Shiitake

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Shiitake
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Tricholomataceae or Marasmiaceae or Omphalotaceae
Genus: Lentinula
Species: L. edodes
Binomial name
Lentinula edodes
(Berk.) Pegler
Lentinula edodes
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Mycological characteristics
gills on hymenium
cap is convex
hymenium is free
stipe is bare
spore print is white or buff
ecology is saprotrophic
edibility: choice

The Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) is an edible mushroom native to East Asia, which is cultivated and consumed in many Asian countries, as well as being dried and exported to many countries around the world. It is a feature of many Asian cuisines including Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Thai. In the East, the Shiitake mushroom has long been considered a delicacy as well as a medicinal mushroom.[1]

Contents

[edit] Taxonomy and naming

It is generally known in the English-speaking world by its Japanese name, shiitake[citation needed]. Shiitake.ogg listen (help·info) (kanji: 椎茸; literally "shii mushroom", from the Japanese name of the tree that provides the dead logs on which it is typically cultivated).

In Chinese, it is called xiānggū (香菇, literally "fragrant mushroom"). Two Chinese variant names for high grades of shiitake are dōnggū (Chinese: 冬菇, "winter mushroom") and huāgū (花菇, "flower mushroom", which has a flower-like cracking pattern on the mushroom's upper surface); both are produced at colder temperatures. Other names by which the mushroom is known in English include Chinese black mushroom and black forest mushroom. In Korean it is called pyogo (hangul: 표고; hanja: 瓢菰), in Thai they are called hed hom (เห็ดหอม, "fragrant mushroom"), and in Vietnamese they are called nấm hương ("fragrant mushroom").

The species was formerly known as Lentinus edodes and Agaricus edodes. The latter name was first applied by the English botanist Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1878.

[edit] Cultivation history

Shiitake are native to China but have been grown in both Japan and China since prehistoric times[2]. They have been cultivated for over 1,000 years; the first written record of shiitake cultivation can be traced to Wu Sang Guang, born during the Song Dynasty (AD 960–1127). However, some documents record the uncultivated mushroom being eaten as early as AD 199.

During the Ming Dynasty (AD 1368–1644), physician Wu Juei wrote that the mushroom could be used not only as a food but as a medicinal mushroom, taken as a remedy for upper respiratory diseases, poor blood circulation, liver trouble, exhaustion and weakness, and to boost qi, or life energy. It was also believed to prevent premature aging.

The Japanese cultivated the mushroom by slicing Shii trees with axes and placing the logs by trees which were already growing Shiitake or contained Shiitake mushroom spores. Before 1982 the Japanese variety of these mushrooms could only be grown in traditional locations using ancient methods. In the late 1970s, Gary F. Leatham published a doctoral thesis based on his research on the budding and growth of the Japan Islands variety; the work helped make commercial cultivation possible worldwide, and Dr. Leatham is now known in the industry as the "Father of Shiitake farming in the USA".

In the United States, Shiitake cultivation got off to a slow start, due to the USDA confusing the mushroom with an invasive species known as Lentinus lepideus. The USDA realized their mistake in 1972 and allowed importation and cultivation.[3]

[edit] Culinary use

Pyogo muchim (표고무침), a Korean dish of sauteed Shiitake

Fresh and dried shiitake have many uses in the cuisines of East Asia. In Chinese cuisine, they are often sauteed in vegetarian dishes such as Buddha's delight. In Japan, they are served in miso soup, used as the basis for a kind of vegetarian dashi, and also as an ingredient in many steamed and simmered dishes. In Korean cuisine, they are commonly used in dishes such as bulgogi (marinated grilled beef), jjigae (stews), and namul (sauteed vegetable dishes). In Thailand, they may be served either fried or steamed.

Shiitake are often dried and sold as preserved food in packages. These must be rehydrated by soaking in water before using. Many people prefer dried shiitake to fresh, considering that the sun-drying process draws out the umami flavour from the dried mushrooms by breaking down proteins into amino acids and transforms ergosterol to vitamin D. The stems of shiitake are rarely used in Japanese and other cuisines, primarily because the stems are harder and take longer to cook than the soft fleshy caps. The highest grade of shiitake are called donko in Japanese.

Today, Shiitake mushrooms have become popular in many other countries as well. Russia produces and also consumes large amounts of them, mostly sold pickled; and the shiitake is slowly making its way into western cuisine as well. There is a global industry in shiitake production, with local farms in most western countries in addition to large scale importation from China, Japan, Korea and elsewhere.

Because they can now be grown world wide, their availability is widespread and their price has decreased.

[edit] Shiitake research

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Lentinan, a beta-glucan isolated from the Shiitake mushroom.

Shiitake (椎茸, 香菇, 표고) is a popular culinary mushroom used in cuisine throughout the world. Research has demonstrated the Shiitake mushroom

Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC) is an α-glucan rich compound isolated from Shiitake.[16] AHCC is a well tolerated compound[17] that possess antioxidant activity[18][19], and is metabolized via the CYP450 2D6 pathway.[20] Research has indicated AHCC possesses the following activity.

  • Increasing resistance to pathogens in vivo (influenza virus)[21] (west nile encephalitis)[22] (bacterial infection)[23] (various infectious agents)[24] (bacterial infection)[25] (influenza virus)[26]
  • Producing an anti-cancer effect (269 human hepatocellular carcinoma patients)[27] (1 patient case study)[28] (44 hepatocellular carcinoma patients)[29]
  • Enhancing immune function[30][31] (double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 21 people)[32]

Lentinan, a compound isolated from Shiitake, is used as an intravenous anti-cancer agent in some countries.[33] Lentinan was developed by the Japanese pharmaceutical company Ajinomoto, and designed to treat cancers of the stomach.[1] Studies have demonstrated lentinan possesses anti-tumor properties[34] and human clinical studies have associated lentinan with a higher survival rate, higher quality of life, and lower re-occurrence of cancer. Clinical research with lentinan includes studies with, 78 hepatocellular carcinoma patients[35] 32 gastric cancer patients,[36] a multi-institutional study of lentinan and gastric cancer,[37] a meta-analysis of lentinan and gastric cancer,[38] 80 colorectal cancer patients,[39] 20 gastric cancer patients,[40] 36 hepatocellular carcinoma patients,[41] and 29 pancreatic cancer patients.[42] The City of Hope National Medical Center is currently conducting clinical trials to determine if a select portion of the Shiitake mushroom, which includes lentinan, can inhibit lung cancer.[43]

[edit] Other

The Shiitake Growers Cooperative, in Japan's Oita Prefecture, awards the winner of each bi-monthly Japan Sumo Association tournament (Nihon Sumo Kyokai honbasho) a ceremonial large glass filled with Shiitake mushrooms, as well as a cash prize. [2]

[edit] Shiitake gallery

Shiitake cultivation.

The Shiitake mushroom.

The Shiitake mushroom.

A Shiitake mushroom cluster.
Lentinula edodes shiitake.JPG
Shiitake growing s.jpg
Lentinula edodes USDA.jpg
Shiitake mushroom.jpg

Shiitake being cooked in a pan.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ . http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/content/ETO_5_3X_Shiitake_Mushroom.asp?sitearea=ETO. 
  2. ^ Kazuko, Emi (2006). The Complete Book of Japanese Cooking. London: Hermes House. pp. 77. ISBN 978-0-681-28004-5. 
  3. ^ . http://www.shroomery.org/8531/Getting-a-Year-round-Harvest-from-Japanese-Forest-Mushrooms. 
  4. ^ a b Yamamoto Y, Shirono H, Kono K, Ohashi Y. (Nov 1997), "Immunopotentiating activity of the water-soluble lignin rich fraction prepared from LEM--the extract of the solid culture medium of Lentinus edodes mycelia.", Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 61 (11): 1909–12, doi:10.1271/bbb.61.1909, ISSN 0916-8451, PMID 9404070 
  5. ^ Enman, J; Rova; Berglund (2007), "Quantification of the bioactive compound eritadenine in selected strains of shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes).", Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 55 (4): 1177–80, doi:10.1021/jf062559+, PMID 17256958 
  6. ^ Hirasawa M, Shouji N, Neta T, Fukushima K, Takada K (Feb 1999), "Three kinds of antibacterial substances from Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. (Shiitake, an edible mushroom).", Int J Antimicrob Agents 11 (2): 151–7, doi:10.1016/S0924-8579(98)00084-3, ISSN 0924-8579, PMID 10221419 
  7. ^ Tsujinaka T, Yokota M, Kambayashi J, Ou MC, Kido Y, Mori T (1990), "Modification of septic processes by beta-glucan administration", Eur Surg Res 22 (6): 340–6, doi:10.1159/000129120, ISSN 0014-312X, PMID 2079094 
  8. ^ Hatvani N (January 2001), "Antibacterial effect of the culture fluid of Lentinus edodes mycelium grown in submerged liquid culture.", Int J Antimicrob Agents 17 (1): 71–4, doi:10.1016/S0924-8579(00)00311-3, ISSN 0924-8579, PMID 11137653 
  9. ^ Takehara M, Kuida K, Mori K (1979), "Antiviral activity of virus-like particles from Lentinus edodes (Shiitake)", Archives of Virology 59 (3): 269–74, doi:10.1007/BF01317423, ISSN 0304-8608, PMID 222241 
  10. ^ Gordon M, Bihari B, Goosby E, Gorter R, Greco M, Guralnik M, Mimura T, Rudinicki V, Wong R, Kaneko Y (1998), "A placebo-controlled trial of the immune modulator, lentinan, in HIV-positive patients: a phase I/II trial", J Med 29 (5-6): 305–30, ISSN 0025-7850, PMID 10503166 
  11. ^ Tochikura TS, Nakashima H, Yamamoto N (1989), "Antiviral agents with activity against human retroviruses.", J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2 (5): 441–7, ISSN 0894-9255, PMID 2477523 
  12. ^ Suzuki H, Okubo A, Yamazaki S, Suzuki K, Mitsuya H, Toda S (Apr 1989), "Inhibition of the infectivity and cytopathic effect of human immunodeficiency virus by water-soluble lignin in an extract of the culture medium of Lentinus edodes mycelia (LEM).", Biochem Biophys Res Commun 160 (1): 367–73, doi:10.1016/0006-291X(89)91665-3, ISSN 0006-291X, PMID 2469420 
  13. ^ Sarkar S, Koga J, Whitley RJ, Chatterjee S (Apr 1993), "Antiviral effect of the extract of culture medium of Lentinus edodes mycelia on the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1", Antiviral Res 20 (4): 293–303, doi:10.1016/0166-3542(93)90073-R, ISSN 0166-3542, PMID 8387258 
  14. ^ Odani S, Tominaga K, Kondou S, Hori H, Koide T, Hara S, Isemura M, Tsunasawa S (Jun 1999), "The inhibitory properties and primary structure of a novel serine proteinase inhibitor from the fruiting body of the basidiomycete, Lentinus edodes" (Free full text), Eur J Biochem. 262 (3): 915–23, doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00463.x, ISSN 0014-2956, PMID 10411656, http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0014-2956&date=1999&volume=262&issue=3&spage=915 
  15. ^ Shimada S, Komamura K, Kumagai H, Sakurai H (2004), "Inhibitory activity of shiitake flavor against platelet aggregation", Biofactors 22 (1-4): 177–9, doi:10.1002/biof.5520220136, ISSN 0951-6433, PMID 15630278, http://iospress.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=0951-6433&volume=22&issue=1&spage=177 
  16. ^ Spierings EL, Fujii H, Sun B et al. (2007), "A Phase I study of the safety of the nutritional supplement, active hexose correlated compound, AHCC, in healthy volunteers", J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 53: 536–539, doi:10.3177/jnsv.53.536 
  17. ^ Spierings EL, Fujii H, Sun B, Walshe T (December 2007), "A Phase I study of the safety of the nutritional supplement, active hexose correlated compound, AHCC, in healthy volunteers" (Free full text), J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 53 (6): 536–9, doi:10.3177/jnsv.53.536, ISSN 0301-4800, PMID 18202543, http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/jnsv/53.536?from=PubMed 
  18. ^ Ye SF, Wakame K, Ichimura K, Matsuzaki S (March 2004), "Amelioration by active hexose correlated compound of endocrine disturbances induced by oxidative stress in the rat" (Free full text), Endocr Regul 38 (1): 7–13, ISSN 1210-0668, PMID 15147233, http://www.aepress.sk/_downloads/dl.php?from=pubmed&journal=ER&file=2004_01_7.pdf 
  19. ^ Ye SF, Ichimura K, Wakame K, Ohe M (December 2003), "Suppressive effects of Active Hexose Correlated Compound on the increased activity of hepatic and renal ornithine decarboxylase induced by oxidative stress", Life Sci. 74 (5): 593–602, doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2003.06.038, ISSN 0024-3205, PMID 14623030 
  20. ^ Mach CM, Fugii H, Wakame K, Smith J (Summer 2008), "Evaluation of active hexose correlated compound hepatic metabolism and potential for drug interactions with chemotherapy agents", J Soc Integr Oncol 6 (3): 105–9, ISSN 1715-894X, PMID 19087767 
  21. ^ Nogusa S, Gerbino J, Ritz BW (February 2009), "Low-dose supplementation with active hexose correlated compound improves the immune response to acute influenza infection in C57BL/6 mice", Nutr Res 29 (2): 139–43, doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2009.01.005, ISSN 0271-5317, PMID 19285605 
  22. ^ Wang S, Welte T, Fang H, et al. (March 2009), "Oral administration of active hexose correlated compound enhances host resistance to West Nile encephalitis in mice", J. Nutr. 139 (3): 598–602, doi:10.3945/jn.108.100297, ISSN 0022-3166, PMID 19141700 
  23. ^ Aviles H, O'Donnell P, Orshal J, Fujii H, Sun B, Sonnenfeld G (April 2008), "Active hexose correlated compound activates immune function to decrease bacterial load in a murine model of intramuscular infection", Am. J. Surg. 195 (4): 537–45, doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.05.045, ISSN 0002-9610, PMID 18304499 
  24. ^ Ritz BW (September 2008), "Supplementation with active hexose correlated compound increases survival following infectious challenge in mice", Nutr. Rev. 66 (9): 526–31, doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00085.x, ISSN 0029-6643, PMID 18752476 
  25. ^ Aviles H, O'Donnell P, Sun B, Sonnenfeld G (December 2006), "Active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) enhances resistance to infection in a mouse model of surgical wound infection", Surg Infect (Larchmt) 7 (6): 527–35, doi:10.1089/sur.2006.7.527, ISSN 1096-2964, PMID 17233570 
  26. ^ Ritz BW, Nogusa S, Ackerman EA, Gardner EM (November 2006), "Supplementation with active hexose correlated compound increases the innate immune response of young mice to primary influenza infection" (Free full text), J. Nutr. 136 (11): 2868–73, ISSN 0022-3166, PMID 17056815, http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17056815 
  27. ^ Matsui Y, Uhara J, Satoi S, et al. (July 2002), "Improved prognosis of postoperative hepatocellular carcinoma patients when treated with functional foods: a prospective cohort study", J. Hepatol. 37 (1): 78–86, doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(02)00091-0, ISSN 0168-8278, PMID 12076865 
  28. ^ Turner J, Chaudhary U (March 2009), "Dramatic prostate-specific antigen response with activated hemicellulose compound in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer", Anticancer Drugs 20 (3): 215–6, doi:10.1097/CAD.0b013e3283163c26, ISSN 0959-4973, PMID 19104437 
  29. ^ Cowawintaweewat S, Manoromana S, Sriplung H, et al. (March 2006), "Prognostic improvement of patients with advanced liver cancer after active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) treatment", Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 24 (1): 33–45, ISSN 0125-877X, PMID 16913187 
  30. ^ Gao Y, Zhang D, Sun B, Fujii H, Kosuna K, Yin Z (October 2006), "Active hexose correlated compound enhances tumor surveillance through regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses", Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 55 (10): 1258–66, doi:10.1007/s00262-005-0111-9, ISSN 0340-7004, PMID 16362410 
  31. ^ Aviles H, Belay T, Vance M, Sun B, Sonnenfeld G (October 2004), "Active hexose correlated compound enhances the immune function of mice in the hindlimb-unloading model of spaceflight conditions" (Free full text), J. Appl. Physiol. 97 (4): 1437–44, doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00259.2004, ISSN 8750-7587, PMID 15194672, http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15194672 
  32. ^ Terakawa, N; Matsui, Y; Satoi, S; Yanagimoto, H; Takahashi, K; Yamamoto, T; Yamao, J; Takai, S et al. (2008), "Immunological effect of active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) in healthy volunteers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study", Nutr Cancer 60 (5): 643–51, doi:10.1080/01635580801993280, ISSN 0163-5581, PMID 18791928 
  33. ^ "Lentinian", About herbs (Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center), 2009, http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/69279.cfm 
  34. ^ Kim H, Kacew S, Lee B (Aug 1999), "In vitro chemopreventive effects of plant polysaccharides (Aloe barbadensis miller, Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum and Coriolus versicolor)" (Free full text), Carcinogenesis 20 (8): 1637–40, doi:10.1093/carcin/20.8.1637, ISSN 0143-3334, PMID 10426820, http://carcin.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10426820 
  35. ^ Yang P, Liang M, Zhang Y, Shen B. (Aug 2008), "Clinical application of a combination therapy of lentinan, multi-electrode RFA and TACE in HCC.", Adv Ther. 25 (8): 787–94, doi:10.1007/s12325-008-0079-x, ISSN 0741-238X, PMID 18670743 
  36. ^ Nimura H, Mitsumori N, Takahashi N, (Jun 2006), "[S-1 combined with lentinan in patients with unresectable or recurrent gastric cancer]", Gan to Kagaku Ryoho. 33 (1): 106–9, ISSN 0385-0684, PMID 16897983 
  37. ^ Nakano H, Namatame K, Nemoto H, Motohashi H, Nishiyama K, Kumada K. (Jul 1999), "A multi-institutional prospective study of lentinan in advanced gastric cancer patients with unresectable and recurrent diseases: effect on prolongation of survival and improvement of quality of life. Kanagawa Lentinan Research Group.", Hepatogastroenterology. 46 (28): 2662–8, ISSN 0172-6390, PMID 10522061 
  38. ^ Oba K, Kobayashi M, Matsui T, Kodera Y, Sakamoto J (July 2009), "Individual Patient Based Meta-analysis of Lentinan for Unresectable/Recurrent Gastric Cancer", Anticancer Res. 29 (7): 2739–45, ISSN 0250-7005, PMID 19596954 
  39. ^ Hazama S, Watanabe S, Ohashi M, et al. (July 2009). "Efficacy of orally administered superfine dispersed lentinan ({beta}-1,3-glucan) for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer". Anticancer Res 29 (7): 2611–7. PMID 19596936. 
  40. ^ Kataoka H, Shimura T, Mizoshita T, et al. (Mar 2009), "Lentinan with S-1 and paclitaxel for gastric cancer chemotherapy improve patient quality of life", Hepatogastroenterology 56 (90): 547–50, ISSN 0172-6390, PMID 19579640 
  41. ^ Isoda N, Eguchi Y, Nukaya H, et al. (Mar 2009), "Clinical efficacy of superfine dispersed lentinan (beta-1,3-glucan) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma", Hepatogastroenterology 56 (90): 437–41, ISSN 0172-6390, PMID 19579616 
  42. ^ Shimizu K, Watanabe S, Watanabe S, et al. (Jan 2009), "Efficacy of oral administered superfine dispersed lentinan for advanced pancreatic cancer", Hepatogastroenterology 56 (89): 240–4, ISSN 0172-6390, PMID 19453066 
  43. ^ Alicia Di Rado (26 November 2008), "Can a mushroom help fight lung cancer?", ehope (Duarte, California: City of Hope National Medical Center) 7 (11), http://www.cityofhope.org/about/publications/eHope/2008-vol-7-num-11-november-26/Pages/can-a-mushroom-help-fight-lung-cancer.aspx, retrieved 25 June 2009 

[edit] Further reading

[edit] External links

  • Lentinula edodes page at Index Fungorum site
  • Lentinan effects (antitumor and others)
  • [3] Dried shiitake (Lentinulla edodes) and oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) mushrooms as a good source of nutrient.
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