Sirhan Sirhan

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This article is about Robert F. Kennedy's assassin. For the Tanzim militant see Sirhan Sirhan (militant).
Sirhan Bishara Sirhan
سرحان بشارة سرحان
Sirhan Sirhan
Born Sirhan Bishara Sirhan
March 19, 1944 (1944-03-19) (age 65)
Jerusalem, British Mandate of Palestine
Charge(s) assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
Penalty death, commuted to life imprisonment 1972
Status incarcerated
Parents Bishara Sirhan and Mary Muzhea

Sirhan Bishara Sirhan (Arabic: سرحان بشارة سرحان, born March 19, 1944) is the convicted assassin of United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy. He is serving a life sentence at Pleasant Valley State Prison in California.

Contents

[edit] Personal information

Sirhan was born in Jerusalem to a Palestinian Christian family and emmigrated as a child to the United States with his family. In his adult life, however, he made several religious conversions, joining Baptist and Seventh-day Adventist churches, and dabbled in the occult.[1] His family, which moved to the United States when Sirhan was 12, briefly lived in New York, and soon moved to California. He attended Eliot Junior High School (now known as Charles W. Eliot Middle School, Altadena, California), John Muir High School and Pasadena City College. He was employed as a stable boy in 1965 at the Santa Anita race track in Arcadia, California.[2]

[edit] Robert F. Kennedy assassination

Main article: Robert F. Kennedy assassination

On June 5, 1968, Sirhan fired a .22 caliber Iver-Johnson Cadet revolver[3] at Senator Robert Kennedy and the crowd surrounding him in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles shortly after Kennedy had finished addressing supporters in the hotel's main ballroom. George Plimpton, Rosey Grier, author Pete Hamill, and 1960 Olympic gold medalist Rafer Johnson were among several men who subdued and disarmed Sirhan after a lengthy struggle.[4]

Kennedy was shot three times, with a fourth bullet passing through his jacket, and died nearly 26 hours later.[5] Five other people at the party were also shot, but all five recovered: Paul Schrade, an official with the United Automobile Workers union; William Weisel, an ABC TV unit manager; Ira Goldstein, a reporter with the Continental News Service; Elizabeth Evans, a friend of Pierre Salinger, one of Kennedy's campaign aides; and a teenager, Irwin Stroll, a Kennedy volunteer.[6]

[edit] Prosecution

Despite Sirhan's admission of guilt, recorded in a confession made while in police custody on June 6, a lengthy trial followed. The court judge did not accept his confession and denied his request to withdraw his not guilty plea so that he could plead guilty.[7] Sirhan later recanted his confession.

On February 10, 1969, a motion by Sirhan's lawyers to enter a plea of guilty to first degree murder in exchange for life imprisonment (rather than the death penalty) was made in chambers. Sirhan announced to the court judge, Herbert V. Walker, that he wanted to withdraw his original plea of not guilty in order to plead of guilty as charged on all counts. He also asked that his counsel "...disassociate themselves from this case completely." When the judge asked him what he wanted to do about sentencing, Sirhan replied, "I will ask to be executed." [7]

Judge Walker denied the motion and stated, "This court will not accept the plea..." The judge also denied Sirhan's request for his counsel to withdraw; when his counsel entered another motion to withdraw from the case of their own volition, Walker denied this motion as well.[7] Judge Walker subsequently ordered that the record pertaining to the motion be sealed.[8]

The trial proceeded, and opening statements began on February 12, 1969, a mere two days later. The lead prosecutor in the Sirhan case was Lynn "Buck" Compton, a WWII veteran (depicted in HBO's Band of Brothers) and now retired Justice of the California Court of Appeal.[9] The prosecution's opening statement, delivered by David Fitts, was replete with examples of Sirhan's devious and deliberate preparations for murder. The prosecution was able to show that just two nights before the attack, on June 3, Sirhan was seen at the Ambassador Hotel, apparently attempting to learn the building's layout; evidence proved that he visited a gun range on June 4. Further testimony by Alvin Clark, Sirhan's garbage collector, who claimed that Sirhan had told him a month before the attack of his intention to shoot Kennedy, seemed especially damning.[7]

Sirhan's Defense Counsel, which included Attorney Grant Cooper, had hoped to demonstrate that the killing had been an impulsive act of a man with a mental deficiency, but when Judge Walker admitted into evidence pages from three of the journal notebooks that Sirhan had kept, it was clear that the murder was not only premeditated, but also "...quite calculating and willful."[7]

On March 3, 1969, in a Los Angeles courtroom, Cooper asked Sirhan point blank if he had indeed shot Senator Kennedy. Sirhan replied immediately: "Yes, Sir." but then stated that he did not bear any ill-will towards Kennedy.[7] Sirhan also testified that he had killed Kennedy "with 20 years of malice aforethought," although he has maintained since being arrested that he has no memory of the crime.[10]

During Sirhan's testimony, Cooper asked him to explain his reasons for the attack on Kennedy. Sirhan launched into "...a vicious diatribe about the Middle East conflict between Arab and Jew." [7][11] Sirhan's anti-Zionist rhetoric was so passionate that one of his own defense counsel, Emile Berman, who was Jewish, became upset and expressed his intentions to resign [yet again] from the defense team. Cooper eventually talked Berman out of resigning, who then stayed until the end of the trial.[7]

During the trial, the defense primarily based their case on the expert testimony of Bernard L. Diamond M.D., a well known professor of law and psychiatry at University of California, Berkeley, who testified that Sirhan was suffering from diminished capacity at the time of the murder.[12] Sirhan's behavior throughout the trial was indeed bizarre, and at one point, he became outraged during testimony about his childhood.[7]

Sirhan was convicted on April 17, 1969, and was sentenced six days later to death in a gas chamber. However, three years later, his sentence was commuted to life in prison in 1972, due to the California Supreme Court's decision in People v. Anderson, (The People of the State of California v. Robert Page Anderson, 493 P.2d 880, 6 Cal. 3d 628 (Cal. 1972), which deemed capital punishment to be unconstitutional, outlawed as a violation of the U.S. Bill of Rights, specifically the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibits the infliction of cruel and unusual punishments.[13] The California Supreme Court declared in the Anderson case that its decision was fully retroactive, thereby invalidating all pending capital cases with death sentences imposed in California prior to 1972.[8] Later in 1976, the U.S. Supreme Court set aside the question of whether the death penalty was unconstitutional when it ruled that the death penalty was indeed constitutional (see Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153). However, Sirhan's commuted life sentence was upheld.

[edit] Appeals

Sirhan's most recent lawyer, Lawrence Teeter, later argued that Grant Cooper was compromised by a conflict of interest and was, as a consequence, grossly negligent in defense of his client.[14] Other defense tactics included a motion for a new trial amid claims of set-ups, police bungles, hypnotism, brainwashing, blackmail, and government conspiracies.[15][16] On June 5, 2003, coincidentally the 35th anniversary of Kennedy's assassination, Sirhan's new attorney, Lawrence Teeter, petitioned a federal court in Los Angeles to move the case to Fresno.[15][16] He stated that Sirhan would not get a fair hearing in Los Angeles, where a man who helped prosecute Sirhan is now a federal judge: U.S. District Judge William Matthew Byrne Jr. in Los Angeles was a deputy U.S. attorney during Sirhan's trial, and part of the prosecutorial team.[17] Teeter, who had been trying since 1994 to have state and federal courts overturn the conviction, argued that his client was hypnotized and framed, possibly by a government conspiracy.[15][16] He was granted a June 30 hearing. During the hearing, Teeter referenced testimony from the original trial transcripts regarding a prosecution eyewitness to the attack, author George Plimpton, in which he said that Sirhan looked "enormously composed. He seemed—purged." This statement coincided with the defense's argument that Sirhan had shot Kennedy while in some kind of hypnotic trance.[7] The motion was denied.

Teeter died in 2005, and Sirhan declined other defense counsel to replace him.[18]

[edit] Motives

According to Paul Kujawsky of the Jewish Journal, Sirhan was motivated by Arab nationalism. After his arrest, he said, "I can explain it. I did it for my country." [11] Sirhan believed he was deliberately betrayed by Kennedy's support for Israel in the June 1967 Six-Day War,[19] which had begun exactly one year before the assassination. During an investigation of Sirhan's apartment after his arrest, a spiral-bound notebook was found containing a diary entry which demonstrated that his anger gradually fixed on Robert Kennedy, who promised to send 50 fighter jets to Israel if he was elected president. Sirhan's journal entry in his notebook dated May 18, 1968, read: "My determination to eliminate R.F.K. is becoming the more and more [sic] of an unshakable obsession...Kennedy must die before June 5th".[7][11] They found other notebooks and diary entries which contained his growing rage at Zionists, particularly at Kennedy; his journals also contained many nonsensical scribbles, which were thought to be his version of "free writing".

Search Wikisource Wikisource has original text related to this article:

The next day, on June 6, The Los Angeles Times printed an article, which discussed Sirhan's motive for the assassination, confirmed by the memos Sirhan wrote to himself. Jerry Cohen, who authored the article, stated,

"When the Jordanian nationalist, Sirhan Bishara Sirhan, allegedly shot Kennedy, ostensibly because of the senator's advocacy of U.S. support for Israel, the crime with which he was charged was in essence another manifestation of the centuries-old hatred between Arab and Jew." [20]

Some believed that Sirhan was somewhat justified in his actions. Dr. Mohammad Taki ("M. T.") Mehdi, then secretary-general of the Action Committee on American-Arab Relations, believed that Sirhan had acted in justifiable self-defense, stating: "Sirhan was defending himself against those 50 Phantom jets Kennedy was sending to Israel." Mehdi wrote a 100-page book on the subject called "Kennedy and Sirhan: Why?" in which at times it seems that Mehdi almost sympathizes with Sirhan. [21] Dr. Mehdi, a "...lifelong Arab propagandist", [22] caused controversy when he gave counsel to the blind sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman, who was later convicted and given a life sentence for his role in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing attack.

Later in prison, Sirhan stated that his motivation was anger fueled by liquor. An interview with Sirhan in 1980 revealed new claims that a combination of liquor and anger over the anniversary of the 1967 Arab-Israeli war triggered his actions the night he assasinated RFK. "You must remember the circumstances of that night, June 5. That was when I was provoked," Sirhan says, recorded in a transcript of one of his interviews with Dr. Mehdi, now president of the New York-based American-Arab Relations Committee, now called the Council on American-Islamic Relations, or CAIR.[citation needed] "That is when I initially went to observe the Jewish Zionist parade in celebration of the June 5, 1967, victory over the Arabs. That was the catalyst that triggered me on that night." Then Sirhan said, "In addition, there was the consumption of the liquor, and I want the public to understand that..."[18]

At a June 30, 2003 hearing, Lawrence Teeter, in an attempt to get Sirhan a new trial, claimed that Sirhan had been hypnotized into firing at Kennedy and that he may have been using blanks; that Sirhan couldn't possibly have fired the fatal shot from where he was standing; that prosecutors blackmailed his defense attorney to throw the case and that police and government agencies whitewashed or bungled investigations. The motion was denied.[15][16][17]

[edit] Imprisonment

As of October 29, 2009, Sirhan is confined at Pleasant Valley State Prison in Coalinga, California, where he is housed in a cell by himself[23]. From 1992 to 2009, Sirhan had been confined at the California State Prison (COR) in Corcoran, California and lived in COR's Protective Housing Unit until he was moved to a harsher lockdown at COR in 2003[24]. Prior to 1992 he had been at the Correctional Training Facility (CTF) in Soledad, California[24][25].

[edit] Applications for parole

In a 1980 transcripted interview with M.T. Mehdi, Sirhan claimed his actions were fueled by liquor and anger. He then complained that the parole board was not taking these "mitigating" circumstances into account when they continually denied his parole. [18]

On May 10, 1982, Sirhan told the parole board: "I sincerely believe that if Robert Kennedy were alive today, I believe he would not countenance singling me out for this kind of treatment. I think he would be among the first to say that, however horrible the deed I committed 14 years ago was, that it should not be the cause for denying me equal treatment under the laws of this country."[26][27]

A parole hearing for Sirhan is now scheduled every five years. On March 15, 2006, he was denied parole for the 13th time.[28] He did not attend the hearing, nor did he appoint a new attorney to represent him. His next possible chance for parole will be in 2011.[29][30]

[edit] See also

[edit] Further reading

  • Jansen, Godfrey, Why Robert Kennedy Was Killed: The Story of Two Victims, New York, Third Press, 1970. OCLC 137100
  • Kaiser, Robert Blair, "R.F.K. Must Die!": A History of the Robert Kennedy Assassination and Its Aftermath, New York, E.P. Dutton & Co, Inc. 1970. ISBN 978-1590200704
  • Melanson, Philip H., Who Killed Robert Kennedy?, Berkeley, California, Odonian, 1993. ISBN 978-1878825124
  • Turner, William V., and John G. Christian, The Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy: A Searching Look at the Conspiracy and Cover-up 1968-1978, New York, Random House, 1978. ISBN 9780394402734
  • Ayton, Mel, The Forgotten Terrorist - Sirhan Sirhan and the Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy Washington DC, Potomac Books, 2007. ISBN 978-1597970792
  • Mehdi, Mohammad Taki, Kennedy and Sirhan: Why?, New World Press, 1968. Edition: Illustrated Paperback, 100 pages. ISBN 978-0911026047

[edit] References

  1. ^ "The Robert Kennedy Assassination: Unraveling the Conspiracy Theories by Mel Ayton". Crimemagazine.com. http://www.crimemagazine.com/05/robertkennedy,0508-5.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-16. 
  2. ^ "Robert Kennedy Assassination: Revisions and Rewrites". Crimelibrary.com. http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/kennedy/4.html. Retrieved 2009-01-16. 
  3. ^ Witcover 1969, p. 266.
  4. ^ Rosey Grier recalls the killing of Bobby Kennedy and his arrest of Sirhan Sirhan[dead link]
  5. ^ Sirhan Researcher
  6. ^ "Citizine - RFK Assassination, Sirhan, Eugene Cesar, Ambassador". Citizinemag.com. http://www.citizinemag.com/politics/politics_0506_rfk_twhite.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-16. 
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Sirhan Bishara Sirhan Trial: 1969 - A Murder Plan". http://law.jrank.org/pages/3182/Sirhan-Bishara-Sirhan-Trial-1969-Murder-Plan.html. 
  8. ^ a b People v. Sirhan, 7 Cal. 3d 710, June 16, 1972
  9. ^ "Sirhan Sirhan: Assassin of Modern U.S. History by Denise Noe". Crimemagazine.com. http://crimemagazine.com/04/bobbykennedy,0527.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-16. 
  10. ^ Skoloff, Brian. "Sirhan Sirhan denied parole for 12th time". Signonsandiego.com. http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/state/20030306-2018-ca-sirhanparole.html. Retrieved 2009-01-16. 
  11. ^ a b c Paul Kujawsky (May 29, 2008). "Palestinian terror stretches back to RFK". The Jewish Journal. http://www.jewishjournal.com/opinion/article/palestinian_terror_stretches_back_to_rfk_killing_at_the_ambassador_hotel_20/. Retrieved 2009-09-09. 
  12. ^ "Crime, Forensics, Medical Jurisprudence, Prisons not in English (A-H)". Gach.com. http://www.gach.com/Gach/l1696-01.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-16. 
  13. ^ "U.S. Constitution: Eighth Amendment". http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment08/. 
  14. ^ "Teeter Statement of June 5, 1998". Jfk-info.com. http://www.jfk-info.com/teeter2.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-16. 
  15. ^ a b c d Robert Jablon (June 6, 2003). "Attorney says Sirhan didn't kill Robert Kennedy". Los Angeles: Daily Breeze. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-15682891.html. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 
  16. ^ a b c d Louinn Lota, Associated Press Writer (Wednesday, June 4, 2003). "Killer of Sen. Robert F. Kennedy wants appeal moved from Los Angeles courts". Los Angeles: AP Worldstream. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-74441263.html. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 
  17. ^ a b Louinn Lota, Associated Press Writer (June 4, 2003). "Article: Killer of R.F. Kennedy Wants Appeal Moved". Los Angeles: AP Online. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-74440128.html. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 
  18. ^ a b c . Los Angeles: Wilmington Morning Star. September 27, 1980.  [1]
  19. ^ "Part II: Why Sirhan Sirhan Assassinated Robert Kennedy by Mel Ayton". Crimemagazine.com. http://crimemagazine.com/05/sirhansirhan,0906-5.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-16. 
  20. ^ Jerry Cohen (June 6, 1968). "Yorty Reveals That Suspect's Memo Set Deadline for Death". Los Angeles, Calif.: The Los Angeles Times. p. Front Page. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/512460622.html?dids=512460622:512460622&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+6%2C+1968&author=JERRY+COHEN&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+%281886-Current+File%29&edition=&startpage=0_1&desc=Yorty+Reveals+That+Suspect%27s+Memo+Set+Deadline+for+Death. Retrieved 2009-09-09. 
  21. ^ Mohammad Taki Mehdi (1968) (Illustrated Paperback ed.). New World Press. pp. 100. ISBN 0-911-02604-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=s9y6AAAAIAAJ&q. 
  22. ^ Eric Pace (February 25 1999). "M. T. Mehdi, 70, Arab-American Leader". The New York Times (obituary). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE1DA123EF936A15751C0A96E958260. 
  23. ^ Deutsch, Linda. Robert F. Kennedy's killer is moved to new site. Associated Press, November 2 , 2009.
  24. ^ a b Curtis, Kim. Even in prison Jackson would be 'star'. Daily Breeze (Torrance, CA), June 13, 2005.
  25. ^ Grossi, Mark. Corcoran Prison Home to Who's-Who of Killers. The List of Infamous Murderers at the State Facility has Grown This Week to Include Sirhan Sirhan and Juan Corona. The Fresno Bee, June 5, 1992.
  26. ^ Oppenheim, Carol (1982-05-11). "RFK would OK parole, Sirhan says". Chicago Tribune: p. 9. 
  27. ^ Wilstein, Steve. Sirhan denied parole for 10th time in RFK killing. Daily Breeze (Torrance, CA), May 24, 1989.
  28. ^ Warren Kozak (2006-03-17). "One Common Link". NY Sun. http://www.nysun.com/article/29356. 
  29. ^ 40 Years Later, Sirhan Sirhan's Latest Mug Shot, ABC News, June 10, 2008
  30. ^ Juliana Barbassa. "Robert Kennedy's convicted killer denied parole for the 13th time". http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2006/03/16/robert_kennedys_convicted_killer_denied_parole_for_the_13th_time/. 

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirhan_Sirhan"