Sika Deer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Sika Deer | |
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| Conservation status | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Cervidae |
| Subfamily: | Cervinae |
| Genus: | Cervus |
| Species: | C. nippon |
| Binomial name | |
| Cervus nippon Temminck, 1838 |
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| Subspecies | |
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North Honshu Sika Deer C. n. aplodontus |
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The Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) is a member of the deer family Cervidae that inhabits much of East Asia. It is found in mixed deciduous forests to the north, and mixed subtropical deciduous and evergreen forests to the south. The Sika Deer are closely related to Red Deer, Central Asian Red Deer and elk. Their name comes from "shika" (鹿), the Japanese word for "deer".
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[edit] Subspecies
There are many subspecies of Sika Deer.
- North Honshu Sika Deer, C. n. aplodontus, found in Northern Honshu
- Dybowski's Sika Deer, C. n. dybowskii, Russian Far East, sometimes considered to be the same subspecies as C. n. mantchuricus
- Shanxi Sika Deer, C. n. grassianus, Shanxi, China
- Ryukyu Sika Deer, C. n. keramae, Ryukyu Islands
- South China Sika Deer, C. n. kopschi, Southern China
- North China Sika Deer, C. n. mandarinus, Northern and Northeastern China
- Manchurian Sika Deer, C. n. mantchuricus, Northeastern China and Korea sometimes considered to be the same subspecies as C. n. dybowskii.
- Japanese Sika Deer, C. n. nippon, found in Southern Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu
- Vietnamese Sika Deer, C. n. pseudaxis, Northern Vietnam
- Tsushima Sika Deer, C. n. pulchellus, Tsushima Island
- Sichuan Sika Deer, C. n. sichuanicus, Western China.
- Formosan Sika Deer, C. n. taioanus, Taiwan
- Hokkaido Sika Deer, C. n. yesoensis, Hokkaido
The largest race of Sika deer (found in the colder north) are Dybowski's Sika Deer (C. n. dybowskii) of Manchuria and Ussuri Region, and the Hokkaidō Sika Deer (C. n. yesoensis) of Hokkaidō Island in Japan. The Kerama Sika Deer (C. n. keramae) of the Ryukyu Islands is one of the smallest, and unlike other subspecies, has the whole body (including the rump patch) dark brown.
The Formosan Sika Deer (C. n. taioanus) is rather large for an island form being larger than the Kerama Sika Deer and similar in size to deer from Southern China. There are several geographically separated subspecies, but due to the long history of the velvet antler trade (for medicinal values) and farming of Sika deer for antler production in much of Turkestan, China, Mongolia, Manchuria, and the Ussuri Region, the integrity of these subspecies is questionable as many populations have already mixed gene pools. Dybowski's sika deer (Cervus nippon dybowskii) and Formosan Sika Deer (Cervus nippon taioanus) are highly endangered and possibly already extinct in the wild. They can be found in several zoos and are being kept alive by a captive-management program.
[edit] Behavior
Sika males are territorial and keep harems of females during the rut, which peaks from early September through October but may last well into the winter months. Territory size varies with type of habitat and size of the buck; strong, prime bucks may hold up to 2 ha. Territories are marked with a series of shallow pits, called "scrapes," into which the males urinate and from which emanates a strong, musky odor. Fights between rival males are sometimes fierce, long, and may even be fatal.
[edit] Habitat
Sika Deer are natively found around woodland areas, forests where snowfall does not exceed 10-20 cm. They also are known to inhabit city parks, gardens and market areas. Many have become very tame around humans.
Introduced species from America and Europe inhabit similar woodland areas to their natural habitat of Asia.
[edit] Diet
Sika Deer feed on grasses, leaves, twigs, and tender shoots of woody plants depending on seasonal availability.
[edit] Distribution
Sika (Deer) are found from the Ussuri region of Siberia south to Korea, Manchuria and Northern and Southern China, with a possibly isolated population in Vietnam. It is also native to Taiwan and Japan and were possibly introduced to a number of countries in Europe, North America, and Oceania. Sika deer are known to escape deer farms and many of the so-called wild sika deer populations in Central and Southern China are descendants of those that have escaped and have re-established themselves in the wild.
[edit] Japan
Sika Deer are widespread in Japan, and readily become tame; at one time they were regarded as sacred. The largest wild populations are in the northern island of Hokkaidō. Following Japanese settlement of Hokkaidō in the latter half of the 19th century, the deer there were hunted almost to the point of extinction, and were reduced to a few small populations.
Legal protection put in place in the mid 20th century was followed by rapid population recovery from the 1950s to the 1980s. In the absence of the natural predators (wolves, now extinct in Japan), some hunting is now encouraged in order to stabilize the population and limit the agricultural damage done by the deer. The present Hokkaidō deer population is still concentrated in the eastern half of the island, and many deer that frequent other parts of the island migrate back to this area during the winter months.
Deer are also present in the more populated islands of Japan: for example, in the ancient capital city of Nara, as well as the sacred island of Miyajima, they wander at will among the temples, and are much photographed (and fed) by tourists. In other parts of Asia, the deer have also been extensively hunted, and legal protection has been less effective, so that several populations and subspecies are now endangered.
[edit] Introduced countries
Sika Deer have been introduced into a number of other countries including Australia, Austria, Denmark, Germany, Britain, France, Ireland, Jolo Island (south of the Philippines), New Zealand, Poland, Morocco and the United States (Maryland, Texas, Wisconsin, Virginia, and Kansas). In many cases they were originally introduced as ornamental animals in parkland, but have established themselves in the wild.
In Britain and Ireland several distinct wild and feral populations now exist. Some of these are in isolated areas, for example on the island of Lundy, but others are contiguous with populations of the native Red Deer. Since the two species sometimes hybridise, there is a serious conservation concern.[1]
In the 1900s, King Edward VII presented a pair of sika deer (Cervus nippon) to John, the second Baron Montagu of Beaulieu. This pair escaped into Sowley Wood and were the basis of the large herds of sika to be found in the New Forest today. They were so prolific that culling had to be introduced in the 1930s to control numbers.[2]
[edit] Hunting
Across its original range, and more intensively in many countries to which it has been introduced, the sika is regarded as a particularly prized and elusive sportsman's quarry. In Britain, Ireland and mainland Europe it has been noted that sika display very different survival strategies and escape tactics from the indigenous deer. They have a marked tendency to use camouflage and concealment in circumstances when Red deer, for example, would flee; and have been seen to squat and lie belly-flat when danger threatens in the form of human intrusion.
Hunters and control cullers have estimated that the sika's wariness and "cleverness" makes it three or four times more difficult to bring to bag than a Red or Fallow deer.[citation needed] It has also been widely remarked that sika are much more tenacious of life, and harder to kill with a rifle bullet, than the native deer of Europe and North America. In the British Isles sika are widely regarded as a very serious threat to new and established woodlands, and public and private forestry bodies adopt policies of rigorous year-round culling, generally with little effect.
Among aficionados of venison, sika flesh is regarded as one of the very finest and most flavourful of all game meats at the dinner table.[citation needed]
[edit] Antler trade
Sika Deer in China had been domesticated long ago for antler trades, along with several other species. In Taiwan, both Formosan Sika Deer and Formosan Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor swinhoei) have been farmed for velvet antlers. The only exceptions that may have integrity as a subspecies are possibly the Dybowski's Sika deer of Manchuria and Ussuri region, and the sika deer subspecies that survive in Japan, Ryukyu Islands, and Taiwan. Japan is the only country in Eastern Asia where sika deer were not farmed for velvet antler.
Other deer raised for antler trade were Thorold's Deer (Cervus albirostris), various Central Asian Red Deer (Cervus affinis) subspecies, and Wapiti (Cervus canadensis) subspecies.
[edit] Gallery
 Dybowski's Sika Deer (C. n. dybowskii) |
 Formosan Sika Deer (Cervus nippon taioanus) |
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 Formosan Sika Deer in Cougar Mountain Zoo |
 Sika deer in Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido, Japan |
[edit] See also
- Red Deer - European Red Deer
- Central Asian Red Deer - Asian/Himalayan/Tibetan Red Deer
- Elk - East Asian/North American Red Deer (Wapiti)
- Thorold's Deer
[edit] References
- ^ Harris, R.B. (2008). Cervus nippon. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 5 April 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.
- ^ "British Mammals: Sika Deer". BBC. 15 June 2007. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/ptop/A23502926. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
- Cervus nippon (TSN 180696). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved on 10 February 2006.
- Igota, H., Sakagura, M., Uno, H., Kaji, K., Maneko, M., Akamatsu, R., & Maekawa, (in press). Seasonal patterns of female sika deer in eastern Hokkaidō, Japan. Ecological Research, 19.
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sika Deer |
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Wikispecies has information related to: Cervus nippon |
- Hunting Sika in New Zealand
- Photos of sika deer in Nara, Japan
- Sika Deer Hunting
- Sika Deer in New Zealand and their distribution.
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