Shoshone

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This article is about the Native American tribe. For other uses, see Shoshone (disambiguation).
"Shoshoni" redirects here. For other uses, see Shoshone (disambiguation).
"Panamint" redirects here. For other uses, see Panamint (disambiguation).
 This article is missing citations or needs footnotes. Please help add inline citations to guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. (April 2007)
Shoshoni tipi, probably taken around 1890
"Shoshone Indians at Ft. Washakie, Wyoming Indian reservation. Chief Washakie (at left) extends his right arm." Some of the Shoshones are dancing as the soldiers look on, 1892.

The Shoshone (shoshone1.ogg [ʃoʊˈʃoʊni] (help·info) or shoshone2.ogg [ʃəˈʃoʊni] (help·info)) are a Native American tribe in the United States with three large divisions: the Northern, the Western and the Eastern. The Shoshone were sometimes called the Snake by early White trappers, travelers, and settlers.[1]

The Northern Shoshone are concentrated in eastern Idaho, western Wyoming, and north-eastern Utah. The Eastern Shoshone tribes lived in Wyoming, northern Colorado and Montana. Conflict with the Blackfoot, Crow, Lakota, Cheyennes, and Arapahos pushed them south and westward after about 1750. The Western Shoshone tribes ranged from central Idaho, northwestern Utah, central Nevada, and in California about Death Valley and Panamint Valley. This group is sometimes called the Panamint. The Idaho groups of Western Shoshone were called Tukuaduka (sheep eaters), while the Nevada/Utah ones were called the Gosiute or Toi Ticutta (cattail eaters).

Possibly the most famous member of the Shoshone tribe was Sacagawea, who accompanied the Corps of Discovery with Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in their exploration of the Western United States. The estimated population of Northern and Western Shoshone was 4,500 in 1845. 3,650 Northern Shoshone and 1,201 Western Shoshone were counted in 1937 by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs.

Contents

[edit] History

The Northern Shoshone, lead by Chief Pocatello, fought with settlers in Idaho in the 1860s culminating in the Bear River Massacre. With the Bannock they fought the Snake War from 1864-1868 and again in 1878 in the Bannock War. They fought alongside the U.S. Army in the 1876 Battle of the Rosebud against their traditional enemies, the Lakota and Cheyenne.

In 1879 a band of approximately 300 Western Shoshones (known as "Sheepeaters") was involved in the Sheepeater Indian War, the last Indian war fought in the Pacific Northwest portion of the United States.

In 1911 a small group of Bannock under a leader named "Shoshone Mike" killed four ranchers in Washoe County, Nevada[2]. A posse was formed, and on February 26, 1911, they caught up with the band, and eight of them were killed, along with one member of the posse, Ed Hogle[3]. Three children and a woman who survived the battle were captured. The remains of some of the members of the band were repatriated from the Smithsonian Institution to the Fort Hall Idaho Shoshone-Bannock Tribe in 1994[4].

In 1982, the Western Shoshone, who also invited "unrepresented tribes," made a declaration of sovereignty and began issuing its own passports as the Western Shoshone National Council.[citation needed]

In 2008, the Shoshone Nation acquired the site of the Bear River Massacre[5]

[edit] Reservations

Rabbit-Tail

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Part 1, "The Shoshoni and the Seeds of Change, 1803-1868"
  2. ^ America's Last Indian Battle
  3. ^ Ed Hogle memorial
  4. ^ NMNH - Repatriation Office - Reports - Great Basin - Nevada
  5. ^ Tribe remembers nation's largest massacre : ICT [2008/03/10]

[edit] External links

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