Snare drum
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| Hornbostel–Sachs classification | 211.212.1 (Directly hit cylindrical drum with two membranes) |
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| The drum kit |
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1 Bass drum | 2 Floor tom | 3 Snare drum |
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Sizzle cymbal Swish cymbal Crash/ride cymbal |
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The snare drum or side drum is a widely used percussion instrument, used in orchestras, marching bands and concert bands, drum kits and many other applications.
It is the centre of the drum kit, the most prominent drum in most marching and stage bands, and the drum that students of both orchestral and kit drumming learn to play first.
The snare drum is almost always double-headed, with rattles {called snares) of gut, metal wire or synthetics stretched across one or both heads. There are three patterns:
- In all but a few applications, a single set of snares is applied to the bottom of the bottom (unplayed) head. Orchestral and drum kit players use extremely thin, specialised snare drum heads, far too light to be played directly, for this bottom head.
- Pipe band side drums have a second set of snares on the bottom (inside) of the top (played or batter) head, as well as a set on the bottom of the bottom head.
- The caixa de guerra ("war box") and tarol are latin american snare drums with a single set of snares on the top of the top head.[1] A few of these drums omit the bottom head.
Many modern snare drums have an adjustable snare strainer which allows the snares to be released completely, creating an effect similar to a tom-tom drum.
Different types can be found, like Piccolo snares, that have a smaller depth for a higher pitch, rope-tuned snares (Maracatoo snare) and the Brazilian "Tarol", that commonly has snares on the top of the upper drumhead. The snare drum is considered one of the most important drums of the drum kit.
Historically, snare drums have been used in military and parading contexts to produce drum cadences. Today in popular music, especially with rock drum kits, the snare drum is typically used to play a backbeat pattern[2] such as quarter notes on the backbeat or:
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[edit] Operation
The drum can be played by striking it with a drum stick or any other form of beater, including brushes and rutes, which produce a softer-sounding vibration from the wires. When using a stick, the drummer may strike either the head of the drum, the rim, or the shell. When the top head is struck the snares vibrate against the bottom head, also known as the resonate head, producing a cracking sound. The snares can often be thrown off with a lever on the strainer so that the drum only produces a sound reminiscent of a tom-tom.[3] Rim shots are a technique associated with snare drums in which the head and rim are struck simultaneously with one stick (or in concert playing, a stick placed on the head and rim struck by the opposite stick), and rudiments are sets of basic patterns often played on a snare drum.[4]
In contemporary and/or pop and rock music, where the snare drum is used as a apart of a drum set, most of the backbeats and accented notes on the snare drum are played as rim shots, due to the ever increasing demand for the typical sharp and high volume sound. In more Latin and/or Jazz music, notes may be played as rim clicks where the sticks back end is placed on the edge of the top head and forced downward on the rim to the opposite side, to keep a more smooth and syncopated beat. The so called "ghost notes" are very light "filler notes" played in between the backbeats in genres like funk, rhythm and blues. The famous drum roll is produced by alternatively bouncing the sticks on the drum head striving for a controlled rebound. A similar effect can be obtained by playing alternated double strokes on the drum, creating a double stroke roll, or very fast single strokes, creating a single stroke roll. The snares are a fundamental ingredient to the drum roll as they help blend together distinct strokes that are therefore perceived as a single sustained sound.
[edit] Construction
Snare drums may be made from various wood, metal, or acrylic materials. A typical diameter for snare drums is 14 inches (36 cm). Marching snare drums are deeper in size than snare drums normally used for orchestral or drum kit purposes, often measuring in at a foot long. Orchestral and drum set snare drum shells are about 6 inches (15 cm) deep. Piccolo snare drums are even more shallow at about 3 inches (7.6 cm) deep. Soprano, popcorn, and firecracker snare drums have diameters as small as 8 inches (20 cm) and are often used for higher-pitched special effects.[3]
Most snare drums are constructed in plies that are heat- and compression-moulded into a cylinder. Steam-bent shells consist of one ply of wood that is gradually rounded into a cylinder and glued at one seam. Reinforcement hoops are generally needed on the inside surface of the drum to keep it perfectly round. Segment shells are made of multiple stacks of segmented wood rings. The segments are glued together and rounded out by a lathe. Similarly, stave shells are constructed of vertically glued pieces of wood into a cylinder (much like a barrel) that is also rounded out by a lathe. Solid shells are constructed of one solid piece of hollowed wood.
[edit] History
The snare drum seems to have descended from a medieval drum called the Tabor, which was a drum with a single gut snare strung across the bottom. It is a bit bigger than a medium tom and was first used in war, often played with a fife or pipe; the player would play both the fife and drum (see also Pipe and Tabor).[5][6] Tabors were not always double headed[7] and not all may have had snares. By the 15th century, the size of the snare drum increased and had a cylindrical shape. This simple drum with a simple snare became popular with the Swiss mercenary troops who used the fife and drum around the 15th-16th century, due to influence from the Ottoman Turk's use of the drum in their armies. The drum was made deeper and carried along the side. Further developments appeared in the 17th century, with the use of screws to hold down the snares, giving a brighter sound than the rattle of a loose snare. During the 18th century, the snare drum underwent changes that would improve its characteristic sound. Metal snares appeared in the 20th century. Today the snare drum is used in pop music and modern orchestral music.[8]
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Much of the development of the snare drum and the drum rudiments is closely tied with the use of the snare drum in the military. In his book, The Art of Snare drumming, Sanford A. Moeller (of the "Moeller Method" of drumming) states that "To acquire a knowledge of the true nature of the [snare] drum, it is absolutely necessary to study military drumming, for it is essentially a military instrument and its true character cannot be brought out with an incorrect method. When a composer wants a martial effect, he instinctively turns to the drums".
Before the advent of radio and electronic communications, the snare drum was often used to communicate orders to the soldiers. American troops were woken up by drum and fife, playing about 5 minutes of music, including the well known Three Camps.[9] Troops were also called for meals by certain drum pieces such as "Peas on a Trencher", or "Roast Beef". A piece called the "Tattoo" was used to signal that all soldiers should be in their tent, and "The Fatigue" was used to police the quarters or drum unruly women out of the camp.[10]
Many of these military pieces required a thorough grounding in rudiment drumming; indeed Moeller states that: "They [the rudimental drummers] were the only ones who could do it [play the military camp duty pieces]".[11] Moeller furthermore states that "No matter how well a drummer can read, if he does not know the rudimental system of drumming, it is impossible for him to play 'The Three Camps', 'Breakfast Call', or in fact any of the Duty except the simple beats such as 'The Troop'".[12]
Heads originally were of calf skin. The invention of the plastic (mylar) drum head is credited to Marion "Chick" Evans[13] who (apparently) made the first plastic drum head in 1956.
The development of drum rudiments seem to have developed with the snare drum; the Swiss fife and drum groups are sometimes credited with their invention.[14] The first written rudiment was in Basel, Switzerland in 1610.[15] Rudiments with familiar names are listed in Charles Ashworth's book in 1812 such as the (single) paradiddle, flam, drag, ratamacue, the roll (a double stroke roll, also called the "ma-ma da-da" roll), among others.
[edit] Definitions
- Military, or field drum: a snare drum, 14 to 16 inches in diameter, 9 to 16 inches deep, with a wood or metal shell and the two heads stretched by tensioning screws. It has a snare release lever to activate (deactivate) a minimum of 8 metal, gut, or plastic snares. The term came into use in 1837 with the invention of the tensioning-screw mechanism. It is frequently placed on a stand.[16]
- Side drum: Common British and Scottish Highland term for a snare drum.[17]
[edit] Types
There are lots of types of snare drums, including:
- Marching Snare (High Tension)
- Drum kit snare
- Piccolo snare
- Maracaoo snare (rope-tuned)
- Tarol
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ http://www.kingparrotsamba.com/instruments-of-samba.html retrieved 9 March 2012
- ^ a b Schroedl, Scott (2001). Play Drums Today!, p. 11. Hal Leonard. ISBN 0-634-02185-0.
- ^ a b Pearl Drums
- ^ Vic Firth
- ^ History of the snare drum
- ^ Another short history of the snare drum
- ^ Definition of Tabor
- ^ http://musiced.about.com/od/percussions/p/kettledrum.htm
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIPVnpcBLxk Three camps played in a traditional (authentic) rudimentary style
- ^ http://web.archive.org/web/20091027123531/http://www.geocities.com/cwfifedrum/schedule.html Schedule of calls the musicians (drummers) made in the camps
- ^ Moeller Book, Page 10
- ^ Moeller Book, p. 69
- ^ History of Evans drum head
- ^ The development of Drum Rudiments, by W F Ludwig
- ^ http://www.pfyffersyte.ch/files/repertoire/hit2005_PundT.php
- ^ Beck, p. 62.
- ^ Beck, p. 83.
[edit] Sources
- Beck, John (1995). Encyclopedia of percussion instruments. New York: Garland Publishing. ISBN 0824047885. Google Books preview. Accessed 8 September 2009.
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Snare drums |
- Marching Snare Drum Heads - Description of types of marching snare drum heads.
- Royal Schools Sources Percussion Page Sources for the prescribed music for the Royal Schools of Music practical exams
- Field Drums Blog Photos, information, critical commentary and analysis of field drums, focusing on drums of the American Civil War
- How to Build a Snare Drum DRUM! Magazine shows the step-by-step process of building a snare drum.
