Second Philippine Republic
| Republic of the Philippines フィリピン共和国 Repúbliká ng Pilipinas |
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| Puppet state of Japan | ||||
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| Anthem Lupang Hinirang Awit sa Paglikhâ ng Bagong Pilipinas (Hymn of the Making of a New Philippines) |
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| Capital | Manila Baguio Tokyo |
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| Language(s) | Tagalog | |||
| Government | Single-party authoritarian republic | |||
| President | José P. Laurel | |||
| Speaker of National Assembly | Benigno S. Aquino | |||
| Legislature | National Assembly | |||
| Historical era | World War II | |||
| - Established | October 14, 1943 | |||
| - Disestablished | August 17, 1945 | |||
| Area | ||||
| - 1946 | 300,000 km2 (115,831 sq mi) | |||
| Population | ||||
| - 1946 est. | 18,846,800 | |||
| Density | 62.8 /km2 (162.7 /sq mi) | |||
| Currency | Mickey Mouse money | |||
The Second Philippine Republic, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Tagalog: Repúbliká ng Pilipinas), was a state in the Philippines established on October 14, 1943 under Japanese occupation.
President Manuel L. Quezon declared Manila, the capital, an "open city" and left it under the rule of Jorge B. Vargas, as mayor. The Japanese entered the city on January 2, 1942 and established it as the capital. Japan fully captured the Philippines on May 6, 1942, after the Battle of Corregidor.
General Masaharu Homma dissolved the Commonwealth of the Philippines and established the Philippine Executive Commission, a caretaker government, with Vargas as its first chairman. All political parties were banned and replaced by the non-partisan, authoritarian KALIBAPI– Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (Tagalog for the "Organization in the Service of the New Philippines"). KALIBAPI's director-general was Benigno S. Aquino.
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[edit] Independence
A constitution was formed by the Preparatory Commission for Independence, consisting of 20 members from the KALIBAPI.[1] The Preparatory Commission, led by José P. Laurel,[2] presented its draft Constitution on September 4, 1943 and three days later, the KALIBAPI general assembly ratified the draft Constitution.[1]
By September 20, 1943, the KALIBAPI's representative groups in the country's provinces and cities elected from among themselves fifty-four members of the Philippine National Assembly, the legislature of the country, with fifty-four governors and city mayors as ex-officio members.
Three days after establishing the National Assembly, its inaugural session was held at the pre-war Legislative Building and it elected by majority Benigno S. Aquino as its first Speaker and José P. Laurel as President of the Republic of the Philippines, who was inaugurated on October 14, 1943 at the foundation of the Republic.[1]
On the same day, a "Pact of Alliance" was signed between the new Republic and the Japanese government that was ratified two days later by the National Assembly.
[edit] During the Republic
During his term, Laurel faced several difficulties that the country is facing:
- The War: Japanese troops still controlled the Philippines in spite of independence granted to them.
- Shortage of food, clothing, oil, and other necessities.
- Japanese control over the army, media, transportation, and communication.
Laurel tried to solve these situations and to prove that the independence and the republic is true. He prioritized first the food problem. He organized the agency distributing rice and increased the food production and encouraged the people living in Manila to return to their provinces.
[edit] The End of the Republic
In September 1944, Laurel officially declared war against the United States and United Kingdom.[3] Following the return of American-led Allied forces, the government of the Second Republic evacuated Manila to Baguio.[4] Laurel then placed the Republic under Martial Law on March 22, 1945 after the joint American and Filipino troops liberated Manila. The republic was formally dissolved by Laurel in Tokyo on August 17th, 1945.[4]
[edit] See also
- Emergency circulating notes
- Japanese occupation of the Philippines
- Military history of the Philippines during World War II
[edit] References
- ^ a b c "Jose P". Angelfire. http://www.angelfire.com/al4/al_den/laurel.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
- ^ "The Philippine Presidency Project". Manuel L. Quezon III, et al.. http://www.pangulo.ph/prexy_jpl.php. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
- ^ JOSE P. LAUREL. "PROCLAMATION NO. 30". http://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc_30_1944.html. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
- ^ a b Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 776. ISBN 9781576077702. http://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
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- Former countries in Southeast Asia
- Former client states
- States and territories established in 1943
- States and territories disestablished in 1945
- Former countries in Philippine history
- Japanese puppet states
- 1943 establishments
- 1945 disestablishments
- Military history of the Philippines during World War II
- Philippines in World War II
- Numbered republics
