State Security Investigations Service

The Egyptian State Security Investigations Service (SSI) (Arabic: مباحث أمن الدولة, Transliteration: Mabahith Amn ad-Dawla) was the highest national investigating authority in Egypt. Estimated to employ 100,000 people, the SSI was the main security apparatus of Egypt's Ministry of Interior. The SSI focused on monitoring underground networks of radical Islamists and probably planted agents in those organizations and had the role of controlling opposition groups, both armed groups and those engaged in peaceful opposition to the government.

Following the 2011 Egyptian revolution, the head of the SSI was arrested under suspicion of ordering the killings of demonstrators. On March 15, 2011, the Ministry of the Interior announced the dissolution of the agency. The service was replaced by the Egyptian Homeland security.

Organization

An underground cell in State Security Investigations Service

The SSI is a branch of the Interior Ministry in Egypt with an official aim of protecting the security of Egypt. The SSI has many official bureaus that provide its public face: an "Investigative Bureau" in the Lazoghli section of Cairo, a "Supreme State Security Court" in Giza, a "Supreme State Security Prosecution" (Niyabat Amn al-Dawl a al-'Ulya), etc. A diplomatic cable sent in 2007 published by The Daily Telegraph as part of the leak of classified US diplomatic cables discussed what the then SSI head called the "excellent and strong" cooperation between the SSI and the United States FBI. The cable also discussed the benefit the SSI derived from training opportunities at the FBI's Quantico, Virginia headquarters.

Notable personnel

Major General Ra'uf Khayrat, an assistant director of SSI. 9th of April 1994 he was killed in front of his home by a Sunni terrorist group. A current leader of al-Qaeda Ayman_al-Zawahiri mentioned this killing: "Ra'uf Khayrat was one of the most dangerous officers in the State Security Intelligence Department who fought the fundamentalists. He adopted several strict security precautions, such as changing his residence every few months, keeping his home unguarded, and driving his car personally to look like he was an ordinary person with no connection to the authority. However, the Islamic Group colleagues managed to reach him. As he was emerging from his home and about to get into his car, one of the brother mujahidin approached him and threw a bomb inside his car, and he was killed instantly". A trial about the case of the Returnees from Albania in 1999 became the largest one since the assassination of Anwar Sadat.

Allegations of torture

In a report in 2002, the United Nations Committee against Torture expressed "particular concern at the widespread evidence of torture and ill-treatment in administrative premises under the control of the State Security Investigation Department, the infliction of which is reported to be facilitated by the lack of any mandatory inspection by an independent body of such premises." Human Rights Watch reported that "Egyptian authorities have a longstanding and well-documented record of engaging in arbitrary arrests, incommunicado detention, and torture and other ill-treatment of detainees," and that the SSI has in particular committed acts of torture and denied detainees fundamental human rights. A US diplomatic cable reported that police brutality and torture are "routine and pervasive". The cable also reported that the security services functioned as "instruments of power that serve and protect the regime".

Both Egyptian and international human rights groups, as well as the United Nations Committee Against Torture, have documented widespread use of torture by the SSI, with Human Rights Watch singling out the SSI in what it called a "pervasive culture of impunity" with regard to torture.

Involvement in extraordinary rendition

Italian authorities investigating the illegal abduction of Egyptian-born cleric Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr, also known as Abu Omar, from the streets of Milan on February 17, 2003 have said that his final disposition, after a flight from Aviano to Ramstein and then from Ramstein to Alexandria, was into the hands of the SSI. At least one of the CIA officials named in the indictment, Robert Seldon Lady, is said to have accompanied Omar to Egypt, and to have spent two weeks in Cairo assisting in Omar's interrogation.

2011 revolution and after

Shredded documents found inside State Security Investigations Service

Main article: 2011 Egyptian revolution

One of the major demands of protesters during the Egyptian revolution was the abolition of the State Security Investigations.

Following the 25th of January 2011 Revolution, on the 4th & 5 March 2011, several SSI buildings were raided across Egypt by protesters. Protesters state they raided in the buildings to secure documents they believed to show various crimes committed by the SSI against the people of Egypt during Mubarak's rule. On the night of 5 March in Cairo, "the sight of a dump truck emerging from the Cairo compound laden with shredded paper sent protesters into a fury, creating the momentum that drove the crowd past the army soldiers outside and into the hastily abandoned main building."

Most notably at the Nasr City HQ in Cairo were many acquired documents which seemed to prove mass surveillance of citizens and many sexually explicit tapes of public figures as well as torturing tools and secret cells. Protesters broke into the building in Alexandria on March 4, after clashing with security forces, and on March 5 others entered the headquarters in the central city of Assiut. In Cairo, another building breached was in 6th of October City, where "some of the most incriminating documents have already been destroyed." McClatchy Newspapers reported that, when there was much uncertainty about the validity of documents which emerged, "[p]erhaps the most controversial document to ricochet around Internet message boards was one that purport[ed] to lay out State Security's involvement in [the] deadly church bombing on New Year's Day in the port city of Alexandria. ... The legitimacy of the document hasn't been determined, but its distribution touched off protests Sunday in Cairo by hundreds of Coptic Christians."

Other documents uncovered included names of judges involved in fixing elections and those of a small number of Egyptians who were informants. The publishing of these names posed a moral dilemma for some of the protesters, balancing the danger the informants would be put under against anger at having been spied on.

On 15 March 2011, SSIS was dissolved by Interior Minister Mansour el-Issawy in response to the revelations of the previous weeks. He also announced plans for the establishment of a new "National Security Sector" to take over SSIS's counter-terrorism and other domestic-security responsibilities.

See also

• Saad Eddin Ibrahim, academic subject to SSI investigation

References

• Kellogg, Tom; el-Hamalawy, Hossam (2005), Black Hole: The Fate of Islamists Rendered to Egypt, Human Rights Watch, http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/egypt0505.pdf 
• Magnarella, Paul, ed. (1999), Middle East and North Africa: governance, democratization, human rights; Contemporary perspectives on developing societies, Ashgate, ISBN 978-1-84014-913-5 
• Sifton, John (2007), Anatomy of a State Security Case: The "Victorious Sect" Arrests, Human Rights Watch, http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/egypt1207web.pdf 

External links

• http://diplomatictraffic.com/opinions_archives.asp?ID=113
• State Security Investigations Service leaks
• http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/egy-summary-eng
• http://web2.amnesty.org/library/Index/engMDE120111997
• Fausto Giudice, «Extraordinary Rendition» - À la recherche de Mister Bob et des 18 salopards