Shiv Sena

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Shiv Sena
Leader Bal Thackeray
Founded June 19, 1966
Headquarters Sena Bhavan, Mumbai
Newspaper Saamna
Ideology Sons of the soil
Hindutva
Political position Right-wing
Alliance National Democratic Alliance
Seats in Lok Sabha
11 / 545
Seats in Rajya Sabha
4 / 250
Website
www.shivsena.org
Politics of India
Political parties
Elections

Shiv Sena (Marathi: शिव सेना Śiv Senā, meaning Army of Shiv, referring to Shivaji, also SS), is a right-wing organization in India founded on 19 June 1966 by Bal Thackeray. It is currently headed by Thackeray's son, Uddhav Thackeray. The party originally emerged out of a movement in Mumbai, (then known by its colonial name Bombay), broadly favouring increased influence of Maharashtrians in Maharashtra. It built a strong base amongst the Marathi community in the sixties based on its ideology that Maharashtra belonged to the Marathi community and that they be given preference over migrants from other Indian states.

Although the party's primary base is still in Maharashtra, it has tried to expand to a pan-Indian base. Gradually the party moved from solely advocating a pro-Marathi ideology, to one supporting a broader Hindu nationalist agenda[citation needed] as it aligned itself with the Bharatiya Janata Party. The party has taken part in numerous Maharashtra state governments at several times and was a coalition partner in the National Democratic Alliance cabinet that ruled India between 1998-2004. Members of Shiv Sena are referred to as Shiv Sainiks.

Contents

[edit] History

Its genesis lay in the formation of Maharashtra partitioned from the multi-lingual Bombay state as a result of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement. According to Balakrishna Maharashtrians "soon realised that they weren't really in charge of the city's destiny, the Gujaratis and Marwaris controlled big business while the white collar was worn by the south Indians, derisively referred to as the "lungiwallas". Marmik the party's organ help spread the organisation. It published lists of employees of different organisations, the surnames betrayed their non - Marathi origins. Balkrishna writes that "The lists which appeared under the goading caption, "Vaacha ani gappa basa" (Read and keep quiet), had the desired effect. South Indians were targeted with the war cry "Bajao pungi, bhagao lungi"." The Sena's armed gangs were used by the Indian National Congress Maharashtra chief minister Vasantrao Naik against the communists, the murder of Communist Party of India Maharashtra - MLA: Krishna Desai, by members of the Shiv Sena, was followed by the entry of the Sena into trade unions in Mumbai. According to Balakrishna the public sector companies in response to Sena's violent pressure, began employing Maharashtrians in large numbers, the company owners didn't object to the Sena entry in to trade unionism since "Thackeray ruled like a dictator, one phone call was enough to ensure peace on the shop floor." The party's control over the Mumbai and Thane corporations bolstered the party financially. According to Balakrishna "as long as the Sena confined its activities to the Mumbai-Thane belt, Congress leaders like Murli Deora, who headed the party unit in Mumbai fro two decades, never confronted the Sena". The threat to the Congress emerged after 1985, when the party aspired to form a government in Maharashtra. In 1995, after the 1993 riots in Mumbai in which Balakrishna alleges "Shiv Sena took part... in a big way", which saw a polorisation of votes, the Shiv Sena - BJP alliance, won state assembly elections and formed a government.[1]

[edit] Party structure

As the Pramukh (Chief) of the party Balasaheb Thackeray takes all major decisions, and has claimed that he ran the Sena-Bharatiya Janata Party government of 1995 to 1999 with what he called a 'remote control.' Activists and members of the Shiv Sena call themselves Shiv Sainiks, and carry out most of the party's grassroots work. In recent times, Thackeray does not concern himself with day-to-day activities of the party, which is run by his youngest son Uddhav Thackeray.

The recently refurbished Sena Bhavan located in the Dadar locality in Mumbai has served as the headquarters of the Sena since 1976.[2] The Sena's shakhas (Branches) spread throughout the state of Maharashtra as well as in selected locations in other states decide upon most of the local issues in their particular cities or towns.[3]

Aditya Thackeray son of Shivsena Karyapramukh Uddhav Thackeray working as Youth Leader.

[edit] Electoral performance

e • d 
Election Candidates Elected Votes Source
1971 Parliament 5 227,468 [4]
1980 Parliament 2 129,351 [5]
1989 Parliament 3 1 339,426 [6]
1989 Goa Assembly 6   4,960 [7]
1991 Parliament 22 4 2,208,712 [8]
1993 Madhya Pradesh Assembly 88 75,783 [9]
1996 Parliament 132 15 4,989,994 [10]
1996 Haryana Assembly 17 6,700 [11]
1997 Punjab Assembly 3 719 [12]
1998 Parliament 79 6 6,528,566 [13]
1998 Delhi Assembly 32 9,395 [14]
1998 Himachal Pradesh Assembly 6 2,827 [15]
1999 Parliament 63 15 5,672,412 [16]
1999 Goa Assembly 14   5,987 [17]
2000 Orisa Assembly 16   18,794 [18]
2001 Kerala Assembly 1   279 [19]
2002 Goa Assembly 15   [20]
2004 Parliament 56 12 7,056,255 [21]
2009 Parliament 22 11 6,828,382 [22]

[edit] Mumbai municipal corporation elections 2012

The Shiv Sena, BJP, in alliance with RPI (Athavale) retained power in the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, it is India's richest civic body with an annual budget of Rs. 21000 crores.[23] The Shiv Sena, BJP, RPI (Athavale) alliance has won 75, 32, and 1 seat respectively, a total of 108. About 60% or 44 of the 75 SS corporators are women, the SS lost 9 seats, whereas BJP gained 4 seats as compared to 2007. One of SS corporators is Anusha Valpadasi a female student, in her early twenties, from ward no 176 Dharavi.[24][25][26]

[edit] Slum Rehabilitation

The state's policy of giving free houses to slum dwellers has been mired in controversy ever since it was introduced by the Shiv Sena-BJP government a decade ago.[27][28]

[edit] Sthaniya Lokadhikar Samiti

The Sthaniya Lokadhikar Samiti is a Shiv Sena affiliated organisation[29] for the preservation of rights of employment for Maharashtrians in Maharashtra.[29]

[edit] Cricket with Pakistan

In April 2005, Bharatiya Vidyarthi Sena, the students wing of Shiv Sena attempted to prevent the India - Pakistan one day Internaional, being held in New Delhi. The protester's spokesman demanded that "India should not play cricket with Pakistan till it hands over to India 20 terrorists, including Dawood Ibrahim, and closes down militant training camps running there." [30]

[edit] Attack on the media

The offices of Hindi and Marathi TV news channels IBN-7 and IBN-Lokmat in Mumbai and Pune were attacked and vandalised by Shiv Sena activists on 20 November 2009.[31] Shiv Sena attributed the attacks to the criticisms of Bal Thackeray by the news channel over his remarks on Sachin Tendulkar. Shiv Sena Rajya Sabha MP Sanjay Raut described the attacks as "spontaneous". Shiv Sena spokespersons justified the attacks.[32][33]

[edit] See also

[edit] Further reading

Books — Marathi

  • Bhosale, Harshad (2004): 'Mumbai Mahanagarpalika Nivadnuk' in Palshikar Suhas and Nitin Birmal (eds), Maharashtrache Rajkaran Pratima, Pune.
  • Maharashtratil Sattantar, Vora Rajendra and Suhas Palshikar, Granthali, Mumbai 1996
  • Bhosale, Harshad(2006),"Mumbaichya Vikasacha Arthik, Rajakiya Ani Samajik Sandarbha",in Bi monthly APLA PARAM MITRA, Sept-October 2006,year 5,issue-3.

Books — English

  • Ethnicity and Equality: The Shiv Sena Party and Preferential Policies in Bombay, MF Katzenstein - 1979 - Cornell University Press
  • Warriors in Politics: Hindu Nationalism, Violence, and the Shiv Sena in India, S Banerjee - 2000 - Westview Press
  • The Sena Story, Purandare Vaibhav, Business Publications, Mumbai,(1999)
  • The Charisma of Direct Action: Power, Politics, and the Shiv Sena, JM Eckert - 2003 - Oxford University Press
  • Nativism in a Metropolis: The Shiv Sena in Bombay, D Gupta - 1982 – Manohar (OUP 1996)
  • Shiv Sena: An Assessment, Palshikar, Suhas, Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Pune, Pune (1999)
  • Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found, 'Power', chapter 3, Mumbai, Mehta, Suketu, Penguin Books(2005)

Articles

  • The Rebirth of Shiv Sena: The Symbiosis of Discursive and Organizational Power, Mary Fainsod Katzenstein, Uday Singh Mehta, Usha Thakkar, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 56, No. 2 (May, 1997), pp. 371–390
  • Saffronisation of the Shiv Sena, J Lele — Bombay: Metaphor for Modern India, 1995
  • Cultural Populism: The Appeal of the Shiv Sena, G Heuzé — Bombay: Metaphor for Modern India, 1995
  • The Shiv Sena's new avatar: Marathi chauvinism and Hindu communalism, R Sardesai - Politics in Maharashtra, 1995
  • The Rhetoric of Hindu Nationalism: A Narrative of Mythic Redefinition, Robert C. Rowland, Abhik Roy; Western Journal of Communication, Vol. 67, 2003
  • Regenerating Masculinity in the Construction of Hindu Nationalist Identity: A Case Study of Shiv Sena, Abhik Roy, Communication Studies, Volume 57, Number 2 / June 2006,
  • The Feminization of Violence in Bombay: Women in the Politics of the Shiv Sena, S Banerjee - Asian Survey, 1996
  • The vernacularisation of Hindutv: The BJP and Shiv Sena in rural Maharashtra, Thomas Blom Hansen Contributions to Indian Sociology, Vol. 30, No. 2, 177-214 (1996)
  • The Shiv Sena: A Movement in Search of Legitimacy R Joshi - Asian Survey, 1970
  • Origins of Nativism: The Emergence of Shiv Sena in Bombay MF Katzenstein - Asian Survey, 1973
  • Sardesai, Rajdeep 'Shiv Sena's New Avatar: Marathi Chauvinism and Hindu Communalism' in Usha Thakkar and Mangesh Kulkarni (eds), Politics in Maharashtra, Himalaya, Mumbai, pp 127–46 (1995)
  • " City of Mongrel Joy": Bombay and the Shiv Sena in Midnight's Children and The Moor's Last Sigh, R Trousdale - JOURNAL OF COMMONWEALTH LITERATURE, 2004

articles available in net

  • The Shiv Sena: An Eruption of Subnationalism, Morkhandikar R S, Economic and Political Weekly, 21 October, pp 1903–06 (1967
  • Shiv Sena: A Tiger with Many Faces? S Palshikar - Economic and Political Weekly, 2004
  • The Charisma of Autocracy Bal Thackeray's Dictatorship in Shiv Sena J Eckert — MANUSHI, 2002
  • Shiv Sena andNational'Hinduism, G Heuze — ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL WEEKLY, 1992

[edit] References

  1. ^ S., Balakrishnan (2005-11-29). "Sena fate: From roar to meow" (in English). http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ (Mumbai: Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.). http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-11-29/mumbai/27855110_1_shiv-sena-meow-maharashtrians. Retrieved 18 February 2012. 
  2. ^ "Thackeray inaugurates new Sena bhavan". NDTV news. http://www.ndtv.com/morenews/showmorestory.asp?category=National&slug=Thackeray+inaugurates+new+Sena+bhavan&id=90718. Retrieved 2006-07-29. 
  3. ^ "Know Your Party: Shiv Sena". Rediff.com. http://in.rediff.com/election/2004/apr/23espec3.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-22. 
  4. ^ [1][dead link]
  5. ^ TitlePage-VolI_LS99.PDF
  6. ^ TitlePage-VolI_LS99.PDF
  7. ^ List Of Political Parties
  8. ^ [2][dead link]
  9. ^ rptDetailedResults
  10. ^ [3][dead link]
  11. ^ TitlePage_HR-96.PDF
  12. ^ TitlePage_PU-96.PDF
  13. ^ [4][dead link]
  14. ^ rptProgrammeOFElections
  15. ^ rptProgrammeOFElections
  16. ^ [5][dead link]
  17. ^ TitlePageGA99.PDF
  18. ^ TitlePage_OR_LA_2000.PDF
  19. ^ http://archive.eci.gov.in/SE2001/pollupd/ac/candlwc/s11/s11shsacnst.htm
  20. ^ []
  21. ^ [6][dead link]
  22. ^ [7][dead link]
  23. ^ NDTV Correspondent (2012-02-17). "Mumbai Elections: Shiv Sena - BJP win; Congress concedes defeat" (in English). www.ndtv.com (New Delhi: NDTV Convergence Limited). http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/mumbais-election-5-big-facts-including-early-leads-177202. Retrieved 18 February 2012. 
  24. ^ Mumbai Bureau (2012-02-17). "Sena romps home for the fourth time" (in English). www.hindu.com (Chennai: The Hindu). http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article2902763.ece?homepage=true. Retrieved 18 February 2012. 
  25. ^ Jain, Bhavika (2012-02-08). "21-year-old aspires to be a corporator" (in English). www.hindustantimes.com (New Delhi: HT Media). http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/21-year-old-aspires-to-be-a-corporator/Article1-808267.aspx. Retrieved 18 February 2012. 
  26. ^ "Major upsets, few surprises mark day" (in English). www.indianexpress.com (Mumbai: The Indian Express Limited). 2012-02-18. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/major-upsets-few-surprises-mark-day/913692/0. Retrieved 18 February 2012. 
  27. ^ 'Highrises don't suit Dharavi slum dwellers'
  28. ^ Dharavi slum will be economic hub: Joshi
  29. ^ a b Business India. A.H. Advani. 1996. http://books.google.com/books?id=f69IAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 24 February 2012. 
  30. ^ "Sena squad for Kotla" (in English). www.hindu.com (Chennai: The Hindu). http://hindu.com/2005/04/15/stories/2005041518520300.htm. Retrieved 18 February 2012. 
  31. ^ In the name of their Boss, Sena goons attack IBN TV channels http://www.indianexpress.com/news/time-for-cnn-ibn-to-introspect/544428/
  32. ^ If you target us, we will attack: Shiv Sena leader http://ibnlive.in.com/news/if-you-target-us-we-will-attack-shiv-sena-leader/105645-3.html
  33. ^ SHIV SENA ATTACKS IBN OFFICES, GLOATS http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shiv-sena-attacks-ibn-offices-in-mumbai-pune/105636-3.html

[edit] External links

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