Skittles (sport)

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Skittles is an old European lawn game, a variety of bowling, from which ten-pin bowling, duckpin bowling, and candlepin bowling in the United States, and five-pin bowling in Canada are descended. In the United Kingdom, the game remains a popular pub sport in England and Wales, though it tends to be found in particular regions, not nationwide. A continental version is popular in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In Australia, other varieties of bowling are more popular, but the similar game of kegel, based on German nine-pin bowling, is popular in some areas. In Catalonia, bitlles, a local version of this game was formerly popular. For images, see the article in the Catalan "Viquipèdia" under "bitlles catalanes".

Contents 1 Game play 2 History 3 Regional variations 3.1 United Kingdom 3.1.1 Midlands 3.1.2 Gloucestershire 3.1.3 Herefordshire 3.1.4 Wiltshire 3.1.5 Somerset and Bristol 3.1.6 Worcestershire 3.1.7 Greater London 3.1.8 Guernsey 3.1.9 Other 3.1.10 British rules variants 3.1.10.1 Front pin first 3.1.10.2 Nomination 3.1.10.3 Four-pins 3.1.10.4 London Bridge 3.1.10.5 Killer 3.1.10.6 Six-ball Westbury 3.2 France 3.3 Germany, Central Europe, and the United States 3.4 Ireland 3.5 Australia 4 Glossary 5 Table skittles 6 Scattles and smite 7 References 8 External links

[edit] Game play

Skittles is usually played indoors on a bowling alley, with one or more heavy balls, usually spherical but sometimes oblate, and several (most commonly nine) skittles, small bowling pins. The general object of the game is to use the ball(s) to knock over the skittles, either specific ones or all of them, depending upon game variant. Exact rules vary widely on a regional basis.

[edit] History

The game shares its ancestry with the outdoor lawn game known as bowls, and is thus distantly related to billiard sports, some of which also retain the use of skittles. The skittle dates to the earliest known forms of bowling and ground billiards, even as far back as ca. 3300 BCE in Ancient Egypt.^[1]

[edit] Regional variations

[edit] United Kingdom

[edit] Midlands

In the English Midlands, specifically Northamptonshire, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Leicestershire and east Warwickshire, nine skittles are placed on a hooded table, hence the name "hood skittles". The hood skittles table is leather bound, and has leather-cushioned rails to the sides and the back, with a curved hood of leather or netting stretched up from the rear like a pram, approximately a metre over the bed of the table. Behind the area where the skittles are laid out in a diamond is a lower surface or trough. The table playing surface stands about 1 metre high and the thrower about 3 metres from the front of the table when in a pub around Leicester or Rugby, or about 3.3 meters when playing in Northhamptonshire or Buckinghamshire. The player throws oblate "cheeses" rather than spherical balls, similar to those used in the game of bowls.

The skittles are about 15 cm high, square at the bottom but widening higher up then tapering to a shallow point, which leaves them slightly top heavy. Traditionally the skittles and the cheeses are made of English hardwood. The cheeses measure about 10 cm across, and 4 cm high, one and a half inches high.

For each turn a player throws 3 cheeses at the skittles which start standing in the classic diamond pattern. If all the skittles are toppled after the first or second throws, they are reset and the player throws his remaining cheeses at the newly set skittles, adding his scores together. Theoretical a player might knock down all nine skittles with the first throw and do the same on their second throw, offering the possibility of the skittles being set up a third time for the final cheese and a maximum theoretical score of 27 points.

It is permitted for the players to bounce the cheese off the cushioned side walls and in some places bouncing the cheese off the rear wall is also permitted. In most versions, the toppled skittles are left where they lie while the player continues to throw the rest of their skittles, though in some areas in Leicestershire and Rutland players remove dead skittles before each new throw. Once the player has thrown all three cheeses his total is noted and the skittles are all set up afresh for the next player.

[edit] Gloucestershire

In the Tewkesbury and District Skittles League^[2] teams consist of 10 players playing 8 hands each. The league runs from early September through to the following April. The league was formed in September 1960.

In the Stroud and District Skittle League,^[3] teams are made up of 10 players (Men's Sections) each having 8 hands of 3 balls. In the Ladies Sections each team consists of 8 players each having 10 hands of 3 balls. Games are played in two equal halves. The league runs from early September through to the following May.

In the Cheltenham Skittles League,^[4] skittles is played with either a team of 12 (winter skittles) or 6 (summer skittles). Each player plays 6 hands of 3 balls. However, in Gloucester, the players play 10 hands of 3 balls, and a team is made up of 10 players.

The Berkeley and District Skittles League^[5] was formed in 1957 and has in excess of 100 teams playing in 7 divisions in a geographical area of around 8 miles in diameter in the southern end of the county. Teams are made up of 8 players and each player bowls 8 hands of 3 balls. The pins (skittles) used in the League vary in size, but are between 9 and 10 inches high and between 4 and 5 inches in diameter at the widest (centre) point and are either made of wood (traditionally sycamore or beech) or plastic. Balls are between 4½ to 5 inches in diameter and again are either made of wood (lignum vitae) or a composite rubber. Alleys, on which games are played, are between 30 and 55 feet in length and are generally of a wooden construction, although one alley is linoleum over a concrete base. The League runs from September through to the following April.

In the Cirencester & District Men's Skittle League,^[6] teams are made up of 9 players each having 6 hands of 3 balls. The league runs from early September through to the following May

[edit] Herefordshire

In the Hereford & District Invitation Skittle League,^[7] skittles is played with either a team of 12 (winter skittles) or 6 (summer skittles). In the Winter league each player plays 4 hands of 3 balls, & in the Summer League they play six hands of three balls. The winter league comprises 71 teams competing in five divisions, five cups competitions(KO, Front Pin, Man v Man, Champion of champions & Charity eight-a-side) and also singles & pairs competitions.

[edit] Wiltshire

In the Devizes Skittles League,^[8] skittles is played with a team of 9 players. Each player plays 4 'legs' of 3 balls. The league runs from August to April.

The Malmesbury and District League^[9] is played with nine players per team, divided into three legs. Each player has six goes with three balls. Two points are awarded for each winning leg, and a further four points are awarded to the overall winning team, so ten points are available per game. Games typically last around 1 hour 40 minutes and are played Tuesday to Friday. This is one of the larger leagues in the area with 95 teams playing on 20 different alleys within a ten mile radius of Malmesbury Abbey. The league begins in September and concludes in April, although various cup matches occur in August and April.

[edit] Somerset and Bristol

The rules & team formats of "Somerset" skittles vary. Major skittles areas include Bridgwater, Wells, Yeovil, Taunton, Weston Super Mare, and Burnham-on-Sea. Bristol is also included in the "Somerset" skittles "set". Depending on where the leagues play, there may be 6 players per side (normally in summer leagues), or 8 per side (winter). There are mixed leagues (males & females in each team) and there are all male leagues and all female leagues. In 2008, the new "Huntspill & Highbridge league, possibly for the first time anywhere, started a league consisting of either all male or all female teams.

Traditionally, Somerset skittles uses wooden balls (made from apple wood or similar) and wooden pins. Times have changed and for various reasons, some alleys now use composite rubber balls and nylon pins.

In North Somerset, teams are of 12 (winter leagues) and 9 (summer leagues). Players may be organised in sets of 3 or 4 (teams of 12 only, obviously).^[10]

Bristol alleys have, in the past been known for their "camber". Some alleys were (and still are) raised in the middle, making bowling an accurate art.

[edit] Worcestershire

In the Worcester Friendly Skittle League (WFSL) of Worcestershire,^[11] both the men's and ladies' winter leagues are made up of 12 players, 9 players in the Malvern league, playing 5 legs of 3 balls. Winter leagues and tournaments range from 6 to 12 players. However, the Worcester District Skittle League (men only, Tuesday nights) is the oldest post-war skittle league running in the county, having been restarted in 1946, and is the county representative in the District County Cup, played between Worcestershire, Gloucestershire and Herefordshire. The Scoring system is different for both leagues, with the District County League opting for the traditional 2 points for a win and 1 for a draw, and the WFSL opting for a system which awards points for winning both a leg and the game. In recent years, the popularity of the sport has declined with the District County League and WFSL both having to reduce the number of divisions from 5 down to 3.

[edit] Greater London

Also known as nine-pins, the Greater London version uses 9 pins (made of hornbeam) and a cheese. The cheese is thrown at the pins using a swinging motion whilst stepping forwards. After an initial throw, the remaining pins (the 'broken frame') may end up in a variety of formations - each of which has a distinctive (and usually London-based) name, such as a London Bridge or a Portsmouth Road. Knocking down all the pins at once is known as a 'floorer' and is highly respected. A player who manages to throw three floorers in succession is lauded.

While it was once a popular game played in pubs all over London (generally sited by the Thames river), it is now only played at two venues: one in Hampstead and one in Norbury. The origins of this skittles game are vague, but it is thought by some to have been started by Dutch sailors, possibly playing on the decks of moored barges.

[edit] Guernsey

In the Sarnia Skittles League of Guernsey,^[12] the teams are made up of 6 players playing 6 legs of three balls. Currently there are 3 leagues of 9 teams and each Team plays the others 3 times during the season. Season runs from September to April.

[edit] Other

This section requires expansion.

The game is also very common in the southwest counties of Cornwall, Devon, Dorset. It is also popular in South Wales.

[edit] British rules variants

[edit] Front pin first

In this variant of the game, pins are only counted if the front pin is knocked over first. If the front pin is missed, any pins that are knocked over are not reset. In Devon Summer League, this rule is played frequently. In Bristol, this is the form of the game played and "all in" skittles tends to be looked down upon as involving less skill. In Worcestershire this type of game is also known as king pin.

[edit] Nomination

In this variant of the game, the player has to nominate the pin that will be hit first before the throw. Unless this pin is knocked over the player will not score. The names given to the pins may vary from region to region, in Wiltshire they are usually referred to as "front pin", "front right quarter", "front left quarter", "outside right" (or "right winger"), "centre pin", "outside left" (or "left winger"), "back right quarter", "back left quarter", and "back pin".

[edit] Four-pins

In this variant of the game, only four pins (the two coppers, the front and back pins) are put up and must be hit with the front pin first. It is often used in conjunction with nomination as well. Currently used in North Somerset Cup games.

[edit] London Bridge

A variant of nomination but with only the landlord and two coppers set up, i.e. one has to hit a pin with each ball and nominate which one each time.^{[clarification needed]}

[edit] Killer

A game for any number of people. Each starts with 3 lives. Each bowls only one ball at a time. The first bowls at a full frame and the skittles are not stuck up until all nine are hit down. Each time a player fails to hit a single pin (but they can hit as many as they like), he or she loses a life. The winner is the last one left with a life intact. Usually played for money, e.g. £1 or 50p a game each player - the winner takes the pot.^{[clarification needed]}

[edit] Six-ball Westbury

Another game for any number of people. Each player has one hand of 6 balls at a full frame. If all nine pins are knocked down within the hand then they are reset, meaning that a player may score anywhere between 0 and 54. The winner is the player with the highest score. Similar to killer in that it is usually played for money with the winner taking the pot.

[edit] France

Jeu de quilles de neuf ("nine-pin skittle game") of France, also known simply as quilles de 9 or just quilles, is a complicated variant with similarites to both British skittles and petanque. It is popular only in the southwest of the country. It is an indoor game which is played on a hard-packed surface. The skittles are placed on a square court, each resting on a round piece of wood called pitere or pitet, 2.20 m apart from each other. A skittle measures about 96 cm and weighs 3 kg, and is made of beech wood. The bowl (ball) weighs about 6 kg and has a 30 cm diameter; it is made of walnut wood.^[13]. There is also an eight-pin version, quilles de huit (8), and a version played with a mallet, quilles au maillet, which is obviously related to ground billiards and its variants such as croquet and paille-maille, and which has experienced a resurgence in Gascony since 1973.

[edit] Germany, Central Europe, and the United States

The German sport kegeln or nine-pin bowling is played with nine pins, in broadly organized leagues and is also popular in many other countries with long German connections, including Austria, Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary and Liechtenstein. The game was once also the dominant bowling game in the United States (but today only survives in rural Texas), and also led to an Australian variant.

[edit] Ireland

The Irish sport is a game played with five 3–inch high pins and three 9–inch high' pieces of wood (skittles). Pins are numbered from 1 to 5 each representing a number of points. Throwers must toss the skittles towards the pins over a distance of approximately 8 metres (this varies from county to county) in order to score points with the aim to scoring exactly 41. Points are recorded in descending order. If a player should score too many points ("go bust", as in darts) they return to a score of 9 left, unless their previous score was above this in which case they return to that score.

The game is played frequently in pubs and Gaelic athletic clubs in various parts of the island with team leagues and cup matches.

[edit] Australia

In some parts of Australia, a version known as kegel is played, strongly influenced by German nine-pin bowling or kegeln.

[edit] Glossary

• Any Old How - the term used to describe a ball that has missed its intended target, but has knocked over quite a few pins that count towards the score.
• Ball - the wooden ball rolled at the skittles.
• Beaver - when a player knocks down no pins in a hand.
• Birdy - Worcestershire term for the pin in the centre of the frame, immediately behind the front pin. Also known as "bird in the cage" or the "Landlord".
• Bolter (South Wales) - a ball that fails to hit any pin.
• Broken frame - a frame with some pins knocked over
• Cheese - a round, flattened wooden discus (often made of lignum vitae), shaped like some types of cheese, which in some variants of the game is thrown instead of rolling a ball. It may also be rolled, like the oblate ball used in the game of bowls.
• Copper - the pin on the extreme left or right of the frame. The pin at the front of the frame, also known as the king pin .
• Cush - the rails on either side of the alley, usually made from timber. Some alleys have ditches/gutters instead (similar to ten pin bowling).
• Cush ball - a ball that is bowled & hits the cush. In most variants of the game the pins that are then knocked down are not counted in the players score (see also sidey)
• Cut - when the ball hits the side of a pin.
• Ditch - an area behind the pins that has been dug into the floor. It catches the pins that are knocked down.
• Down - the scores for all players in one set during a single hand, combined, e.g. "we just got a 24 down"
• Duck - a player who doesn't knock down any pins on their turn.
• Flattener - a ball that knocks down all nine pins.
• Flopper - when a player knocks down all nine pins with one ball or cheese.
• Flopper ball - the ball that achieves a flopper
• Foul - a ball delivered illegally over the foul line
• Frame - the full set of pins (usually nine) standing upright
• Hand - a player's turn at the game
• Hill gap - The Gap between the front pin and the front quarter pin
• King pin - The pin at the front of the frame. Also name of type of skittles where front pin has to be floored before any pins count
• Landlord - the pin in the centre of the frame, immediately behind the front pin. Also known as "bird in the cage".
• Line - the mark on the alley that denotes where the ball must be delivered (before the line in Worcestershire, in - between two lines in Bristol etc)
• Long Three - the term used to describe three pins that are situated in a straight line when they are the only pins left standing & the player is trying to hit them down.
• Leg - known as a set elsewhere comprising 6, 8, 9, 10 or 12 players.
• No Ball - same as foul.
• Over - same as foul.
• Pin - a skittle.
• Pit - same as Ditch.
• Strike - hitting over all the pins within one turn.
• Good strike - Denotes when after the first ball the remaining Pins stood up are able to be knocked down with the second ball for a spare
• Pitch - the long rectangular strip along which balls are thrown and at the end of which the pins stand
• Plate - the strip on the floor which the balls have to hit when they leave the skittlers' hands. In Bristol and North Somerset the plate is the square which the pins are stood on.
• Punch - when the ball hits the pin dead centre & ploughs through afterwards knocking down the pin behind but not the pins either side.
• Quarter - the two pins to either side and behind the front pin
• Set - three or four players who play against the opposing teams set
• Sidey - a ball played that hits the side of the alley.
• Skittle alley - a long narrow building in which skittles is usually played.
• Skittle may be an onomatopoeic word that describes the noise made when the skittles fall.
• Spare - when a player knocks down all nine pins with 2 balls, allowing a third throw with the pins re-set.
• Split - The pins left after the first ball has been played.
• Spider (Worcestershire) - when a player fails to knocks down any pins in a hand with his or her three balls.
• Sticker or sticker-up - a person who puts knocked-over pins back upright
• Sunshine (New South Wales) - same as spider
• V/c - used to denote a beaver or sunshine when chalking, also an alternative for those names in North Somerset - said to stand for "very close"
• Spot - The marks on the plate which the pins are placed.
• Trough - a feature on most skittle alleys (constructed out of wood or plastic with a slope)that is used by the sticker to return the balls to the players end of the alley for the next go.
• Wraxall 8 (north Somerset) - used to denote when a player scores 8 with the front pin still standing
• Winger (Worcestershire) - Either of the two pins at the extreme right and left of the frame.

[edit] Table skittles

Table-top versions of the game also exist. These include:

• Hood skittles: a miniaturized version in which the pins are on a special table which is closed on three sides with a leather hood; a 'cheese' is thrown at the pins underarm
• Devil among the tailors: another miniaturized version, in which a small ball is attached by a chain or string to a vertical pole, allowing it to be swung through the air in an arc to strike the pins.
  

[edit] Scattles and smite

Scattles is a version of skittles in which all the pins are numbered. Players take turn in throwing the baton at the pins with a view to totalling exactly 50 points. If more than one pin is knocked over, the score received is that quantity of pins. But if only one pin is knocked over, the value on it is scored. If a player exceeds 50, their total reduces to 25. Pins are then placed upright where they stand, thus scattering. Scattles is made by Jaques of London and reminiscent of the older Cornish game, smite, itself based on the Finnish game mölkky.

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• International Federation of Bowlers (FIQ, Fédération Internationale des Quilleurs)
• Wilkins, Ken; Jenkins, Ron; et al. (January 13, 2006). "Science". The Geordies. Thornbury, South Gloucestershire: The Thornbury Pump. http://www.thornburypump.myby.co.uk/geordies/science.html. Retrieved 2009-06-18.  A team's views on the physics and other scientific aspects of English skittles.

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