Spiraea

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For the European and west Asian herb in the same family, see True Meadowsweet.
Spiraea
Spiraea salicifolia Illustration
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Subfamily: Amygdaloideae[1]
Genus: Spiraea
L.
Species

About 80-100, see text

Spiraea (pron.: /spaɪˈriːə/),[2] is a genus of about 80-100 species of shrubs in the family Rosaceae. They are native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with the greatest diversity in eastern Asia.

Spiraea species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Brown-tail, Emperor Moth, Grey Dagger, Hypercompe indecisa and Setaceous Hebrew Character.

The genus was formerly treated as also containing the herbaceous species now segregated into the genera Filipendula and Aruncus; recent genetic evidence has shown that Filipendula is only distantly related to Spiraea, belonging in the subfamily Rosoideae.

Contents

Description [edit]

Flower diagram of Spiraea hypericifolia.
Spiraea betulifolia, fruit

Spiraea plants are hardy, deciduous-leaved shrubs. The leaves are simple and usually short stalked in an alternate (i.e. spiral) arrangement. In most species, the leaves are lanceolate (narrowly oval) and about 1 to 4 inches (2.5 to 10 cm) long. The leaf margins are usually toothed, occasionally cut or lobed, and rarely smooth. Stipules are absent.

The many small flowers of Spiraea shrubs are clustered together in inflorescences, usually in dense panicles, umbrella-like corymbs, or grape-like clusters. The radial symmetry of each flower is five-fold, with the flowers usually bisexual, rarely unisexual. The flowers have five sepals and five white, pink, or reddish petals that are usually longer than the sepals. Each flower has many (15 to 60) stamens. The fruit is an aggregate of follicles.[3]

Uses [edit]

Horticulture [edit]

Spiraea japonica (Japanese spiraea), a commonly cultivated Spiraea species

Many species of Spiraea are used as ornamental plants in temperate climates, particularly for their showy clusters of dense flowers. Some species bloom in the spring, others in midsummer.

The following species, hybrids and cultivars are among those found in cultivation:-

  • S. 'Arguta'
  • S. betulifolia
  • S. canescens
  • S. cantoniensis      
  • S. × cinerea
  • S. douglasii
  • S. japonica
  • S. nipponica
  • S. prunifolia
  • S. × pseudosalicifolia      
  • S. salicifolia
  • S. 'Snow White'
  • S. thunbergii
  • S. trichocarpa
  • S. × vanhouttei
  • S. veitchii[4]

Traditional medicine and toxicity [edit]

Spiraea plants are not edible, though they have a long history of medicinal use by Native Americans as a herbal tea.[citation needed]

Spiraea shrubs contain methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen) and other salicylates throughout the plant,[citation needed] compounds with similar medicinal properties to aspirin. Unlike such other salicylate-bearing plants as willow (Salix) or poplar (Populus), spiraea's content of these analgesic compounds appears to be consistent from plant to plant.[citation needed]

The tea of this plant was used by the Blackfeet Indians as an enema and vagina douche to treat infections of the bowels and vaginal area.[5]

Many kinds of plants produce methyl salicylate and it is also easily synthesized industrially. While useful as a flavoring or medicinal in small quantities, larger amounts (from any source) can be hazardous or fatal.[6][7]

Species [edit]

Spiraea douglasii (Hardhack)
Spiraea thunbergii flowers

Hybrids [edit]

Spiraea × arguta flowers

There are also numerous named hybrids, some occurring naturally in the wild, others bred in gardens, including several important ornamental plants:

  • Spiraea × arguta (S. × multiflora × S. thunbergii)
  • Spiraea × billardii (S. douglasii × S. salicifolia)
  • Spiraea × blanda (S. nervosa × S. cantoniensis)
  • Spiraea × brachybotrys (S. canescens × S. douglasii)
  • Spiraea × bumalda (S. japonica × S. albiflora)
  • Spiraea × cinerea (S. hypericifolia × S. cana)
  • Spiraea × conspicua (S. japonica × S. latifolia)
  • Spiraea × fontenaysii (S. canescens × S. salicifolia)
  • Spiraea × foxii (S. japonica × S. betulifolia)
  • Spiraea × gieseleriana (S. cana × S. chamaedryfolia)
  • Spiraea × macrothyrsa (S. douglasii × S. latifolia)
  • Spiraea × multiflora (S. crenata × S. hypericifolia)
  • Spiraea × notha (S. betulifolia × S. latifolia)
  • Spiraea × nudiflora (S. chamaedryfolia × S. bella)
  • Spiraea × pikoviensis (S. crenata × S. media)
  • Spiraea × pyramidata (S. betulifolia × S. douglasii)
  • Spiraea × revirescens (S. amoena × S. japonica)
  • Spiraea × sanssouciana (S. japonica × S. douglasii)
  • Spiraea × schinabeckii (S. chamaedryfolia × S. trilobata)
  • Spiraea × semperflorens (S. japonica × S. salicifolia)
  • Spiraea × vanhouttei (S. trilobata × S. cantoniensis)
  • Spiraea × watsoniana (S. douglasii × S. densiflora)

References [edit]

  1. ^ Potter, D. et al.; Eriksson, T.; Evans, R. C.; Oh, S.; Smedmark, J. E. E.; Morgan, D. R.; Kerr, M.; Robertson, K. R. et al. (2007). "Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae". Plant Systematics and Evolution 266 (1–2): 5–43. doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9.  [Referring to the subfamily by the name "Spiraeoideae"]
  2. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  3. ^ Lu Lingdi (陆玲娣 Lu Ling-ti); Crinan Alexander (2003). "Flora of China" 9. 
  4. ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1405332964. 
  5. ^ Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford, ISBN 0-87842-359-1
  6. ^ Safety data for methyl salicylate, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University
  7. ^ "Muscle-Pain Reliever Is Blamed For Staten Island Runner’s Death". New York Times. 10 June 2007. 

External links [edit]

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