Streptomycin
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Streptomycin
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 5-(2,4-diguanidino- 3,5,6-trihydroxy-cyclohexoxy)- 4-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl) -3-methylamino-tetrahydropyran-2-yl] oxy-3-hydroxy-2-methyl -tetrahydrofuran-3-carbaldehyde |
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| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| ATC code | A07 J01 |
| PubChem | |
| DrugBank | |
| ChemSpider | |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C21H39N7O12 |
| Mol. mass | 581.574 g/mol |
| Physical data | |
| Melt. point | 12 °C (54 °F) |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 84% to 88% (est.)[1] |
| Metabolism | ? |
| Half life | 5 to 6 hours |
| Excretion | Renal |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. |
D[2] |
| Legal status | |
| Routes | Intramuscular, intravenous |
Streptomycin is an antibiotic drug, the first of a class of drugs called aminoglycosides to be discovered, and was the first antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis. It is derived from the actinobacterium Streptomyces griseus. Streptomycin is a bactericidal antibiotic[3]. It kills sensitive microbes by inhibiting protein synthesis; more specifically, it binds to the 16S rRNA of the bacterial ribosome, interfering with the binding of formyl-methionyl-tRNA to the 30S subunit. This prevents initiation of protein synthesis and leads to death of microbial cells. Humans have structurally different ribosomes from bacteria, thereby allowing the selectivity of this antibiotic for bacteria. However at low concentrations Streptomycin only inhibits growth of the bacteria, this is done by inducing prokaryotic ribosomes to misread mRNA[4]. Streptomycin cannot be given orally, but must be administered by regular intramuscular injection. An adverse effect of this medicine is ototoxicity, which can lead to temporary hearing loss.
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[edit] History
Streptomycin was first isolated on October 19, 1943 by Albert Schatz, a graduate student, in the laboratory of Selman Abraham Waksman at Rutgers University.[5] Waksman and his laboratory discovered several antibiotics, including actinomycin, clavacin, streptothricin, streptomycin, grisein, neomycin, fradicin, candicidin and candidin. Of these, streptomycin and neomycin found extensive application in the treatment of numerous infectious diseases. Streptomycin was the first antibiotic that could be used to cure the disease tuberculosis; early production of the drug was dominated by Merck & Co. under George W. Merck.
The first randomized trial of streptomycin against pulmonary tuberculosis was carried out in 1947 by the MRC Tuberculosis Research Unit. Whilst neither double-blind nor placebo-controlled, results showed efficacy against TB, albeit with minor toxicity and acquired bacterial resistance to the drug.[6]
[edit] Uses
[edit] Treatment of diseases
- Tuberculosis in combination with other anti-TB drugs. It is not the first line treatment.
- Plague (Yersinia pestis) has historically been treated with it as the first line treatment. It is approved for this purpose by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
- Infective endocarditis caused by enterococcus when the organism is not sensitive to Gentamicin
- In veterinary medicine, streptomycin is the first line antibiotic for use against gram negative bacteria in large animals (horses, cattle, sheep etc.). It is commonly combined with procaine penicillin for intramuscular injection.
While streptomycin is traditionally given intramuscularly (indeed, in many countries it is only licensed to be used intramuscularly), the drug may also be administered intravenously.[7]
[edit] Bacterial selection experiments
When grown on medium containing streptomycin, bacteria such as Escherichia coli are dependent upon expression of the aadA gene in order to survive (Joung et al., 2000). Thus, a suitably engineered E. coli strain, can be combined with a streptomycin-doped medium to select only bacteria hosting a successful interaction in two-hybrid screening experiments and methods derivative of two-hybrid screening (Hurt et al., 2003; Joung et al., 2000) Streptomycin is an antibiotic that inhibits both gram positive and gram negative bacteria, and is a therefore a useful broad spectrum antibiotic.
[edit] Pesticide
Streptomycin is also used as a pesticide, to combat the growth of bacteria, fungi, and algae. Streptomycin controls bacterial and fungal diseases of certain fruit, vegetables, seed, and ornamental crops, and controls algae in ornamental ponds and aquaria. A major use is in the control of fireblight on apple and pear trees. As in medical applications, extensive use can be associated with the development of resistant strains.
[edit] See also
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ "Streptomycin in Patients with Tuberculosis." Pharmacotherapy 21(9):1037-1045, 2001. Retrieved on July 7, 2008.
- ^ "Streptomycin in pregnancy and breastfeeding: Drug safety." Drug Safety Site, 2006. Retrieved on July 7, 2008.
- ^ Singh B., Mitchison, D.A. (1954). "Bactericidal activity of streptomycin and isoniazid against tubercle bacilli". British Medical Journal 1 (4854): 130–2. doi:. PMID 13106497.
- ^ Donald Voet and Judith G. Voet, Biochemistry 3rd edition, 2004, page 1341, ISBN 0-471-19250-x (cloth)
- ^ Comroe JH (1978). "Pay dirt: the story of streptomycin. Part I: from Waksman to Waksman". Am Rev Respir Dis 117 (4): 773–781. PMID 417651.
- ^ D'Arcy Hart P (August 1999). "A change in scientific approach: from alternation to randomised allocation in clinical trials in the 1940s". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 319 (7209): 572–3. PMID 10463905.
- ^ Zhu M, Burman WJ, Jaresko GS, et al. (2001). "Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular streptomycin in patients with tuberculosis". Pharmacotherapy 21 (9): 1037–1045. doi:. PMID 11560193. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/409778.
[edit] References
- Kingston, William (2004). Streptomycin, Schatz v. Waksman, and the Balance of Credit for Discovery. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 59 (3), 441-462.
- Mistiaen, Veronique. Time, and the great healer. The Guardian, Saturday 2 November 2002. The history behind the discovery of streptomycin.
- EPA R.E.D. Facts sheet on use of streptomycin as a pesticide.
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