEFJORD, Norway". St. Petersburg Times: pp. 5A. 1992-12-29. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w_cNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9HoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3188,3385867&dq=sea-shepherd. Retrieved on 2009-07-14. 
  23. ^ "Whaling ship attacked". The Independent. 1992-12-29. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/whaling-ship-attacked-1565789.html. Retrieved on 2009-07-14. 
  24. ^ "Storm clouds over Norway as whalers get ready for hunt". Toledo Blade: pp. 2. 04-12-1993. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XH8UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TAMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6534,3323514&dq=sea-shepherd. Retrieved on 2009-07-14. 
  25. ^ "2 North Americans charged in sabotage". Toledo Blade: pp. 2. 1993-04-30. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bn8UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TAMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5646,8585614&dq=sea-shepherd. Retrieved on 2009-07-14. 
  26. ^ "Norway shoots at anti-whalers". The Ellensburg Daily Record: pp. 6. 1994-07-07. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pvgPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=M48DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6572,551229&dq=sea-shepherd+whales+forever. Retrieved on 2009-07-14. 
  27. ^ "N.C. woman on fired-on ship". Wilmington Morning Star: pp. 3B. 1994-07-07. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tO8VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9BQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3988,2304404&dq=sea-shepherd+whales+forever. Retrieved on 2009-07-14. 
  28. ^ "Arctic tradition sailing against an opposing tide". Wilmington Morning Star: pp. 5A. 1995-06-26. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5HAWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FBUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6629,4338628&dq=sea-shepherd. Retrieved on 2009-07-14 =. 
  29. ^ "When Past And Present Clash". CBS Worldwide Corp. 1998-10-01. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/1998/10/01/sunday/main18882.shtml. Retrieved on 2009-07-13. 
  30. ^ "National News Briefs; Whale Hunt Protesters Are Arrested by Police". The New York Times: pp. 19. 1998-11-2. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/02/us/national-news-briefs-whale-hunt-protesters-are-arrested-by-police.html. Retrieved on 2009-07-13. 
  31. ^ "Conservationists Who Oppose Tribal Whale Hunt Remove Boat". The New York Times: pp. 40. 1998-11-02. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/26/us/conservationists-who-oppose-tribal-whale-hunt-remove-boat.html. Retrieved on 2009-07-13. 
  32. ^ "Conservation groups call for an end to Faroe Island whale hunts". Environmental News Network. 200-09-11. http://archives.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/09/11/faroe.islands.enn/index.html. Retrieved on 2009-07-13. 
  33. ^ http://www.ticotimes.net/archive/05_10_02_4.htm
  34. ^ "Whaling protest boat out of fuel". The New Zealand Herald. 17 January 2006. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/whales-and-whaling/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501010&objectid=10364077. Retrieved on 4 June 2009. 
  35. ^ 2007.2.12 Sea Shepherd rammed The Kaiko Maru, Institute of Cetacean Research
  36. ^ "Japanese whaler, anti-whaling ship collide" (HTML). China Economic Net. 15 February 2005. http://en.ce.cn/World/Asia-Pacific/200702/15/t20070215_10442215.shtml. Retrieved on 10 June 2009. 
  37. ^ "Operation Migaloo" (HTML). Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. http://seashepherd.org/migaloo/index.html. Retrieved on 10 June 2009. 
  38. ^ a b Japan to release whaling activists, IHT/Asahi, January 17, 2008
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  76. ^ Kleinschmidt joins activists trying to stop whaling
  77. ^ Scientific, Technical, and Conservation Advisory Board
  78. ^ Ian Campbell Joins the Sea Shepherd Advisory Board
  79. ^ Featured Supporters
  80. ^ The Tasmanian Greens (21 February 2009) (HTML). Greens Welcome Steve Irwin’s Safe Return to Hobart. Press release. http://tas.greens.org.au/News/view_MR.php?ActionID=3536. Retrieved on 11 June 2009. 
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  82. ^ Featured Supporters
  83. ^ "Sea Shepherd News: Ian Campbell Joins The Sea Shepherd Advisory Board" (HTML). Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. 10 January 2008. http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/news-080110-1.html. Retrieved on 11 June 2009. 
  84. ^ "Sea Shepherd Benefit Heavy Canvas Bag" (HTML). RevHQ.com. 30 December 2008. http://revhq.com/store.revhq?Page=search&Id=REVBG01. Retrieved on 8 June 2009. 
  85. ^ "Propagandhi offers two advance songs for donations to charity" (HTML). punknews.org. 9 February 2009. http://www.punknews.org/article/32269. Retrieved on 8 June 2009. 
  86. ^ "Supporting Caste" (HTML). Propagandhi. 10 March 2009. http://propagandhi.com/supporting-caste/. Retrieved on 8 June 2009. 
  87. ^ Whale Wars Season 1 Episode 5
  88. ^ "‘MacGyver’ tackles seal hunt". CBC News. 8 March 2005. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2005/03/07/macgyver050307.html. 
  89. ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1091146/Splash-actress-Daryl-Hannah-joins-hardline-anti-whalers-Southern-Ocean-mission.html
  90. ^ Bassett, Deborah. "Kelly Slater Teams Up With Sea Shepherd" (HTML). Surfer magazine. http://surfermag.com/features/onlineexclusives/slater_joins_sea_shepherd/. Retrieved on 8 June 2009. 

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