Sopwith 1½ Strutter
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| Sopwith 1½ Strutter | |
|---|---|
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| Role | Biplane general purpose aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Sopwith Aviation Company |
| First flight | December 1915 |
| Introduction | April 1916 |
| Primary users | Royal Naval Air Service Royal Flying Corps Aéronautique Militaire |
| Number built | 4,500 France 1,439 Great Britain |
The Sopwith 1½ Strutter was a British one or two-seat biplane multi-role aircraft of the First World War.[1] It is significant as the first British-designed two seater tractor fighter, and the first British aircraft to enter service with a synchronised machine gun. It also saw widespread but rather undistinguished service with the French Aéronautique Militaire.
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[edit] Design and development
In December 1914, the Sopwith Aviation Company designed a small, two seat tandem biplane powered by an 80 hp (60 kW) Gnome rotary engine, which became known as the "Sigrist Bus" after Fred Sigrist, Sopwith's Works Manager. The Sigrist Bus first flew on 5 June 1915, and although it set a new British altitude record on the day of its first flight, only one was built, serving as a company runabout.[2][3]
The Sigrist Bus formed the basis for a new, larger fighter aircraft, the Sopwith LCT (Land Clerget Tractor), designed by Herbert Smith, powered by a 110 hp (82 kW) Clerget engine. Like the Sigrist Bus, each of the upper wings (there was no true centre section) were connected to the fuselage by a pair of short (half) struts and a pair of longer struts, forming a "W" when viewed from the front, this giving rise to the aircraft's popular nickname of the 1½ Strutter.[1] The first prototype was ready in mid December 1915,[3][4] undergoing official testing in January 1916.
The 1½ Strutter was of conventional, wire braced, wood and fabric construction. The pilot and gunner sat in widely separated tandem cockpits, with the pilot sitting in front, giving the gunner a good field of fire for his Lewis gun. The aircraft had a variable incidence tailplane that could be adjusted by the pilot in flight, and airbrakes under the lower wings to reduce landing distance.[5][2]
Initially, the observer's gun was the aircraft's only armament as gun synchronisation gear was not yet available, with Vickers-Challenger interrupter gear only being put into production for the Royal Flying Corps in December 1915[6] and in a few weeks a similar order for the Scarff-Dibovski gear was placed for the RNAS.[7] Fitting one of these two syncronising gears allowed the provision of a fixed .303-in Vickers machine gun for the pilot, with later aircraft using the improved Ross gear, although the Sopwith-Kauper gear was also used.[8] None of these early mechanical synchronisation gears were very reliable and it was not uncommon for propellers to be damaged, or even entirely shot away.
The Scarff ring mounting was also very new, and production was at first slower than that of the aircraft requiring them. Various makeshift Lewis mountings, as well as the older Nieuport ring mounting, were fitted to some early 1½ Strutters as an interim measure.[9] The two-seaters could carry four 25 lb (11 kg) bombs underwing, which could be replaced by two 65 lb (30 kg) bombs for anti-submarine patrols.[10]
From the beginning, a dedicated light bomber version was planned, with the observer's cockpit eliminated to allow for more fuel and bombs to be carried, in the manner of the Martinsyde Elephant and the B.E.12.
[edit] Operational history
The prototype two-seater flew in December 1915[4] and production deliveries started to reach the RNAS in February 1916. By the end of April, No. 5 Wing RNAS had a complete flight of the new aircraft, using them both to escort the Wing's Caudron G.4 and Breguet bombers and to carry out bombing raids themselves.[11][12] The War Office had ordered the type for the RFC in March, but because Sopwiths were contracted to the Navy for their entire production, the RFC orders had to be placed with Ruston Proctor and Vickers,[13] and production from these manufacturers did not get into its stride until August. Since the Somme offensive was planned for the end of June, and with the RFC having a shortage of squadrons to support the planned offensive, it was agreed that a number of aircraft would be transferred from one service to the other, allowing No. 70 Squadron to reach the front by early July 1916, with Sopwith-built Strutters originally intended for the Navy.[14]
At first No. 70 did very well with their new mounts. The period of German ascendency known as the Fokker scourge was long over, and the 1½ Strutter's long range, coupled with its excellent armament for the period, enabled effective offensive patrolling deep into German held territory.[15] Unfortunately, by the time No. 45 Squadron reached the front in October the new Albatros fighters were appearing in the Jagdstaffeln. By January 1917, when No 43 Squadron arrived in France, the type was totally outclassed as a fighter. While the fitting of a more powerful 130 hp Le Clerget 9B improved performance slightly, this came too late to reverse the situation.[16] It was still a useful long-range reconnaissance aircraft when it could be provided with adequate fighter escort.[17] Like most early Sopwith types, the 1½ Strutter was very lightly built, and its structure did not stand up very well to arduous war service.[citation needed] It was also far too stable to make a good dogfighter. The last front line 1½ Strutters in the RFC were replaced by Camels in late October 1917.[17]
This was by no means the end of the story as far the Sopwith two seater's service was concerned. The type's long range and stability were both good qualities for a home defence fighter, and it served with three home defence squadrons, No. 37, No. 44 and No. 78 Squadrons. Most of the 1½ Strutters supplied to home defence units had been built as two seaters, but many were converted "in the field" to single seaters in order to improve performance. Some of these single seaters were similar to the bomber variant, but others were of different type, known (like similarly adapted Sopwith Camels) as the Sopwith Comic. The cockpit was moved back, behind the wings, and one or two Lewis guns, either mounted on Foster mountings, or fixed to fire upwards, outside the arc of the propeller, replaced the synchronised Vickers.
The RNAS used most of their 1½ Strutters as bombers (in the Aegean and Macedonia as well as in France) and as shipboard aircraft. In this service it was known as the Ship's Strutter and flew from aircraft carriers and other warships of the Royal Navy.
Both the RNAS and the RFC (and, after April 1918, the RAF) used the type as a trainer after its operational days were over. Like the Pup, it proved a popular personal aircraft for senior officers.
The largest user of the Sopwith, however, was the French Aéronautique Militaire. By October 1916 it was obvious that the pusher Farman and Breguet bombers of the time had become totally obsolete, and pending the appearance of French tractor aircraft the Sopwith was ordered in very large numbers from French manufacturers - in three versions, the SOP. 1A2 (two seater reconnaissance), SOP. 1B2 (two seater bomber) and SOP. 1B1 (single seater bomber).[18] For want of a better alternative the French Sopwiths had to soldier on long after they had become obsolete, and were not fully replaced by later types until early 1918. Three Belgian and three American squadrons also flew French-built Sopwiths, and some seem to have been supplied to Russia. Surplus French Sopwiths were used by several countries post-war.
Over 100 1½ Strutters were also built in Russia by Duks and Lebedev,[19] supplemented by large numbers delivered directly from Britain and France. The 1½ Strutter remained in large scale use by both the Soviet forces and White Russians during the Russian civil war and Polish-Soviet war.[20] Three were captured during this war and used by the Poles in 1919-1920.[21] Other captured ones were used by Baltic states.
Around 1,500 1½ Strutters were built for the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service, and between 4,200 and 4,500 were built in France.
[edit] Variants
- Sopwith Type 9400
- An original Admiralty designation.
- Sopwith Type 9700
- Another Admiralty designation.
- Sopwith Two-seater
- The original RFC designation.
- Sopwith 1½ Strutter
- Single or two-seat fighter-scout, bomber and reconnaissance biplane.
- Sopwith Comic
- Single seat home defence fighter
- Ship Strutter
- Shipboard version
- SOP. 1
- French built version.
- LeO 1
- Lioré et Olivier licence-built version.
[edit] Survivors
Original Sopwith 1½ Strutter aircraft are preserved at the following locations.[22] Replica aircraft are not listed.
- Belgium
- S85, Koninklijk Legermuseum/Musee Royal de l'Armee, Brussels.
- France
- No. 556, Sop.1A.2 at Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace, Paris Le Bourget airport.
- France
- No. 2897, Sop.1B.2 at the Association Memorial Flight, La Ferté-Alais near Paris (under restoration 2009).
- USA
- The Fantasy of Flight museum at Polk City, Florida contains an unrestored 1½ Strutter obtained from Argentina.
[edit] Operators
- Afghanistan Air Force acquired a few aircraft from 1921 and retired in 1925.
- Australian Flying Corps
- No. 2 Squadron AFC operated one aircraft for training only.
- No. 4 Squadron AFC used Strutters for training.
- No. 6 (Training) Squadron AFC in the United Kingdom
- Estonian Air Force operated a single ex-Soviet aircraft.[23]
- Latvian Air Force operated at least 3 ex-Soviet aircraft.[24]
- Lithuanian Air Force operated a single ex-Soviet aircraft that landed behind Lithuanian lines during the Lithuanian–Soviet War.[25]
- Netherlands Air Force used five 1½ Strutters that forced landed in neutral Holland and were interned and subsequently purchased.[20]
- Polish Air Force operated 3 aircraft captured from the Soviets in 1919-1920.[21]
- Imperial Russian Air Force and White Russian forces
- Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps purchased 384 two-seat observation aircraft and 130 single seat bombers from France in 1917-18.[27] While mainly used for training, they were used operationally by the 90th Aero Squadron.[18]
- United States Navy[28]
[edit] Specifications (1½ Strutter - two seater, 130 hp Clerget)
Data from British Aeroplanes 1914-18 [29]
General characteristics
- Crew: two, pilot and observer
- Length: 25 ft 3 in (7.70 m)
- Wingspan: 33 ft 6 in (10.21 m)
- Height: 10 ft 3 in (3.12 m)
- Wing area: 346 ft² (32.16 m²)
- Empty weight: 1,305 lb (593 kg)
- Loaded weight: 2,149 lb (975 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 2,150 lb (977 kg)
- Powerplant: 1× Clerget 9B rotary engine, 130 hp (97 kW)
Performance
- Maximum speed: 100 mph (87 knots, 161 km/h) at 6,500 ft (1,980 m)
- Endurance: 3¾ hours
- Service ceiling: 15,500 ft (4,730 m)
- Climb to 6,500 ft (1,980 m): 9 min 10 s
Armament
- Guns:
- 1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) forward-firing Vickers machine gun with Ross interrupter gear
- 1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis gun in observer's cockpit
- Bombs: Up to 130 lb (60 kg) bombs
[edit] See also
Related development
Comparable aircraft
Related lists
[edit] References
- Notes
- ^ a b Lake 2002, p. 40.
- ^ a b Bruce 1982, p.499.
- ^ a b Jarrett 2009, p.56.
- ^ a b Bruce 28 September 1956, p. 544.
- ^ Jarrett 2009, pp. 56, 8.
- ^ Bruce 28 September 1956, p.543.
- ^ Bruce 5 October 1956, p.586.
- ^ Bruce 1957, p.542.
- ^ Bruce 1957, pp. 542—543.
- ^ Jefford 2009, p.59.
- ^ Bruce 28 September 1956, p. 545.
- ^ Bruce 1982, p.500.
- ^ Bruce 1982, pp. 501, 503.
- ^ Bruce 5 October 1956, p.587.
- ^ Bruce 1982, p.504.
- ^ a b Bruce 5 October 1956, p. 588.
- ^ a b c d e Bruce 5 October 1956, p. 590.
- ^ Jarrett 2009, p.60.
- ^ a b Jarrett 2009, p.66.
- ^ a b Kopański 2001, pp. 73–78.
- ^ Jarrett 2009, p.70.
- ^ Gerdessen 1982, pp. 64, 76.
- ^ Humberstone, Richard. Latvian Air Force 1918-1940. London: Blue Rider Publishing, 2000, ISBN 1-902851-04-8.
- ^ Vistakas 1985, p.61.
- ^ Bruce 1982, p.508.
- ^ Swanborough and Bowers 1963, p. 560.
- ^ Bruce 1957, pp. 549—550.
- Bibliography
- Bruce, J.M. "The Sopwith 1½ Strutter: Historic Military Aircraft No. 14 Part I." Flight, 28 September 1956, pp. 542–546.
- Bruce, J.M. "The Sopwith 1½ Strutter: Historic Military Aircraft No. 14 Part II." Flight, 5 October 1956, pp. 586–591.
- Bruce J.M. British Aeroplanes 1914-18. London:Putnam, 1957.
- Bruce, J.M. The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing). London: Putnam, 1982. ISBN 0 370 30084 x.
- Gerdessen, F. "Estonian Air Power 1918 - 1945". Air Enthusiast No 18, April - July 1982, pp. 61–76. ISSN 0143-5450.
- Jarrett, Philip. "Database:The Sopwith 1½ Strutter". Aeroplane, December 2009, Vol 37 No 12, Issue No 440. London:IPC. ISSN 0143-7240. pp.55—70.
- Kopański, Tomasz Jan. Samoloty brytyjskie w lotnictwie polskim 1918-1930 (British aircraft in the Polish air force 1918-1930)(in Polish). Warsaw: Bellona, 2001. ISBN 83-11-09315-6.
- Lake, Jon. The Great Book of Bombers: The World's Most Important Bombers from World War I to the Present Day. St. Paul, MN: MBI Publishing Company, 2002. ISBN 0-7603-1347-4.
- Swanborough, F.G. and Peter Bowers. United States Military Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam, 1963.
- Swanborough Gordon and Peter Bowers. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. London: Putnam, Second edition 1976. ISBN 0-370-10054-9.
- Taylor, John W.R. "Sopwith 1½ Strutter". Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the Present. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. ISBN 0-425-03633-2.
- Thetford, Owen. British Naval Aircraft since 1912. London: Putnam, Fourth edition 1978. ISBN 0-370-30021-1.
- Visatkas, C. "The Annals of Lithuanian Aviation". Air Enthusiast, Number Twenty-nine, November 1985-February 1986, pp. 61—66. Bromley, UK:Fine Scroll. ISSN 0143-5450.
[edit] External links
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