Sentence clause structure
In grammar, clause structure refers to the classification of sentences based on the number and kind of clauses in their syntactic structure. Such division is an element of traditional grammar.
A simple sentence consists of only one clause. A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses. A complex sentence has at least one independent clause plus at least one dependent clause.[1]
A sentence consisting of one or more dependent clauses plus two or more independent clauses may be called a complex-compound sentence or compound-complex sentence.[2]
Sentence 1 is an example of a simple sentence. Sentence 2 is compound, while sentence 3 is complex. Sentence 4 is compound-complex (also known as complex-compound).
- I like pumpkin pie.
- I don't know how to bake, so I buy my sweets.
- I enjoyed the apple pie that you bought for me.
- The dog lived in the garden, but the cat, which was smarter, lived inside the house.
The simple sentence in example 1 contains one clause. Example two has two clauses (I don't know how to bake and I buy my sweets), combined into a single sentence with the coordinating conjunction so. In example 3, I enjoyed the apple pie is an independent clause, and that you bought for me is a dependent clause; the sentence is thus complex. In sentence 4, The dog lived in the garden and the cat lived inside the house are both independent clauses; which was smarter is a dependent clause.
Simple sentences
A simple sentence structure contains one independent clause and no dependent clauses.[3]
- I run.
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, I, and one predicate, run.
- The girl ran into her bedroom.
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, girl, and one predicate, ran into her bedroom. The predicate is a verb phrase that consists of more than one word.
- In the backyard, the dog barked and howled at the cat.
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, dog, and one predicate, barked and howled at the cat. This predicate has two verbs, known as a compound predicate: barked and howled. This compound verb should not be confused with a compound sentence. In the backyard and at the cat are prepositional phrases.
Compound sentences
A compound sentence is composed of at least two independent clauses. It does not require a dependent clause. The clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction (with or without a comma), a semicolon that functions as a conjunction, a colon instead of a semicolon between two sentences when the second sentence explains or illustrates the first sentence and no coordinating conjunction is being used to connect the sentences, or a conjunctive adverb preceded by a semicolon. A conjunction can be used to make a compound sentence. Conjunctions are words such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (the first letters of which spell "fanboys"). The use of a comma to separate two independent clauses without the addition of an appropriate conjunction is called a comma splice and is generally considered an error (when used in the English language).[3]
Complex and complex-compound sentences
A complex sentence has one or more dependent clauses (also called subordinate clauses). Since a dependent clause cannot stand on its own as a sentence, complex sentences must also have at least one independent clause. A sentence with two or more independent clauses plus one or more dependent clauses is called compound-complex or complex-compound.
In addition to a subject and a verb, dependent clauses contain a subordinating conjunction or similar word. There are a large number of subordinating conjunctions in English. Some of these give the clause an adverbial function, specifying time, place, or manner. Such clauses are called adverbial clauses.
- When I stepped out into the bright sunlight, from the darkness of the movie house, I had only two things on my mind. (S. E. Hinton, The Outsiders)
This complex sentence contains an adverbial clause, When I stepped out into the bright sunlight from the darkness of the movie house. The adverbial clause describes when the action of the main clause, I had only two things on my mind, took place.
A relative clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun or noun phrase in the independent clause. In other words, the relative clause functions similar to an adjective.
- Let him who has been deceived complain. (Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote)
- You, who have never known your family, see them standing around you. (J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone)
In the first example, the restrictive relative clause who has been deceived specifies or defines the meaning of him in the independent clause, Let him complain. In the second example, the non-restrictive relative clause who have never known your family describes you in the independent clause, You see them standing around you.
A noun clause is a dependent clause that functions like a noun. A noun clause may function as the subject of a clause, or as a predicate nominative or an object.
- What she had realised was that love was that moment when your heart was about to burst. (Stieg Larsson, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo)
In this sentence the independent clause contains two noun clauses. The noun clause What she had realized serves as the subject of the verb was, and that love was that moment serves as complement. The sentence also contains an adverbial clause, when your heart was about to burst.
Incomplete sentence
An incomplete sentence, or sentence fragment, is one which cannot meaningfully stand alone: in particular, prescriptive grammarians would argue, one which does not have a verb, or is a dependent clause without an independent clause as an antecedent. (Such as this.) Some rules of prescriptive grammarians[4] such as not starting a sentence with a conjuction such as "but" or "and" might also consider such sentences as incomplete sentences, but some style guides such as the Chicago Manual of Style state that this teaching has "no historical or grammatical foundation".[5] Computer grammar checkers often highlight incomplete sentences, but most descriptive grammarians would argue that if the context is clear from the rest of the paragraph, an incomplete sentence is perfectly acceptable English.[6][7]
References
- ^ Huddleston, Rodney (1984). Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29704-2.
- ^ "The Compound-Complex Sentence" (PDF). Evergreen Writing Center. 16 April 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.[unreliable source?]
- ^ a b Rozakis, Laurie (2003). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Grammar and Style pp. 167–168. Alpha. ISBN 1-59257-115-8.
- ^ e.g. H. W. Fowler in Modern English Usage on BUT, p. 60 in the first edition.
- ^ The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2010. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-226-10420-1.
- ^ "Sentence fragments". commnet.edu. 20 December 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
- ^ "Sentence Fragments" (PDF). englishforeveryone.org. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
External links
- "Sentence Types". Online Writing Lab. Purdue University. 1995. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
- Campos Noguera, José Manuel. "Complex sentences". English Post: English Language Learning and Teaching. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
- "Forming Complex Sentences with Subordinating Conjunctions" (PDF).
- "Independent and Dependent Clauses" (PDF).