Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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The Democratic Republic of the Congo

Human Rights Watch defines sexual violence as “an act of a sexual nature by force, or by threat of force or coercion,” and rape as “a form of sexual violence during which the body of a person is invaded, resulting in penetration, however slight, of any part of the body of the victim, with a sexual organ, or of the anal or genital opening of the victim with any object or other part of the body.”[1] In the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, the prevalence and intensity of rape and other forms of sexual violence has been described as the worst in the world.[2]

Contents

[edit] Background

Since 1996, sexual violence as described above has been used to intimidate, humiliate, and torture hundreds of thousands of women and girls in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[3] Rape in the Democratic Republic of Congo has frequently been described as a "weapon of war," and the United Nations officially declared rape a weapon of war in 2008.[4] War Rape makes a particularly effective weapon in genocide because not only does it destroy its physical victims, but entire communities as well.[5]

Today, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, particularly the eastern region of the country, is known as the rape capital of the world.[6] While "the law specifically prohibits and provides penalties of 10 to 20 years' imprisonment for child and forced prostitution, pimping, and trafficking for sexual exploitation....There were no reported investigations or prosecutions of traffickers during the year [2007]." [7] There is no law against spousal sexual assault. [8]

Rape is simply a fact of life in the DRC. As Noel Rwabirinba, a sixteen year old who had been a militiaman for two years said, “If we see girls, it’s our right…we can violate them”[9] This casual statement reflects a generally callous attitude towards the female sex as well as the normalization of rape in the DRC.

"The unimaginable cruelty of sexual violence reported in the DRC conflict includes public rape in front of the family and community, forced rape between victims, the introduction of objects into the victims' cavities, pouring melted rubber into women's vaginas, shooting women in the vagina and inducing abortions using sharp objects."[10]

[edit] Rape statistics

In October 2004 the human rights group Amnesty International said that 40,000 cases of rape had been reported over the previous six years, the majority occurring in South Kivu. This is an incomplete count, as the humanitarian and international organizations compiling the figures do not have access to much of the conflict area; only women who have reported for treatment are included. It is estimated that there are as many as 400,000 surviving rape victims living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo today.[11][12]

Tens of thousands of women and girls in the DRC have become victims of sexual violence over the past fifteen years. The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), a United Nations agency specializing in sexual violence in the DRC has reported that 15,996 new instances of sexual violence were recorded across the nation in 2008. There were 4,820 new cases in Northern Kivu alone. UNFPA also reported that over 65% of victims during that time were children. The majority of this percentage was adolescent girls and roughly 10% of child victims are said to be under 10 years old.[13] Again, because the majority of rapes are not reported due to victims' shame and fear of social repercussions, these statistics should be taken as the bare minimum.

The rape of men is also common. A 2010 study found that 22% of men (as compared to 30% of women) in eastern Congo reported conflict-related sexual violence. Men who admit to being raped risk ostracism by their community and criminal prosecution, because they may be seen as homosexual, which is a crime in 38 African countries.[14]

[edit] Medical ramifications

The medical repercussions of the sexual assault in the DRC vary from severed and broken limbs, burned flesh, fistulas, STIs, pregnancy, and urinary incontinence to death.[15] Adequate medical care for these injuries is very hard to come by, and many survivors remain ill or disfigured for the rest of their lives.[16] These are all more severe the younger the victim is. Young girls who are not fully developed are more likely to suffer from obstructed birth, which can lead to fistulas or even death. On a young girl, a pelvis “[hasn’t] yet grown large enough to accommodate the baby’s head, a common occurrence with young teenagers…[these girls end] up in obstructed birth, with the baby stuck inside [their] birth passage[s]…[often, they can’t] walk or stand, a consequence of nerve damage that is a frequent by-product of fistulae.”[17]

Sexual assault has also contributed to the HIV rate. "Before hostilities erupted in 1997, 5 per cent of the population was HIV positive. In 2002, that number had climbed to 20 per cent in the eastern parts of the country where conflict was most intense." [18] "The rapists often infect women with HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. The Provincial Synergy for South Kivu estimates that 22 per cent of rape victims in the province are HIV-positive." [19]

[edit] Psychological and social ramifications

There are also many psychological and social consequences to being the victim of sexual violence. Victims often suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, and suicide. This can be particularly severe in cases in which men have been forced at gunpoint to sexually assault their daughters, sisters, or mothers.[20]

The most common social consequence for victims of sexual violence is isolation from their families and communities.[20] Raped women are seen as impure, frequently leading to their being abandoned by their husbands or having trouble marrying.[21] The most extreme versions of this stigmatization can lead to "honor killings" in which the victim of sexual violence is murdered by her family or community due to the belief that she has brought them shame and dishonor.[16]

Young women and girls who are cast outside of their homes, or leave due to shame will most likely become even more vulnerable to further abuse.[13]

[edit] Perpetrators

According to Human Rights Watch, while many of the perpetrators of sexual violence are Militia groups, some of whom have been known to kidnap women and girls and use them as sex slaves,[13] the Congolese army, Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo (FARDC), is the "single largest group of perpetrators."[22] In 2007, the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) reported that 54% of all recorded sexual violence cases in the first 6 months of that year were committed by FARDC soldiers. Some commanders have been purported to overlook sexual violence perpetrated by those under their command.[23]

In June 2010, UK aid group Oxfam reported a dramatic increase in the number of rapes occurring in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Contrary to MONUSCO's 2007 report, The study found that 38% of rapes were committed by civilians in 2008. Rapes by civilians are increasing, demonstrating that sexual violence is becoming even more widespread throughout the country. This is a particularly dramatic rise compared to the number of civilian-perpetrated rapes in 2004, which was less than 1%.[24][25] Researchers from Harvard discovered that rapes committed by civilians had increased seventeenfold.[26] Consistent with these studies is a statement from Dr. Margaret Agama, the DRC's United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) representative:

"Initially, rape was used as a tool of war by all the belligerent forces involved in the country’s recent conflicts, but now sexual violence is unfortunately not only perpetrated by armed factions but also by ordinary people occupying positions of authority, neighbours, friends and family members.”

Furthermore, those raped are often intimidated into silence. "'Thousands of women have been raped, and the people who have done these things want to get off free,' says Masika, the co-ordinator of Synergie des Femmes Pour les Victimes de Violences Sexuelles. 'They threaten people who try to speak out against them, and they seek revenge on those who do. Then they attack more women'".[27]

[edit] Victim testimonies

Rapes have often been performed through the use of foreign objects such as sticks, knives, and even rifles. There have also been cases in which pistols are inserted into a victim's vagina, and fired. These crimes have been inflicted on girls as young as 3 years old.[28]

In a 2008 V-Day and UNICEF global campaign, “Stop Raping Our Greatest Resource: Power to Women and Girls in DRC,” 12 women and 2 girls recounted their sexual abuse before an audience of government and UN officials as well as other international delegates and civil society members. One of the women, Lumo Furaha, testified:

"Over 50 armed men took me and another woman to the bush where they raped us over and over again. After, they pulled us like goats to the main road where they left us abandoned."[15]

Another woman, 50 year old Zamuda, described her attack:

"The men did it with objects, it wasn’t from any physical desire. The only answer I have is that they wanted to destroy me; destroy my body and kill my spirit."[15]

Jullienne Chakupewa, a rape counselor in Goma, a city on the DRC's eastern border with Rwanda had a similar sentiment when being interviewed by reporter Nicholas Kristof:

All militias here rape women, to show their strength and to show your weakness.”[29]

Another speaker at the 2008 V-Day and UNICEF event described her assault to the audience:

"They kicked me roughly to the ground, and they ripped off all my clothes, and between the two of them, they held my feet. One took my left foot, one took my right, and the same with my arms, and between the two of them they proceeded to rape me. Then all five of them raped me.”[30]

Claudine Mwabachizi, another survivor at the event described her experience of being kidnapped by bandits, tied to a tree in the forest and gang-raped. Later, she was forced to watch as her rapist disemboweled a pregnant woman in front of her.[30]

[edit] Connection to the Rwandan Genocide

After the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, many génocidaires fled across Rwanda's western border into the DRC in hopes of escaping censure. Hutu extremist militias were reformed across the border, particularly in Kivu, the DRC's easternmost city, bringing more crime and violence to the DRC. The self-titled "liberation force," Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Rwanda (FDLR), is one example of a Rwandan rebel group compiled of former génocidaires that has been especially destructive in Kivu. In 2009, the FDLR amassed a particularly brutal attack on Northern and Southern Kivu, killing, displacing, and raping civilians, and even burning entire villages down to the ground.[31]

An October 2007 New York Times article reported on the increasing numbers of rapes occurring in the eastern Congo near Rwanda:

Eastern Congo is going through another one of its convulsions of violence, and this time it seems that women are being systematically attacked on a scale never before seen here. According to the United Nations, 27,000 sexual assaults were reported in 2006 in South Kivu Province alone, and that may be just a fraction of the total number across the country.[32]

The article also reported on the conclusions of Wilhelmine Ntakebuka, who coordinates a sexual violence program in Bukavu:

Instead, she said, the epidemic of rapes seems to have started in the mid-1990s. That coincides with the waves of Hutu militiamen who escaped into Congo’s forests after exterminating 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus during Rwanda’s genocide 13 years ago. Mr. Holmes said that while government troops might have raped thousands of women, the most vicious attacks had been carried out by Hutu militias.[32]

A New York Times article written a year later reported that U.N officials have stated that the most horrific attacks were committed by Rwandan génocidaires, whose attacks "have left thousands of women with their insides destroyed."[30]

[edit] Violence by Angola

Congolese women are being systematically raped in Angola as a means of expelling the Congolese living there.[33] With a booming mining trade, Congolese continue migrating into Angola in search of a living. Among some 26,000 people expelled since April 2011, more than 21,000 cases of serious human rights violations, including rape, beating, torture and looting, have been documented by an Italian aid agency that has a UN grant to monitor the border.[33] Human Rights Watch says the goal of the abuse is to instill fear.[33]

[edit] Preventative efforts

Increasing awareness regarding the problem of sexual violence in the DRC has led to both national and international efforts to prevent the continuation of the atrocities taking place.

In 2006, the Congolese government made some headway by passing a law criminalizing “insertion of an object into a woman’s vagina, sexual mutilation, and sexual slavery” as well as defining “any sexual relation with a minor as statutory rape.”[13] The Congolese government's department, The Ministry of Gender, Family Affairs and Children, is dedicated to dealing with sexual violence within the nation.[34]

In September 2009, following her visit to the DRC, U.S Secretary of State Hillary Clinton oversaw the adoption of the U.N Security Council Resolution 1888, which details specific efforts that must be taken to protect women from sexual violence in war-stricken regions, and measures taken to bring perpetrators to justice.[35] Clinton has also urged the Congolese government to personally investigate members of FARDC who have committed crimes of sexual violence, and FARDC generals have declared that they will set up new military tribunals to prosecute soldiers accused of sexual violence.[35][36] Additionally, she has supported a $17 million plan to combat the sexual violence in the DRC.[35]

In addition, Eve Ensler's nongovernmental organization, V-Day, has not only been crucial in the growing awareness regarding sexual violence in the DRC, but has also entered into a project with UNICEF and the Panzi Foundation to build The City of Joy, a special facility in Bukavu for survivors of sexual violence in the DRC. The center, which can host up to 180 women a year, has resources such as sexual education courses, self-defense classes, and group therapy, as well as academic classes and courses in the arts.[37] The City of Joy facility opened in February, 2011.[38]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ "Soldiers who rape, commanders who condone". Human Rights Watch. 2009-07-16. http://www.hrw.org/en/node/84366/section/6. Retrieved 2011-08-16. 
  2. ^ McCrummen, Stephanie (2007-09-09). "Prevalence of Rape in E. Congo Described as Worst in World". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/08/AR2007090801194.html. Retrieved 2009-07-17. 
  3. ^ DRC Rape Survivors Break Their Silence: Call for an End to Sexual Violence in the DRC | V-Day: A Global Movement to End Violence Against Women and Girls Worldwide. V-Day (2008-09-22). Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
  4. ^ Kristof, Nicholas D., and Sheryl WuDunn. Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009. Print.
  5. ^ Rape: Weapon of war. Ohchr.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
  6. ^ "Half the Sky" Kristof, Nicholas D., and Sheryl WuDunn. Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide, p. 84. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009. Print.
  7. ^ United States State Department, Country Report on Human Rights Practices: DR Congo, 2007), 5; as cited in www. womanstats.org
  8. ^ United States State Department, Country Report on Human Rights Practices: DR Congo, 2005), second paragraph. As cited in www. womanstats.org.
  9. ^ "Half the Sky" Kristof, Nicholas D., and Sheryl WuDunn. Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide, p. 86. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009. Print.
  10. ^ Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Global Report on Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict, 2007) Africa, 17. As cited in www.womanstats.org.
  11. ^ Cochrane, Kira (2008-05-09). "The victims' witness". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2008/may/09/women.congo. Retrieved 2009-07-17. 
  12. ^ Kort, Michelle. "A Conversation with Eve Ensler: Femicide in the Congo". Public Broadcasting Service. http://www.pbs.org/pov/lumo/special_ensler.php. Retrieved 2009-07-17. 
  13. ^ a b c d Soldiers Who Rape, Commanders Who Condone | Human Rights Watch. Hrw.org (2009-07-16). Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
  14. ^ Storr, Will (17 July 2011). "The rape of men". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2011/jul/17/the-rape-of-men. Retrieved 17 July 2011. 
  15. ^ a b c DRC Rape Survivors Break Their Silence: Call for an End to Sexual Violence in the DRC | V-Day: A Global Movement to End Violence Against Women and Girls Worldwide. V-Day (2008-09-22). Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
  16. ^ a b Countries | Amnesty International USA. Amnestyusa.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
  17. ^ Kristof, Nicholas D., and Sheryl WuDunn. Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide, p. 94. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009. Print.
  18. ^ UNFPA, A Passage to Hope: Women and International Migration, UNFPA, Publication date 2006, Access date November 3, 2009, http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2006/english.introduction.html) ch. 4, section 3, para 3. As cited in www.womanstats.org
  19. ^ United Nations Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Yakin Erturk: Mission to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2008) 14. As cited in www.womanstats.org.
  20. ^ a b Legacy of War: An Epidemic of Sexual Violence in DRC. UNFPA (2008-11-26). Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
  21. ^ Kristof, Nicholas (January 30, 2010). "Orphaned, Raped and Ignored". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/31/opinion/31kristof.html. 
  22. ^ Soldiers Who Rape, Commanders Who Condone | Human Rights Watch. Hrw.org (2009-07-16). Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
  23. ^ Soldiers Who Rape, Commanders Who Condone | Human Rights Watch. Hrw.org (2009-07-16). Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
  24. ^ Ross, Will. (2010-04-15) DR Congo gang rape crisis 'spreading', new study suggests. BBC News. Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
  25. ^ Congo report shows rape is widespread. Guardian. Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
  26. ^ Rapes 'surge' in DR Congo. Al Jazeera (2010-04-15). Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
  27. ^ Olivia Ward, Congo: Tortured Women Struggle for Justice, Toronto Star, April 17, 2008
  28. ^ Kristof, Nicholas D., and Sheryl WuDunn. Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide, p. 84. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009. Print.
  29. ^ Kristof, Nicholas D., and Sheryl WuDunn. Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide, p.84. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009. Print.
  30. ^ a b c Gettleman, Jeffrey (2008-10-18). "Rape Victims' Words Help Jolt Congo Into Change". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/18/world/africa/18congo.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1291950203-UcWVlAWT41oo3aT5XNQHGQ. 
  31. ^ [1][dead link]
  32. ^ a b Gettleman, Jeffrey (2007-10-07). "Rape Epidemic Raises Trauma of Congo War". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/07/world/africa/07congo.html?_r=1. Retrieved 2009-07-17. 
  33. ^ a b c "Angola and Congo: Bad neighbours". Economist magazine. http://www.economist.com/node/21525451. Retrieved 2011-08-16. 
  34. ^ Soldiers Who Rape, Commanders Who Condone | Human Rights Watch. Hrw.org (2009-07-16). Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
  35. ^ a b c Congo Human Rights | Amnesty International USA. Amnestyusa.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
  36. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (2008-10-18). "Rape Victims' Words Help Jolt Congo Into Change". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/18/world/africa/18congo.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1. 
  37. ^ City of Joy | V-Day Congo. Drc.vday.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
  38. ^ "Fighting Congo's Ills With Education and an Army of Women" – by Jeffrey Gettleman, New York Times, February 7, 2011

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