Second Republic of South Korea

Republic of Korea 대한민국 大韓民國
← 1960–1961 →
Flag
Anthem 애국가 Aegukga
Capital	Seoul
Language(s)	Korean
Government	Republic
President	Yun Po Sun
Prime Minister
- 1960–1960	Heo Jeong
- 1960–1961	Chang Myon
Legislature	National Assembly
History
- Established	19 April 1960
- Military Coup	16 May 1961
Currency	Hwan (1953–1962)

The Second Republic of South Korea was the government of South Korea for eight months in 1960 and 1961. It succeeded the First Republic, but was followed by a military government under the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction.

Establishment

The First Republic was overthrown by widespread protests known as the "April Revolution" in April 1960. After its fall, power was briefly held by an interim administration under Heo Jeong. A new parliamentary election was held on July 29, 1960. The Democratic Party, which had been in the opposition during the First Republic, easily gained power and the Second Republic was established.

The revised constitution established a parliamentary system. The president was elected by both houses of the legislature and served as head of state, while the prime minister served as head of government. Due to the numerous abuses of presidential power by Syngman Rhee in the First Republic, the president's role was greatly reduced by the new constitution, to a point almost entirely ceremonial. Real power rested with the prime minister and cabinet. This was the first and the only instance South Korea turned to a cabinet system instead of a presidential system. Yun Po Sun was elected as the President on August 13, 1960. The prime minister and head of government was Chang Myon.

Politics

The Proclamation of the Second Republic of Korea, from right: Chang Myon (Prime Minister of South Korea), Yun Bo-seon (President of South Korea), Paik Nak-jun (President of the House of Councillors) and Kwak Sang-hoon (President of the Chamber of Deputies)

The Second Republic saw the end of the severe curbs on political expression that had been in place under the Rhee regime. As a result, freedom returned, and with it came an increase in political activity. Much of this activity was from leftist and student groups, which had been instrumental in the overthrow of the First Republic. Union membership and activity grew rapidly during the later months of 1960. Around 2,000 demonstrations were held during the eight months of the Second Republic.

Under pressure from the left, the Chang government carried out a series of purges of military and police officials who had been involved in anti-democratic activities or corruption. A Special Law to this effect was passed on October 31, 1960. 40,000 people were placed under investigation; of these, more than 2,200 government officials and 4,000 police officers were purged. In addition, the government considered reducing the size of the army by 100,000, although this plan was shelved.

Economy

In economic terms as well, the government was faced with mounting instability. The government formulated a five-year economic plan, although it was unable to act on it prior to being overthrown. The Second Republic saw the won lose half of its value against the dollar between fall 1960 and spring 1961. Unemployment and wholesale prices also rose during this period.

Notes

1. ^ Yonhap (2004, p. 270).
2. ^ Yang (1999, p. 196); Nam (1996, pp. 410-412); Yonhap (2004, p. 270).
3. ^ Yang (1999, p. 196). Nam (1996, p. 412) gives "2,000."
4. ^ Nam (1996, p. 411).
5. ^ Nam (1996, p. 411).
6. ^ Nam, loc. cit.
7. ^ Nam (1996, p. 412); Yonhap (2004, pp. 270-271).
8. ^ Nam (1996, p. 412).

References

• Cumings, Bruce (1997). Korea's place in the sun. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-31681-5. 
• Lee, Ki-baek, tr. by E.W. Wagner & E.J. Shultz (1984). A new history of Korea (rev. ed.). Seoul: Ilchogak. ISBN 89-337-0204-0. 
• Nahm, Andrew C. (1996). Korea: A history of the Korean people (2nd ed.). Seoul: Hollym. ISBN 1-56591-070-2. 
• Yang, Sung Chul (1999). The North and South Korean political systems: A comparative analysis (rev. ed.). Seoul: Hollym. ISBN 1-56591-105-9. 
• Yonhap News Agency (2004). Korea Annual 2004. Seoul: Author. ISBN 89-7433-070-9.