Stephen Johnson Field
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| Stephen Johnson Field | |
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| In office March 10, 1863[1] – December 1, 1897 |
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| Nominated by | Abraham Lincoln |
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| Preceded by | (none) |
| Succeeded by | Joseph McKenna |
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| Born | November 4, 1816 Haddam, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Died | April 9, 1899 (aged 82) Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Spouse(s) | Sue Virginia Field |
Stephen Johnson Field (November 4, 1816 – April 9, 1899) was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from May 20, 1863, to December 1, 1897. Prior to this, he was the 5th Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court.
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[edit] Early life and education
Born in Haddam, Connecticut, he was the sixth of the nine children of David Dudley Field I, a Congregationalist minister, and his wife Submit Dickinson. His family produced three other children of major prominence in 19th Century America: David Dudley Field II the prominent attorney, Cyrus Field the millionaire investor and creator of the Atlantic Cable, and Rev. Henry Martyn Field a prominent clergymen and travel writer. He grew up in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, and went to Turkey at thirteen with his sister and her missionary husband. He graduated from Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts, in 1837. While attending Williams College he was one of the original Founders of Delta Upsilon Fraternity. After studying law in New York City with his brother David Dudley Field II, they practiced law together until 1848 when he went west to California in the Gold Rush. [2]
[edit] Career in California politics and law
There his legal practice boomed and he was elected alcalde, a form of mayor and justice of the peace under the old Mexican rule of law, of Marysville. Because the Gold Rush city could not afford a jail, and it cost too much to transport prisoners to San Francisco, Field implemented the whipping post, believing that without such a brutal implement many in the rough and tumble city would be hanged for minor crimes. The voters sent him to the California State Assembly in 1850 to represent Yuba County, but he lost a race the next year for the State Senate. His successful legal practice led to his election to the California Supreme Court in 1857, serving six years.[3]
[edit] U.S. Supreme Court justice
Abraham Lincoln appointed him to the newly created tenth Supreme Court seat, to achieve both regional balance (he was a Westerner) and political balance (he was a Democrat, albeit a Unionist one). It would also give the Court someone familiar with real estate and mining issues.
He was a vocal proponent of the substantive due process theory that protected property rights from regulation under the Fourteenth Amendment--as illustrated in his dissents to the Slaughterhouse Cases and Munn v. Illinois. Field's views were eventually adopted by the court's majority, but only after his death. However, he helped end the income tax (Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Company), limit anti-trust law (United States v. E.C. Knight Company), and the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission.
On the issue of ethnic minorities, he had a mixed record. Field wrote opinions against California's laws discriminating against the Chinese immigrants to that state.[4] Serving as an individual jurist in district court, he notably struck down the racist Pigtail Ordinance in 1879, making him unpopular with the Californian public. However, Justice Field dissented in Strauder v. West Virginia, a case holding that the exclusion of African-Americans from a jury that convicted Strauder, an African-American, of murder, was a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. He also joined the infamous case Plessy v. Ferguson that upheld racial segregation.
Field insisted on breaking John Marshall's record of thirty-three years on the court, even though he was not able to handle the workload. His colleagues asked him to resign due to his being intermittently senile[5] but he refused, staying on until 1897. He lived only two years more, dying in Washington, D.C., and was buried there in the Rock Creek Cemetery.
Justice Field was assaulted by a former associate of his on the California Supreme Court, David S. Terry, whom Field had recently jailed for contempt during a long-running legal case involving Terry's wife and her former lover and purported first husband, William Sharon. Terry was shot and killed by Field's bodyguard. Ironically, legal issues arising from the shooting came before the Supreme Court in the 1890 habeas corpus case of In re Neagle.[6]
Justice Field's aspirations to become Chief Justice went unfulfilled, as he had made many enemies both political and personal.[7] He is the second longest serving Associate Justice.[8] See, List of U.S. Supreme Court Justices by time in office.
[edit] Notes
- ^ "Federal Judicial Center: Stephen Johnson Field". 2009-12-11. http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/tGetInfo?jid=751. Retrieved 2009-12-11.
- ^ Robert Green McCloskey, American Conservatism in the Age of Enterprise, 1865-1910 (1951; Harper & Row, 1964), pp. 86-92.
- ^ McCloskey, American Conservatism, pp. 96-97.
- ^ McCloskey, American Conservatism, pp. 109-111.
- ^ Morris, Jeffrey B. (1981). "The Era of Mellville Weston Fuller". Supreme Court Historical Society 1981 Yearbook (Supreme Court Historical Society). http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_volumes/04_c03_f.html.
- ^ Gorham, George C. (2005). "The Story of the Attempted Assassination of Justice Field by a Former Associate on the Supreme Bench of California". Journal of the Supreme Court Historical Society 30 (2). doi:.
- ^ Oyez Project, Official Supreme Court media, Stephen Johnson Field.
- ^ Stephen Johnson Field at Find a Grave.
[edit] Further reading
- Abraham, Henry J. (1992). Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506557-3.
- Cushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). ISBN 1568021267.
- Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L.. eds. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0791013774.
- Hall, Kermit L., ed (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195058356.
- Kens, Paul (1997). Justice Stephen Field: Shaping Liberty from the Gold Rush to the Gilded Age. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0817-1.
- Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0871875543.
- Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 590. ISBN 0815311761.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Field, Stephen Johnson. |
- Oyez Project, Official Supreme Court media, Stephen Johnson Field.
- Stephen Johnson Field at Find a Grave.
- Stephen Johnson Field at PBS
- Stephen J. Field at Supreme Court Historical Society.
- Works by Stephen Johnson Field at Project Gutenberg
| California Assembly | ||
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| New district | California State Assemblyman, 14th District (Yuba County seat) 1851-1852 |
Succeeded by A. G. Caldwell |
| Legal offices | ||
| Preceded by David S. Terry |
Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court 1859 –1863 |
Succeeded by Warner W. Cope |
| New seat | Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States March 10, 1863 – December 1, 1897 |
Succeeded by Joseph McKenna |
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