Shirvanshah
Shirvanshah (Persian: شروانشاهان, Azeri: Şirvanşah) also spelled as Shīrwān Shāh or Sharwān Shāh, was the title in mediaeval Islamic times of an ethnically Arab, but subsequently Persianized, then Turkified [1][2] dynasty within their culturally Persian environment[2]. The Shirvanshah established a native state in Shirvan (located in modern Azerbaijan)[3]. The Shirwanshahs were also known by the title of Kasranids in certain periods.[4]
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[edit] Origin and history
| History of Azerbaijan | |
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| Antiquity | |
| Ancient history and Roman era | |
| Atropatene | |
| First Persian Empire and Alexander's conquests |
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| Caucasian Albania | |
| Middle Ages | |
| Islamic period | |
| Seljuk dynasty | |
| Atabegs of Azerbaijan | |
| Ilkhanate | |
| Qara Qoyunlu | |
| Aq Qoyunlu | |
| Shirvanshahs | |
| Classical history | |
| Safavid dynasty | |
| Khanates | |
| Qajar dynasty | |
| Russian Rule | |
| Early independence | |
| History of the name Azerbaijan | |
| Azerbaijan Democratic Republic | |
| March Days | |
| Soviet Azerbaijan | |
| Azerbaijan SSR | |
| Black January | |
| Modern Azerbaijan | |
| Republic of Azerbaijan | |
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The title Shirvanshah dates back to pre-Islamic times. Ibn Khordadbeh mentions the Shirvanshah as the local ruler who received the title from Sassanid emperor Ardashir.[1] Al-Baladhuri also mentions that Shirvanshah, together with the adjacent potentate, Layzanshah were encountered by Arab invaders of the region and records that Shirwan submitted during the time of Caliph Uthman to the commander Salman b. Rab'ia Al-Bahili.[1]
From the end of the 2nd/8th century, Shirvan was under the rule of the members of the Arab family of Yazid b. Mazyad Shaybani (d. 185/801). [5] By origin, the Yazidids were Arabs of the Shaybani tribe and belonged to high ranking generals and governors of the Abbassid army[5]. They held a firm grip also on the wider region of Azarbaijan, Arran, Armenia and eastern Caucasus regions.[1] After the death of the Caliph Al-Mutawakkil, the door for emancipation from the caliphate were slowly opened. The great-grandson of Yazid b. Mazyad Shaybani was Haytham b. Muhammad and he assumed the ancient title of Shirvanshah. The dynasty continuously ruled the area of Shirvan either as an independent state or a vassal state until the Safavid times[1].
One of the important books in the early history of this dynasty is the anonymous Taʾrikh Bab al-Abwab, preserved by the Ottoman historian Munejjim-Bashi (Chief Astronomer), the last date of which concerning the dynasty is 468/1075. A translation of this important work into English language was published by the orientalist Vladimir Minorsky [6] in 1958[5]. We know from this book that the history of the Shirvan Shahs was closely tied with that of the Arab Hashimid family in Darband (Bab al-Abwab) and intermarriage between the two Arab families was common with Yazidis often ruling for various periods in the latter town[1].
By the time of the anonymous work Hodud al-Alam (c. 982 AD), the Shirvan Shahs, from their capital of Yazīdiyya (very probably the later Shamakha), had absorbed neighbouring kingdoms north of the Kur river and thus acquired the additional titles of Layzan Shah and Khursan Shah[1]. We can also discern the progressive Persianisation of this originally Arab family[1]. According to Encyclopedia of Islam: After the Shah Yazid b. Ahmad (381-418/991-1028), Arab names give way to Persian ones like Manūčihr, Ḳubādh, Farīdūn, etc., very likely as a reflection of marriage links with local families, and possibly with that of the ancient rulers in Shābarān, the former capital, and the Yazidids now began to claim a nasab going back to Sassanid kings Bahrām Gūr or to Khusraw Anushirwan.[1]. According to Vladimir Minorsky, the most likely explanation of the Iranicisation of this Arab family could be marriage link with the family of the ancient rulers of Shabaran[5]. He further states: The attraction of a Sassanian pedigree proved stronger than the recollection of Shaybani lineage.[5].
Shirvanshahs built many defensive castles across all of Shirvan to resist many foreign invasions. From the walled city of Baku with its Maiden Tower (XII) and many medieval castles in Absheron to impregnable strongholds all over mountains of Shirvan and Shaki, there are many great examples of medieval military architecture. However, Shirvan was greatly devastated by Mongol invasion in 1235, from which it was not able to fully recover for the next century.
The Shirvanshahs dynasty, existing as independent or a vassal state, from 861 until 1538; longer than any other dynasty in Islamic world, are known for their support of culture. There were two periods of an independent and strong Shirvan state: first in 12th century, under sultans Manuchehr and Ahsitan who built the stronghold of Baku, and second in 15th century under Derbendid dynasty. In the 13th and 14th centuries Shirvan was a vassal of stronger Mongol and Timurid empires.
Shirvanshah Ibrahim I revived the country's fortunes, and through his cunning politics managed to resist Timurid conquest, letting the state go with paying a tribute.[citation needed]
Shirvanshahs Khalilullah I and Farrukh Yassar resided over most successful period in a history of Shirvan. Architectural complex of "Shirvanshah palace" in Baku that was also a burial site of the dynasty and Halwatiyya Sufi khaneqa, was built during the reign of those two rulers in mid 15th centuries. The Shirvanshah rulers were more or less Sunni. In 1462 Sheykh Junayd, the leader of Safaviyya, was killed in a battle against Shirvanishans near the town of Khachmaz - an event that Safavids never forgot. By 1500, significantly weakened Shirvan suffered the onslaught of avenging Safavids.
Shah Ismail I sacked Baku in 1501, and, avenging his grandfather, exhumed bodies of Shirvanshahs, buried in the mausoleum and burned them. Most of Baku population was forcibly converted to Shi'ism thereafter.
The vassal Shirvan state managed to hang on until 1538, when, weakened by internal conflict and a Qalandari dervish uprising, it became an easy prey to Shah Ismail's son Tahmasp I. He gave Shirvan to his brother Alqas Mirza to rule as a province.
[edit] Persian poetry
The Shirvanshah dynasty are known for their patronage of Persian poetry. Amongst famous poets who either appeared at their court or dedicated poetry to them are Khaghani and Nizami. Nizami composed in Persian poetry the Arab origined epic Lili o Majnoon for Abul-Muzaffar Jalal ad-din Shirvanshah Akhsatan. He also sent his son to be educated with the son of Shirvanshah. Khaghani himself in his youth used the poetic title Haqiqi. After dedicating himself to the court of Fakhr ad-din Manuchehr Fereydoon Shirvanshah (also known as the Khaghan Akbar), he chose the pen name Khaghani and also served as a court poet for, Akhsatan, the son of Fakhr ad-din Manuchehr Fereydoon. Other poets and writers who appeared during the rule of the Shirvanshahs include Falaki Shirvani, Aziz Shirvani, Jamal Khalil Shirvani, Bakhtiyar Shirvani and multitude of others mentioned in the book Nozhat al-Majales, an anthology compiled by Jamal Khalil Shirvani.
[edit] Architecture
Palace of the Shirvanshahs (or Shirvanshahs' Palace, Azerbaijani: Şirvanşahlar sarayı, Template:Lang-persian) is the biggest monument of the Shirvan-Absheron branch of architecture, situated in the Inner City of Baku. The complex contains the main building of the palace, Divanhane, the burial-vaults, the shah's mosque with a minaret, Seyid Yahya Bakuvi's mausoleum, a portal in the east - Murad's gate, a reservoir and the remnants of the bath-house.
[edit] Shahs of Shirvan lineage
[edit] The First line of Yazidi Shahs(861-1382)
(note b. is the shortened for the Arabic ibn (son) ).
The list is mainly taken from [4] with some pronunciation differences on names due to Minorsky's book.
- 799 AD - Yazid b. Mazyad al-Shaybani, governor of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Arran, Sharvan and Bab al-Abwab , d. 801 AD.
- 820 AD - Khalid b. Yazid, died 843 or 845.
- 845 AD - Muhammed b. Khalid, governor of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Arran and Sharwan, resident in Arran, d. 845.
- Haytham b. Khalid, independent in Sharvan as the Sharvan Shah.
- Muhammad b. Haytham, in Layzan
- Haytham b. Muhammad, in Layzan
- Before 913 AD - Ali b. Haytham, in Layzan, deposed in 917.
- 916 AD - Yazid b. Muhammad b. Yazid, Abu Tahir, in Sharvan, latterly also n Bab al-Abwab(Darband)
- 948 AD - Muhammad b. Yazid
- 956 AD - Ahmad b. Muhammad
- 981 AD - Muhammad b. Ahmad
- 991 AD - Yazid b. Ahmad
- 1028 AD - Manuchihr b. Yazid
- 1034 AD - Ali b. Yazid, Abu Mansur
- 1043 AD - Qubadh b. Yazid
- 1049 AD - Bukhtnassar Ali b. Ahmad b. Yazid
- 1053 AD - Sallar b. Yazid
- 1063 AD - Fariburz b. Sallar b. Yazid
- 1094 AD - Fereydun b. Fariburz, d. 1120 AD.
- 1094 AD - Manuchehr II b. Fariburz, immediate predecessor or successor of Fariburz or possibly contemporaneous ruler of Sharwan during the time of Fereydun.
- 1120 AD - Manuchehr III b. Fereydun
- 1160 AD - Akhsatan I ibn Manuchehr III, died between 1197 and 1204.
- 1179 AD - Shahanshah b. Manuchehr III, possibly a contemporaneous ruler with Akhsatan, do 1204 AD.
- 1187 AD - Fereydun II b. Manuchehr III, possibly a contemporaneous ruler with his brother, to 1204 AD.
- After 1187 AD - Fariburz II b. Fereydun II, also a possible contemporaneous ruler with his father and/or uncles.
- After 1187 AD - Farrukhzad I b. Manuchehr III, also a possible contemporaneous ruler with his nephew and/or brothers to 1225 AD.
- after 1204 AD - Garrshasp I b. Farrukhzad
- 1255 AD - AkhsatanII b. Fariburz III
- 1258 AD - Garshasp II or Gushnasp b. Akhsatan II
- 1265 AD - Farrukhzad II b. Akhsatan II
... (some information is lacking on this period)
- 1345 AD - Kay Qubadh
- 1348 AD - Kay Kawus b. Kay Qubadh
- 1372 or 1378 or 1382 AD - Hushang b. Kay Kawus
[edit] The second line of Shahs (1382-1538)
- 1378 AD - Ibrahim I b. Muhammad b. Kay Qubadh
- 1418 AD - Khalil b. Ibrahim I
- 1463 AD - Farrukhsiyar b. Khalil I
- 1500 AD - Bayram/Bahram b. Farrukhsiyar
- 1502 AD - Ghazi b. Farrukhsiyar
- 1503 AD - Mahmud b. Ghazi
- 1503 AD - Ibrahim II or Shaykh Shah, uncle of Mahmud b. Ghazi
- 1524 AD - Khalil II b. Ibrahim II
- 1535 AD - Shah Rukh b. Farrukh b. Ibrahim II, k. 1539
- 1538 AD - Safawid occupation
- 1544 AD - Abortive revanche by Burhan b. Ali b. Khalil II, d. 1551.
- 1551 AD - Safawid occupation.
- 1579 AD - Abu Bakr b. Burhan Ali as governor for the Ottomons.
- 1607 AD - Safawid rule definitely established.
Nowadays - after occupation families of some Shirvanshah princes moved to Turkey and Europe and some stayed in Shamakhi. Nowadays there are some in Shamakhi and Baku.
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Barthold, W., C.E. Bosworth "Shirwan Shah, Sharwan Shah. "Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2nd edition
- ^ a b C.E. Bosworth, "ŠERVĀNŠAHS" in Encyclopaedia Iranica. Excerpt 1: "ŠERVĀNŠAHS (Šarvānšāhs), the various lines of rulers, originally Arab in ethnos but speedily Persianized within their culturally Persian environment" Excerpt 2:" ). Just as an originally Arab family like the Rawwādids in Azerbaijan became Kurdicized from their Kurdish milieu, so the Šervānšāhs clearly became gradually Persianized, probably helped by intermarriage with the local families of eastern Transcaucasia; from the time of Manučehr b. Yazid (r. 418-25/1028-34), their names became almost entirely Persian rather than Arabic, with favored names from the heroic national Iranian past and with claims made to descent from such figures as Bahrām Gur "
- ^ Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition, Columbia University, 1995, p. 2, ISBN 0231070683: "In the fifteenth century a native Azeri state of Shirvanshahs flourished north of the Araxes."
- ^ a b Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University, 1996.
- ^ a b c d e V. Minorsky, A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries, Cambridge, 1958.
- ^ Encyclopedia Iranica, "Minorsky, Vladimir Fedorovich", C. E. BOSWORTH
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- S. Ashurbeyli "History of Shirvanshahs", Baku, Elm, 1983 405 p
