State recognized tribes in the United States

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"State recognized tribes" are Native American Indian Tribes and Heritage Groups that are recognized by individual states for their various internal government purposes. State recognition confers limited benefits under federal law and is not the same as federal recognition, which is the federal government's acknowledgment of a tribe as a sovereign nation. However, in some states, state recognition has offered some protection of autonomy for tribes not recognized by the federal government. For example, in Connecticut, state law protects reservations and limited self-government rights for state-recognized tribes.

Contents

Description [edit]

The United States Constitution, as interpreted by the Supreme Court, gives ultimate authority with regard to matters affecting the Indian tribes to the United States Congress. However, about 20 states have recognized Native American tribes outside of federal processes. Typically, the state legislature or state agencies involved in cultural or Native American affairs make the formal recognition.[1] Three states {{!<--which?-->}} have developed formal processes by which Native American groups can seek to become state recognized, but have not yet recognized any groups.

In legal parlance, an Indian tribe is a group of Native Americans with self-government authority.[2] Of the tribes recognized by states which recognize tribes, some tribes have sought and been denied federal recognition.

Under the United States Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990,[3] members of state-recognized tribes are authorized to exhibit as identified Native American artists, as are members of federally recognized tribes.

List of state-recognized tribes [edit]

The following is a list of tribes recognized by various states, but not by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Tribes are noted that have been denied federal recognition; many continue to work to gain such recognition.

Alabama [edit]

California [edit]

California has no formal policy with regard to the State Recognition of tribes. Some tribes have found sympathetic legislators to sponsor Assembly Joint Resolutions to urge the President to recognize their status as tribes. There are no associated benefits from such recognition.

None

Connecticut [edit]

  • Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation of Connecticut. Recognized by the Secretary of the Interior in 2002; recognition revoked in 2005; Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation was made by merging of two nations—Paucatuck Eastern Pequot Indians of Connecticut and Eastern Pequot Indians of Connecticut.[4][5][9][13][15]
  • Golden Hill Paugussett Indian Nation. Letter of Intent to Petition 04/13/1982; Declined to acknowledge 9/26/1996; petitioner requested reconsideration from IBIA 12/26/1996; decision affirmed by IBIA subject to supplemental proceeding 6/10/1998; decision affirmed by IBIA 9/8/1998 with five procedural issues remanded to the Secretary; reconsidered final determination issued 5/24/1999; Proposed finding 01/29/2003 (68 FR 4507); Declined to acknowledge 6/21/2004 (69 FR 34388); Reconsidered final determination not to acknowledge became final and effective 3/18/2005.[9][10][11][12][15][16][19]
  • Paucatuck Eastern Pequot Indians of Connecticut. Letter of Intent to Petition 06/20/1989.[9][10][11][12][16] Reconsidered final determination not to acknowledge became final and effective 10/14/2005 70 FR 60099.[15][16]
  • Scaticook Bands[11][12]
    • Schaghticoke Tribe. Letter of Intent to Petition 9/27/2001.[16]
  • Schaghticoke Indian Tribe (formerly Schaghticoke Tribal Nation). Letter of Intent to Petition 12/14/1981; Declined to acknowledge in 2002; Reconsidered final determination not to acknowledge became final and effective 10/14/2005 70 FR 60101.[4][5][9][10][11][12][13][15][16]

Delaware [edit]

  • Lenape Indian Tribe of Delaware[5]
  • Nanticoke Indian Association Letter of Intent to Petition 08/08/1978; requested petition be placed on hold 3/25/1989,[9][10][11][12] of limited applicability[13][15][20]

Florida [edit]

In 1988, the Florida Governor's Council on Indian Affairs adopted a policy recommending that the state refrain from recognizing any group that does not have federal recognition. If the state government wished to proceed with recognition, it recommended:

  • "A state action should (1) create a government-to-government relationship between state and tribe,
  • (2) set forth an explicit rendering of the state's interpretation of 'recognition,'
  • (3) be confined only to groups descended from Seminole, Miccosukee, Creek, or a tribe located in Florida prior to May 30, 1830 [date of passage of the US Indian Removal Act], and
  • (4) meet federal criteria for recognition."[21] So far, Florida has recognized no tribes.

Georgia [edit]

In 2007, the state legislature formally recognized as American Indian tribes of Georgia the following:[22]

  • The Cherokee of Georgia Tribal Council (a.k.a. Cherokee Indians of Georgia, Inc.)[8][13][23] Letter of Intent to Petition 08/08/1977.[10][11][12][15][16]
  • Georgia Tribe of Eastern Cherokees, Inc.[13][23] (I). Letter of Intent to Petition 01/09/1979;[16] last submission February 2002; ready for Acknowledge review.[11][12][15]
Unrecognized tribes with the same name as Georgia Tribe of Eastern Cherokees, Inc. (II) and (III) exist.[8][10]

Kentucky [edit]

Louisiana [edit]

  • Adais Caddo Indians, Inc.[13][15] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 1993.[29] Letter of Intent to Petition 09/13/1993.[9][10][11][12][16]
  • Biloxi-Chitimacha Confederation of Muskogee.[9][13] Separated from United Houma Nation, Inc. Letter of Intent to Petition 10/24/1995.[10][16] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 2005.[29]
    • Bayou LaFourche Band
    • Grand Caillou/Dulac Band
    • Isle de Jean Charles Band
  • Choctaw-Apache Community of Ebarb, Inc.[13] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 1978.[29] Letter of Intent to Petition 07/02/1978.[9][10][11][12][15][16]
  • Clifton-Choctaw Indians (a.k.a. Clifton Choctaw Reservation Inc.)[13] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 1978.[29] Letter of Intent to Petition 03/22/1978.[9][10][11][12][15][16]
  • Four Winds Tribe, Louisiana Cherokee Confederacy [30] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 1997.[4][5][9][15][29]
  • Point-Au-Chien Tribe. Separated from United Houma Nation, Inc.. Letter of Intent to Petition 7/22/1996.[4][5][10][16] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 2004.[29]
  • United Houma Nation[13] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 1972.[29] Letter of Intent to Petition 07/10/1979; Proposed Finding 12/22/1994, 59 FR 6618.[4][5][9][10][11][12][16] Denied federal recognition[15][24]

Maryland [edit]

On January 9, 2012, the state recognized two Piscataway groups as state recognized tribes by executive order.[31]

Massachusetts [edit]

  • Chappquiddick Tribe of the Wampanog Indian Nation[33] Letter of Intent to Petition 05/21/2007.[16]
  • Chaubunagungamaug Band of the Nipmuck Nation, Webster/Dudley. Letter of Intent to Petition 04/22/1980 as part of Nipmuc Nation; separate letter of intent 5/31/1996; proposed finding was in progress.[10][11][12][13] Declined to acknowledge on 6/25/2004, 69 FR 35664; Reconsideration request before IBIA (not yet effective)[16][33]
  • Herring Pond Wampanoag Tribe[33]
  • Nipmuc Nation (Hassanamisco Band) Letter of Intent to Petition 04/22/1980; formerly part of Nipmuc Nation (separated May 22, 1996); Proposed finding in progress.[9][10][11][12][13] Declined to acknowledge on 6/25/2004, 69 FR 35667; Reconsideration request before IBIA (not yet effective)[15][16][33]
  • Pocasset Wampanoag Tribe[33]
  • Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe[33]

In addition Wampanoags unaffiliated with the Mashpee or Aquinnah and tribal members from Maine tribes [formerly under Massachusetts jurisdiction till statehood in 1820] are represented by the State Commission on Indian Affairs[34]

Michigan [edit]

  • Burt Lake Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians.[11][12][13][35] Letter of Intent to Petition 09/12/1985; Declined to acknowledge on 9/21/2006 (71 FR 57995).[16]
  • Grand River Bands of Ottawa Indians[11][12][13][35] (formerly Grand River Band Ottawa Council). Letter of Intent to Petition 10/16/1994.[16]
  • Swan Creek Black River Confederated Ojibwa Tribes.[11][12][13] Letter of Intent to Petition 05/04/1993 for independent federal recognition.[16] Currently recognized only as part of the Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan.

Montana [edit]

New Jersey [edit]

In addition, New Jersey recognizes the Inter-Tribal American Indians of New Jersey, an organization created circa 1980 to meet the needs of American Indians from across North and South America who are now living in New Jersey. The organization provides social activities and support to those Indians living in New Jersey and is dedicated to educating the public about American Indian culture and history.

New Mexico [edit]

In New Mexico, the State Constitution authorizes the State to recognize tribes other than those with federal recognition.[18]

  • Genízaro—Fray Agustín Morti, referring to the Genízaro Indians of Analco (a Santa Fe barrio) in 1779, gave the following precise and correct definition of them: "This name is given to the children of the captives of different [Indian] nations who have married in the province."[36] In 2007, Genízaros received New Mexico state legislative recognition as an indigenous group.[37] Although New Mexico's Legislative Memorial bills do not have the force of law, HM 40 and SM 59 formally acknowledge the legislative desire to recognize Genízaros as an indigenous group.[38] This is an important step in sustaining State and Federal Genízaro Indian recognition. Some American Indian law scholars have opined that state legislative memorials and/or resolutions create official state recognition.[39] Of the 16 states that host state-recognized tribes, 5 have recognized tribes through the enactment of state legislative resolutions/memorials, suggesting this legislative recognition process is an appropriate means for granting formal state recognition.[40]

New York [edit]

North Carolina [edit]

There is also an Unrecognized tribe with the same name, Meherrin Indian Tribe (II).

South Carolina [edit]

Section 1 31 40(A)(10), South Carolina Code of Laws (Annotated) provides that “The South Carolina Commission for Minority Affairs shall promulgate regulations as may be necessary regarding State Recognition of Native American Indian entities in the State of South Carolina.” These rules and regulations shall be applicable to all entities seeking Native American Indian State Recognition as a: A. Native American Indian Tribe;[44] B. Native American Indian Group;[45] C. Native American Special Interest Organization.[46]

State-recognized Tribes:

  • Beaver Creek Indians. Letter of Intent to Petition 01/26/1998.[16] State recognized tribe in 2006.[47][48][49]
  • Edisto Natchez-Kusso Indians (Four Holes Indian Organization), state recognized tribe in 2010.[12][13][47][49]
  • The Sumter Tribe of the Cheraw, state recognized tribe in 2012.[12][13][47][49]
  • Pee Dee Nation of Upper South Carolina. Letter of Intent to Petition 12/14/2005.[16] State recognized tribe in 2005.[47][48][49]
  • Pee Dee Tribe of South Carolina, state recognized tribe in 2006.
  • Santee Indian Organization (formerly White Oak Indian Community). Letter of Intent to Petition 06/04/1979.[16] State recognized tribe in 2006.[12][13][47][48][49]
  • Waccamaw Indian People, state recognized tribe in 2005.[13][47][48][49]
  • Wassamasaw Tribe of Varnertown Indians, state recognized tribe in 2010.[12][13][47][49]

State-recognized tribal Groups:

  • Chaloklowa Chickasaw Indian People. Letter of Intent to Petition 08/14/2002.[16] Receipt of Petition 08/14/2002.[50] State recognized tribal group in 2005.[47][48][49]
  • Eastern Cherokee, Southern Iroquois & United Tribes of South Carolina, Inc. (a.k.a. Cherokee Indian Tribe of South Carolina or ECSIUT), state recognized tribal group in 2005.[8][47][49]
  • Natchez Indian Tribe, state recognized tribal group in 2007.[47][49]
  • Pee Dee Indian Nation of Beaver Creek. Letter of Intent to Petition 6/16/1999.[16] State recognized tribal group in 2007.[47][49]
  • Piedmont American Indian Association of South Carolina (or Piedmont American Indian Association - Lower Eastern Cherokee Nation of South Carolina) Letter of Intent to Petition 8/20/1998.[16] State recognized tribal group in 2006.[47][48][49]

State-recognized tribal Special Interest Organization:

  • American Indian Chamber of Commerce of South Carolina, state recognized tribal Special Interest Organization in 2006.[47][49]
  • Little Horse Creek American Indian Cultural Center, state recognized tribal Special Interest Organization in 2010.[47][49]

Tennessee [edit]

The "Etowah Cherokee Nation" was recognized "as a nation of people" by Proclamation of Governor Ray Blanton on 25 May 1978. The group's tribal recognition was rejected in a legal opinion by the 1991 administration "absent statutory authority" of the governor to recognize certain Native Americans as a "nation of people."[51]

Tennessee Code authorized the state Commission of Indian Affairs from 1983 to 2000 and from 2003 to 2010 to "establish appropriate procedures to provide for legal recognition by the state of presently unrecognized tribes, nations, groups, communities or individuals, and to provide for official state recognition by the commission of such."[52]

On 19 June 2010, 11 days prior to its termination, six members of the seven-member Tennessee Commission of Indian Affairs, four of whom were members of the same groups seeking the Commission's recognition, violated its administrative procedures, adopted a new standing rule recognition procedure, and proceeded to approve state recognition of six groups. However, the state Attorney General, as the Commission's attorney, determined that the Commission committed six violations of the state's Open Meeting Act, Open Record Act and Uniform Administrative Procedures Act, and declared the June recognition "void and of no effect" on 3 September 2010.[53][54][55]

Texas [edit]

Vermont [edit]

As of May 3, 2006, Vermont law 1 V.S.A §§ 851–853 recognizes Abenakis as Native American Indians, not the tribes or bands. However, on April 22, 2011, Vermont Governor Peter Shumlin signed legislative bills officially recognizing two Abenaki Bands.

On May 7, 2012 Governor Shumlim signed legislative bills officially recognizing two more Abenaki Bands:

  • Traditional Koasek Abenaki Nation of the Koas (Koasek Abenaki Tribe[5])
  • Missisquoi St Francis Sokoki Abenaki Nations (Mississquoi Abenaki Tribe[5]). The four Abenaki state-recognized tribes are also knows as the Abenaki Alliance.

Virginia [edit]

  • Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian Tribe. Letter of Intent to Petition 12/30/2002.[16] Receipt of Petition 12/30/2002.[50] State recognized 2010; in Courtland, Southampton County.[57]
  • Chickahominy Tribe.[4][5][9][11][12][13][15][25] Letter of Intent to Petition 03/19/1996.[16] State recognized 1983; in Charles City County.[57] In 2009, Senate Indian Affairs Committee endorsed a bill that would grant federal recognition.[43]
  • Chickahominy Indians, Eastern Division (a.k.a. Eastern Chickahominy Indian Tribe).[9][11][12][13][15][17][25] Letter of Intent to Petition 9/6/2001.[16] State recognized, 1983; in New Kent County.[57] In 2009, Senate Indian Affairs Committee endorsed a bill that would grant federal recognition.[43]
  • Mattaponi Tribe (a.k.a. Mattaponi Indian Reservation).[9][13] Letter of Intent to Petition 04/04/1995.[16] State recognized 1983; in Banks of the Mattaponi River, King William County.[57] The Mattaponi and Pamunkey have reservations based in colonial-era treaties ratified by the Commonwealth in 1658. Pamunkey Tribe's attorney told Congress in 1991 that the tribes state reservation originated in a treaty with the crown in the 17th century and has been occupied by Pamunkey since that time under strict requirements and following the treaty obligation to provide to the Crown a deer every year, and they've done that (replacing Crown with Governor of Commonwealth since Virginia became a Commonwealth)[15][58]
  • Monacan Indian Nation (formerly Monacan Indian Tribe of Virginia).[4][5][9][11][12][13][15][17] Letter of Intent to Petition 07/11/1995.[16] State recognized 1989; in Bear Mountain, Amherst County.[57] In 2009, Senate Indian Affairs Committee endorsed a bill that would grant federal recognition.[43]
  • Nansemond Indian Tribal Association,[9][11][12][13][15][17][25] Letter of Intent to Petition 9/20/2001.[16] State recognized 1985; in Cities of Suffolk and Chesapeake.[57] In 2009, Senate Indian Affairs Committee endorsed a bill that would grant federal recognition.[43]
  • Nottoway of Virginia (Nottoway Indian Tribe,[5] recognized 2010; in Capron, Southampton County.[57]
  • Pamunkey Nation,[9][11][12][13][15] recognized 1983; in Banks of the Pamunkey River, King William County.[57]
  • Patawomeck Indians of Virginia recognized 2010; in Stafford County.[57]
  • Rappahannock Indian Tribe (I) (formerly United Rappahannock Tribe).[9][11][12][13][15][25] Letter of Intent to Petition 11/16/1979.[16] State recognized 1983; in Indian Neck, King & Queen County.[57] In 2009, Senate Indian Affairs Committee endorsed a bill that would grant federal recognition.[43]
Shares a name with an unrecognized tribe Rappahannock Indian Tribe (II).
  • Upper Mattaponi Indian Tribe (formerly Upper Mattaponi Indian Tribal Association).[4][5][9][11][12][13][15] Letter of Intent to Petition 11/26/1979.[16] State recognized 1983; in King William County.[57] In 2009, Senate Indian Affairs Committee endorsed a bill that would grant federal recognition.[43]

Washington [edit]

  • Chinook Indian Tribe of Oregon & Washington, Inc. (Chinook Nation,[4] Chinook Indian Tribe[5])[11][12][14][25] Letter of Intent to Petition 07/23/1979; Declined to acknowledge 07/12/2003 (67 FR 46204).[16] Also in Oregon.

See also [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Sheffield (1998) p63
  2. ^ 25 CFR 290.2, "Definitions"
  3. ^ The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, US Department of the Interior: Indian Arts and Crafts Board. (retrieved 23 May 2009)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v State Recognized Indian Tribes (2010-2011). National Congress of American Indians (Accessible as of February 9, 2011 here).
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af "List of Federal and State Recognized Tribes: State Recognized Tribes (2011)". National Conference of State Legislatures (Retrieved 5 Aug 2012). 
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h NEAR Small Business Development Center. "Tribes Recognized by the State of Alabama". Retrieved 2011-02-09. 
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Alabama Indian Affairs Commission. "Tribes Recognized by the State of Alabama". Retrieved 2011-02-09. 
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Cherokee Nation (Fraudulent Indian) Task Force: Fraudulent Group List (as of June 23, 2010) (Accessible as of June 28, 2010 here)
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an "Tribes & Nations: State Recognized Tribes". 
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s 500nations.com. "Petitions for Federal Recognition". Retrieved 2007-09-07. 
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Troy Johnson. "U.S. Federally Non-Recognized Indian Tribes". 
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at "U.S. Federally Non-Recognized Tribes". 
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av Wild Apache. "Wild Apache Native American Portal". 
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i Karen M. Strom. "A Line in the Sand: Contact Information for the Tribes of the United States and Canada". Retrieved 2007-09-10. 
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am NativeData.com. "Roster of State Recognized Tribes, 2006". Retrieved 2009-05-26. 
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az LIST OF PETITIONERS BY STATE (as of July 31, 2012) (Accessible as of January 15, 2013 here)
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h USA.gov. "A-Z Index of Tribal Governments, on USA.gov". Retrieved 2010-09-12. 
  18. ^ a b c Sheffield (1998) p64
  19. ^ Sheffield (1998) p65
  20. ^ Sheffield (1998) p66
  21. ^ Sheffield (1998) p63-64
  22. ^ O.C.G.A. § 44-12-300 (2007) Title 44, Chapter 12, Article 7, Part 3 of the Official Code of Georgia Annotated, Georgia Legislature. Quote: The State of Georgia "officially recognizes as legitimate American Indian tribes of Georgia the following tribes, bands, groups, or communities" for state purposes
  23. ^ a b c http://www.legis.state.ga.us/cgi-bin/gl_codes_detail.pl?code=44-12-300 O.C.G.A. § 44-12-300 (2007)
  24. ^ a b Sheffield (1998) p67
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i 500nations.com. "Nations, Tribes, Bands". Retrieved 2008-09-28. 
  26. ^ "National Indian Child Welfare Association (NICWA) and its implications in Kentucky". kentucky.gov, updated 9-2-2010. 
  27. ^ John Y. Brown: Governor. Commonwealth of Kentucky
  28. ^ "Cherokee Nation Proclamation", Ernie Fletcher: Governor, Commonwealth of Kentucky website
  29. ^ a b c d e f g "Louisiana Governor's Office of Indian Affairs" Retrieved on 4/8/2008.
  30. ^ "Four Winds Tribe website"
  31. ^ Executive Orders 01.01.2012.01 and 01.01.2012.02 "Recognition of tribes in the state", Governor's Office
  32. ^ a b Witte, Brian. "Md. Formally Recognizes 2 American Indian Groups." NBC Washington. 9 Jan 2011. Retrieved 10 Jan 2011.
  33. ^ a b c d e f Massachusetts Center for Native American Awareness
  34. ^ Michael S. Dukakis. "EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 126 - Massachusetts Native Americans". 
  35. ^ a b Michigan Department of Human Services. "State Historic Tribes". 
  36. ^ Fray Angelo Chavez, "Genízaros", Handbook of North American Indians (Smithsonian Institution, 1979), Vol. 9, pg. 198
  37. ^ See House Memorial 40 (HM40), "Genizaros, In Recognition" and Senate Memorial 59 (SM59), "Genizaros, In Recognition," 2007 New Mexico State Legislature, Regular Session.
  38. ^ See New Mexico Legistature: Glossary of Legislative Terms—General Legislative and Financial Terms
  39. ^ Cohen, Felix S. Cohen's handbook of federal Indian law. 2005 ed. Newark, NJ : LexisNexis, c2005. KF8205 .C6 2005, Sec. 3.02(9) at 171.
  40. ^ Alexa Koenig and Jonathan Stein, "Federalism and the State Recognition of Native American Tribes: A survey of State-Recognized Tribes and State Recognition Processes Across the United States", University of Santa Clara Law Review, Vol. 48 (2008) pg. 107.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g North Carolina Department of Administration (February 2007). "North Carolina American Indian Tribes and Organizations" (PDF). 
  42. ^ a b Sheffield (1998) p68-70
  43. ^ a b c d e f g "Virginia tribes take another step on road to federal recognition" in Richmond Times-Dispatch, Wednesday, October 28, 2009.
  44. ^ “Native American Indian Tribe” means an assembly of Indian people comprising numerous families, clans, or generations together with their descendents, who have a common character, interest, and behavior denoting a separate ethnic and cultural heritage, and who have existed as a separate community, on a substantially continuous basis throughout the past 100 years. In general, core members of the tribe are related to each other by blood. A tribal council and governmental authority unique to Native American Indians govern them.
  45. ^ “Native American Group” means a number of individuals assembled together, which have different characteristics, interests and behaviors that do not denote a separate ethnic and cultural heritage today, as they once did. The group is composed of both Native American Indians and other ethnic races. They are not all related to one another by blood. A tribal council and governmental authority unique to Native American Indians govern them
  46. ^ “Native American Special Interest Organization” means an assembly of people who have united for the common purpose of promoting Native American culture and addressing socio-economic deprivation among people of Indian origin. The organization is made up of Native American Indians and other ethnic races. A tribal council or other form of governing body provides oversight and management. Membership is not required. They may be organized as a private nonprofit corporation under the laws of South Carolina.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n South Carolina Commission for Minority Affairs. "SC tribes and groups" (PDF). 
  48. ^ a b c d e f South Carolina Indian Affairs Commission. "Members". 
  49. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n South Carolina Indigenous Gallery. "Visitors Center". 
  50. ^ a b Receipt of Petitions for Federal Acknowledgment of Existence as an Indian Tribe (68 FR 13724)
  51. ^ Chattanooga InterTribal Association. "TN Tribal Recognition - past example". 
  52. ^ T.C.A. 4-34-103(6)
  53. ^ Tennessee Attorney General [1]/"Mark Greene v. Tennessee Commission of Indian Affairs"]
  54. ^ Humphrey, Tom. "6 Indian groups lose state recognition: Court order says commission violated open meetings law." Knoxville News Sentinel. 3 Sep 2010 (retrieved 3 Sep 2010)
  55. ^ Tennessee Attorney General Court Order 7 Sep 2010
  56. ^ a b Vermonters Concerned on Native American Affairs. "Tribal Sites VT". Retrieved 2011-12-28. 
  57. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Virginia Council on Indians. "Virginia Tribes". 
  58. ^ Sheffield (1998) p71-73

References [edit]

  • Koenig, Alexa and Jonathan Stein (2008). Federalism and the State Recognition of Native American Tribes: A survey of State-Recognized Tribes and State Recognition Processes Across the United States. University of Santa Clara Law Review, Vol. 48.
  • Sheffield, Gail (1998). Arbitrary Indian: The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2969-7.
  • Constitution of the United States

External sources [edit]

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States&oldid=555409461"