Solingen

Solingen
Typical Houses in Solingen-Gräfrath
Solingen
Coordinates	51°10′0″N 7°05′0″E
Administration
Country	Germany
State	North Rhine-Westphalia
Admin. region	Düsseldorf
District	Urban district
Lord Mayor	Norbert Feith, CDU (CDU)
Basic statistics
Area	89.45 km2 (34.54 sq mi)
Elevation	53-276 m
Population	159,699 (31 December 2011)
- Density	1,785 /km2 (4,624 /sq mi)
Other information
Time zone	CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Licence plate	SG
Postal codes	42601-42719
Area code	0212
Website	www.solingen.de

Solingen is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the northern edge of the region called Bergisches Land, south of the Ruhr area, and with a 2009 population of 161,366 is the second largest city in the Bergisches Land. It is a member of the regional authority of the Rhineland.

Solingen is called the "City of Blades", since it has long been renowned for the manufacturing of fine swords, knives, scissors and razors made by famous firms such as Dreiturm, DOVO Solingen, Wüsthof, J. A. Henckels, Böker, Eickhorn-Solingen, and numerous other manufacturers. Wilkinson's German operations are also based here.

In Medieval times, the swordsmiths of Solingen coined the town's image, which is preserved to this date. In the latter part of the 17th century, a group of swordsmiths from Solingen broke their guild oaths by taking their sword-making secrets with them to Shotley Bridge, County Durham in England.

Geography

Solingen lies southwest of Wuppertal in the Bergisches Land. The city has an area of 89.45 square kilometres (34.54 sq mi), of which roughly 50% is used for agriculture, horticulture, or forestry. The city's border is 62 kilometres (39 mi) long, and the city's dimensions are 15.6 kilometres (9.7 mi) east to west and 11.7 kilometres (7.3 mi) north to south. The Wupper river, a right tributary of the Rhine, flows through the city for 26 kilometres (16 mi). The city's highest point at 276 metres (906 ft) is in the northern borough of Gräfrath at the Light Tower, previously the water tower, and the lowest point at 53 metres (174 ft) is in the southwest.

Neighbouring cities and communities

The following cities and communities share a border with Solingen, starting in the northeast and going clockwise around the city:

• Wuppertal (unitary urban district)

• Remscheid (unitary urban district)

• Wermelskirchen (within the Rheinisch-Bergischer district)

• Leichlingen (Rheinisch-Bergischer district)

• Langenfeld (within the district of Mettmann)

• Hilden (Mettmann)

• Haan (Mettmann)

City administration

Solingen currently consists of five boroughs. Each borough has a municipal council of either 13 or 15 representatives (Bezirksvertreter) elected every five years by the borough's population. The municipal councils are responsible for many of the boroughs' important administrative affairs.

The five city boroughs:

• Gräfrath
• Wald (Solingen)
• (Solingen-)Mitte
• Ohligs/Aufderhöhe/Merscheid
• Höhscheid/Burg

The individuals boroughs are in part composed of separate quarters or residential areas with their own names, although they often lack precise borders. Examples of these areas are Balkhausen, Brabant, Broßhaus, Central, Dahl, Demmeltrath, Dorperhof, Flachsberg, Fürk, Fürkeltrath, Fuhr, Glüder, Gosse, Hackhausen, Haasenmühle, Hasseldelle, Hästen, Ittertal, Kannenhof, Katternberg, Ketzberg, Kohlfurth, Kotzert, Krahenhöhe, Külf, Landwehr, Mangenberg, Mankhaus, Maubes, Meigen, Müngsten, Nümmen, Papiermühle, Piepersberg, Rüden, Schaberg, Schieten, Schnittert, Theegarten, Unterland, Weyer, Widdert, Wilzhaus, and Zum Holz.

History

Solingen was first mentioned in 1067 by a chronicler who called the area "Solonchon". Early variations of the name included "Solengen", "Solungen", and "Soleggen", although the modern name seems to have been in use since the late 14th and early 15th centuries.

Coins issued after World War I by the City of Solingen

Blacksmith smelters, dating back to over 2000 years, have been found around the town adding to Solingen's fame as a Northern Europe blacksmith centre. Swords from Solingen have turned up in places such as the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the British Isles. Northern Europe prized the quality of Solingen's manufactured weaponry, and they were traded across the European continent. Solingen today remains the knife-centre of Germany.

It was a tiny village for centuries, but became a fortified town in the 15th century.

In 1929 Ohligs, located in the Prussian Rhine Province, 17 miles (27 km) by rail north of Cologne became part of Solingen. Its chief manufactures were cutlery and hardware, and there were iron-foundries and flour mills. Other industries are brewing, dyeing, weaving and brick-making. Before 1891 it was known as Merscheid.

In World War II the Old Town was completely destroyed by an air raid in 1944 and 1,040 people died. As such, there are few pre-war sights in the centre.

More recently, the city became well known in the Anglosphere because of a May 29, 1993 arson attack, in which two Turkish women and three Turkish girls died in a fire attack on the house of a Turkish family in Solingen. Seven more people were severely injured. The fire was started by local Neo-Nazi's. The incident ignited further controversy when the German Chancellor, Helmut Kohl, refused to attend the funeral of the Solingen victims.

Population

Solingen's population doubled between the years 1880 and 1890 due to the incorporation of the city Dorp into Solingen in 1889, at which time the population reached 36,000. The population again received a large boost on August 1, 1929 through the incorporation of Ohligs, Wald, Höhscheid, and Gräfrath into the city limits. This brought the population above the 100,000 mark, which gave Solingen the distinction of "large city" (Großstadt). The number of inhabitants peaked in 1971 with 177,899 residents, and the 2006 population figure was 163,263.

The following chart shows the population figures within Solingen's city limits at the respective points in time. The figures are derived from census estimates or numbers provided by statistical offices or city agencies, with the exception of figures preceding 1843, which were gathered using inconsistent recording techniques.

30,9 % of the population of Solingen has foreign roots (statistics 2012).

Transportation

Rail

Solingen Hauptbahnhof is served by Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn line S1 from Düsseldorf and Düsseldorf_International_Airport Station. RegionalBahn service Der Müngstener (RB 47) links Solingen (including the station nearest the town centre, Solingen Mitte, and Solingen Grünewald) to Wuppertal via Hauptbahnhof, Lennep and Ronsdorf. The Rhein-Wupper-Bahn (RB 48) runs over the Gruiten–Cologne-Deutz line to Cologne and Bonn Hauptbahnhof via Opladen.

Railway stations of Solingen
Station	Lines served	Destinations	Notes
Solingen Hauptbahnhof	ICE42	Dortmund – Solingen – Mannheim – Munich (InterCity Express)	Interchange with Obus Solingen (trolleybus) lines 681, 682.
	ICE43	Hannover – Solingen – Cologne – Mannheim – Basel (InterCity Express)
	ICE91	Dortmund – Solingen – Frankfurt – Vienna (InterCity Express)
	IC31	Hamburg – Solingen – Cologne – Frankfurt (InterCity)
	IC55	Leipzig – Hannover – Solingen – Cologne
	RE7	Krefeld – Cologne – Solingen – Wuppertal – Hagen – Hamm – Münster (RegionalExpress)
	RB47	RegionalBahn to Wuppertal Hauptbahnhof via Remscheid
	RB48	Wuppertal – Solingen – Cologne – Bonn (RegionalBahn)
	S1	S-Bahn to Dortmund
Solingen Mitte	RB47	Nearest station to historic centre. Interchange with trolleybus lines 681, 683, 684, 686.
Solingen Grünewald	RB47	Interchange with trolleybus line 682.
Solingen Vogelpark	S1
Solingen Schaberg	RB47

Trolleybus

Solingen trolleybus network map

Solingen has a Trolleybus network, one of only three in Germany remaining besides Eberswalde and Esslingen am Neckar. The network centres on Graf-Wilhelm-Platz (Count William Square).

History

The first trolleybus was brought into service on 19 June 1952. The network was a conversion of the previous tram services. Conversion from tramway was completed on 2 December 1959. Extensions to the system were opened in 1981-2 – Schlagbaum to Hasselstraße (2.6 kilometres (1.6 mi)) and Höhscheid to Brockenberg (0.8 kilometres (0.50 mi)) respectively – and in 1993 from Aufderhöhe to Mangenberg/Graf-Wilhem-Platz (8.2 kilometres (5.1 mi)).

The mid 1990s saw plans to replace the trolleybuses with diesel buses, but this was never pursued; trolleybuses being preferred over diesel vehicles because of superior acceleration and better suitability for the hilly terrain.

A Solingen trolleybus at Graf-Wilhelm-Platz

Network

As of 2007, 6 lines are in operation. The older lines (681–684) are served every ten minutes, and the newer lines (685–686, opened 22 August 1993) run every half hour, although they are duplicated by each other for the majority of their route. Routes 681 and 682 interchange with the city's principal railway station – Solingen Hbf – which lies in the western suburbs. Line 683 – at 14.5 kilometres (9.0 mi), by far the network's longest – also connects to the Wuppertal Schwebebahn at Vohwinkel, the northern end of the route and the western terminus of the Schwebebahn. The southern extent of 683 is the picturesque town of Burg an der Wupper, which contains Schloss Burg (Burg Castle). Burg is also home to the world's only trolleybus turntable, owing to lack of space to provide a full turning circle. This precludes the use of articulated vehicles like on the rest of the network. Until November 2009 this turntable was in regular use for line 683. Since November 2009 line 683 has been extended to Burger Bahnhof. On the new section, the buses use their diesel engine instead of electricity, as no overhead wires were constructed here.

Fleet

As of early 2007 the fleet stands at 49 vehicles: 15 articulated Berkhof buses (2001/2), 20 articulated Van Hool buses (2002/3), and 14 three-axle MAN buses (1986-7). The latter are due for replacement during 2008. The power supply is 600 v dc.

Airtraffic

The nearest Airports are Düsseldorf International Airport and Cologne/Bonn Airport. Both International Airports can be reached by train from Solingen-Hauptbahnhof (change trains at Köln-Messe/Deutz Station for the S-Bahn 13 to Cologne/Bonn Airport). Other easily reached airports are the airports of Frankfurt am Main (ICE train stop), Dortmund (railway station "Holzwickede" on the RE7 trainline) and the low cost airport Weeze (coaches from Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof).

Religion

Solingen has belonged from its beginnings to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne (Erzbistum Köln), and more specifically to the Archdeaconry of the Probst (provost) of St. Kunibert, the deanery of Deutz. Although the Protestant Reformation gradually made gains in the city, which was under the control of the Counts of Berg, the population by and large remained Catholic for a while. The Catholic community was newly endowed by the local lord in 1658 and in 1701 received a new church building. In 1827 Solingen became the seat of its own deanery within the newly defined Archdiocese of Cologne, to which the city's current parishes still belong.

As mentioned, the Reformation only gradually gained a foothold in Solingen. A reformed church affiliated with the Bergisch synod was established in 1590, and the city's parish church became reformed in 1649. Lutherans had been present in Solingen since the beginning of the 17th century, and a Lutheran congregation was founded in 1635. In 1672 a formalized religious agreement was reached between the city's religious groups. The Reformation was also introduced in Gräfrath in 1590, where a church council was apparently established in 1629. The Reformed and Lutheran churches were formed into a united church community in 1838 following the general merger of Reformed and Lutheran churches in Prussia in 1817.

The Protestant parishes originally belonged to the district synod of Lennep, today part of the city Remscheid. A new synod was established in Solingen in 1843, and the city acquired its own superintendent, a form of church administrator. This formed the basis for the present-day Church District of Solingen, a member of the Evangelical Church in the Rhineland. With the exception of the free churches, most Protestant churches belong to the Church District of Solingen.

Today approximately 34% of Solingen's population belongs to Protestant churches, and roughly 26% belong to Catholic churches. Other church communities in Solingen include Greek Orthodox, Evangelical Free (including Baptist and Bretheran), Methodist, Seventh-day Adventist, Pentecostal, Salvation Army, and free churches. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Jehovah's Witnesses and the New Apostolic Church also have communities in Solingen.

Most of the Turkish immigrants belong to the Muslim faith and they have several mosques/worship places in Solingen.

Main sights

Müngstener Brücke, a railroad bridge between Solingen and Remscheid.

Locations of note in the city include:

• Schloss Burg, the castle of the counts of Berg
• Rhineland Industrial Museum Hendrichs Drop Forge, an Anchor Point of ERIH, The European Route of Industrial Heritage
• Klosterkirche, former convent church (1690)
• Deutsches Klingenmuseum (German Blade Museum), presenting swords and cutlery of all epochs
• Müngsten Bridge, a railroad bridge connecting Solingen with the neighbour town of Remscheid. Standing at 107 m above the ground, it is the highest railroad bridge of Germany.
• Botanischer Garten Solingen, a botanical garden

Famous people

• Heinz Bender Chief White House Pastry Chef during U.S. Presidents Johnson, Nixon, Ford and Carter's administrations
• Painter Albert Bierstadt was born in Solingen.
• Heavy Metal band Accept
• SS Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann
• Trumpeter and Solingen Youth Orchestra founder Alois Mansfeld
• Writer Artur Möller van den Bruck was born in Solingen.
• Ulay (Frank Uwe Laysiepen), artist, photographer and performer who used to perform with Marina Abramović.
• Walter Scheel was the 4th President of Germany in 1974 - 1979.
• Hermann Friedrich Graebe a 'Righteous Among the Nations' by the Israelis.
• Veronica Ferres, German actress.
• Mola Adebisi, German TV-presenter.
• Pina Bausch, born 1940, choreographer, winner of the Goethe Prize in 2008.
• Adolf Kamphausen, (1829–1909), biblical scholar.
• J. C. C. Devaranne helped lead resistance against Napoleonic occupation in 1813.
• Adolf Weil, (1938–2011), professional motorcycle racer.
• Kevin Kampl, (1990-) Slovenian professional football player was born in Solingen.
• Sebastian Thrun, (1967-) Educator, computer scientist, and Google VP and Fellow.
• Arthur Moeller van den Bruck (1876-1925), cultural historian and critic

The founders of Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company, which later became the automobile company Studebaker, trace their lineage to bladesmen from the region that migrated to America in 1736.

Twin towns

• sponsorship: citizens from the former district (Landkreis) Goldberg/Silesia, since 1955
• Gouda, Netherlands, since 1957
• Chalon-sur-Saône, France, since 1960
• Blyth, United Kingdom, since 1962
• Jinotega, Nicaragua, since 1985
• Ness Ziona, Israel, since 1986
• Thiès, Senegal, since 1990
• Aue, Germany, since 1990

External links

Media related to Solingen at Wikimedia Commons