Supercluster
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This article is about astronomy. For other uses, see Supercluster (disambiguation).
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This article is outdated. (July 2012) |
Superclusters are large groups of smaller galaxy groups and clusters and are among the largest known structures of the cosmos.
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Existence[edit]
The existence of superclusters indicates that the galaxies in our Universe are not uniformly distributed; most of them are drawn together in groups and clusters, with groups containing up to 50 galaxies and clusters up to several thousand galaxies. Those groups and clusters and additional isolated galaxies in turn form even larger structures called superclusters.
Superclusters form large structures of galaxies, called "filaments", "supercluster complexes", "walls" or "sheets", that may span between several hundred million light-years to one billion light-years, covering more than 5% of the observable universe. Observations of superclusters likely tell us something about the initial condition of the universe when these superclusters were created. The directions of the rotational axes of galaxies within superclusters may also give us insight into the formation process of galaxies early in the history of the Universe.[2]
Interspersed among superclusters are large voids of space in which few galaxies exist. Superclusters are frequently subdivided into groups of clusters called galaxy clouds.
List of superclusters[edit]
Nearby superclusters[edit]
| Galaxy supercluster | Data | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Local Supercluster |
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It contains the Local Group with our galaxy, the Milky Way. It also contains the Virgo Cluster near its center, and is sometimes called the Virgo Supercluster. It is thought to contain over 47,000 galaxies. |
| Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster | It is composed of two lobes, sometimes also referred to as superclusters, or sometimes the entire supercluster is referred to by these other two names
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| Perseus-Pisces Supercluster | ||
| Pavo-Indus Supercluster | ||
| Coma Supercluster | Forms most of the CfA Homunculus, the center of the CfA2 Great Wall galaxy filament | |
| Sculptor Superclusters | SCl 9 | |
| Hercules Superclusters | SCl 160 | |
| Leo Supercluster | SCl 93 | |
| Ophiuchus Supercluster |
|
Forming the far wall of the Ophiuchus Void, it may be connected in a filament, with the Pavo-Indus-Telescopium Supercluster and the Hercules Supercluster. This supercluster is centered on the cD cluster Ophiuchus Cluster, and has at least two more galaxy clusters, four more galaxy groups, several field galaxies, as members.[3] |
| Shapley Supercluster |
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The second supercluster found, after the Local Supercluster. |
Distant superclusters[edit]
| Galaxy supercluster | Data | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Pisces-Cetus Supercluster | ||
| Bootes Supercluster | SCl 138 | |
| Horologium Supercluster |
|
The entire supercluster is referred to as the Horologium-Reticulum Supercluster |
| Corona Borealis Supercluster | ||
| Columba Supercluster | ||
| Aquarius Supercluster | ||
| Aquarius B Supercluster | ||
| Aquarius-Capricornus Supercluster | ||
| Aquarius-Cetus Supercluster | ||
| Bootes A Supercluster | ||
| Caelum Supercluster | SCl 59 | |
| Draco Supercluster | ||
| Draco-Ursa Major Supercluster | ||
| Fornax-Eridanus Supercluster | ||
| Grus Supercluster | ||
| Leo A Supercluster | ||
| Leo-Sextans Supercluster | ||
| Leo-Virgo Supercluster | SCl 107 | |
| Microscopium Supercluster | SCl 174 | |
| Pegasus-Pisces Supercluster | SCl 3 | |
| Pisces Supercluster | SCl 24 | |
| Pisces-Aries Supercluster | ||
| Ursa Major Supercluster | ||
| Virgo-Coma Supercluster | SCl 111 |
Far distant superclusters[edit]
| Galaxy supercluster | Data | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Lynx Supercluster | z=1.27 | Discovered in 1999[4] (as ClG J0848+4453, a name now used to describe the western cluster, with ClG J0849+4452 being the eastern one),[5] it contains at least two clusters RXJ 0848.9+4452 (z=1.26) and RXJ 0848.6+4453 (z=1.27) . At the time of discovery, it became the most distant known supercluster.[6] Additionally, seven smaller groups of galaxies are associated with the supercluster.[7] |
| SCL @ 1338+27 at z=1.1 |
z=1.1 Length=70Mpc |
A rich supercluster with several galaxy clusters was discovered around an unusual concentration of 23 QSOs at z=1.1 in 2001. The size of the complex of clusters may indicate a wall of galaxies exists there, instead of a single supercluster. The size discovered approaches the size of the CfA2 Great Wall filament. At the time of the discovery, it was the largest and most distant supercluster beyond z=0.5 [8][9] |
| SCL @ 1604+43 at z=0.9 | z=0.91 | This supercluster at the time of its discovery was the largest supercluster found so deep into space, in 2000. It consisted of two known rich clusters and one newly discovered cluster as a result of the study that discovered it. The then known clusters were Cl 1604+4304 (z=0.897) and Cl 1604+4321 (z=0.924), which then known to have 21 and 42 known galaxies respectively. The then newly discovered cluster was located at 16h 04m 25.7s, +43° 14′ 44.7″[10] |
| SCL @ 0018+16 at z=0.54 in SA26 | z=0.54 | This supercluster lies around radio galaxy 54W084C (z=0.544) and is composed of at least three large clusters, CL 0016+16 (z=0.5455), RX J0018.3+1618 (z=0.5506), RX J0018.8+1602 .[11] |
| MS 0302+17 |
z=0.42 Length=6Mpc |
This supercluster has at least three member clusters, the eastern cluster CL 0303+1706, southern cluster MS 0302+1659 and northern cluster MS 0302+1717.[12] |
Protosuperclusters[edit]
| Proto Galaxy Supercluster | Data | Notes |
|---|
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This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Diagram[edit]
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See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ "An Intergalactic Heavyweight". ESO Picture of the Week. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ Hu, F. X. et al. (2006). "Orientation of Galaxies in the Local Supercluster: A Review". Astrophysics and Space Science 302 (1–4): 43–59. arXiv:astro-ph/0508669. Bibcode:2006Ap&SS.302...43H. doi:10.1007/s10509-005-9006-7.
- ^ Hasegawa, T. et al. (2000). "Large-scale structure of galaxies in the Ophiuchus region". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 316 (2): 326–344. Bibcode:2000MNRAS.316..326H. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03531.x.
- ^ Rosati, P. et al (1999). "An X-Ray-Selected Galaxy Cluster at z = 1.26". The Astronomical Journal 118 (1): 76–85. arXiv:astro-ph/9903381. Bibcode:1999AJ....118...76R. doi:10.1086/300934.
- ^ "Lynx Supercluster". SIMBAD.
- ^ Nakata, F. et al. (2004). "Discovery of a large-scale clumpy structure of the Lynx supercluster at z∼1.27". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2004 (Cambridge University Press): 29–33. Bibcode:2004ogci.conf...29N. doi:10.1017/S1743921304000080. ISBN 0-521-84908-X.
- ^ Ohta, K. et al. (2003). "Optical Identification of the ASCA Lynx Deep Survey: An Association of Quasi-Stellar Objects and a Supercluster at z = 1.3?". The Astrophysical Journal 598: 210–215. arXiv:astro-ph/0308066. Bibcode:2003ApJ...598..210O. doi:10.1086/378690.
- ^ Tanaka, I. (2004). "Subaru Observation of a Supercluster of Galaxies and QSOS at Z = 1.1"". Studies of Galaxies in the Young Universe with New Generation Telescope, Proceedings of Japan-German Seminar, held in Sendai, Japan, July 24–28, 2001. pp. 61–64. Bibcode:2004sgyu.conf...61T.
- ^ Tanaka, I.; Yamada, T.; Turner, E. L.; Suto, Y. (2001). "Superclustering of Faint Galaxies in the Field of a QSO Concentration at z ~ 1.1". The Astrophysical Journal 547 (2): 521–530. arXiv:astro-ph/0009229. Bibcode:2001ApJ...547..521T. doi:10.1086/318430.
- ^ Lubin, L. M. et al. (2000). "A Definitive Optical Detection of a Supercluster at [CLC][ITAL]z[/ITAL][/CLC] ≈ 0.91". The Astrophysical Journal 531 (1): L5–L8. arXiv:astro-ph/0001166. Bibcode:2000ApJ...531L...5L. doi:10.1086/312518. PMID 10673401.
- ^ Connolly, A. J. et al. (1996). "Superclustering at Redshift [CLC][ITAL]z[/ITAL] = 0.54[/CLC]". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 473 (2): L67–L70. arXiv:astro-ph/9610047. Bibcode:1996ApJ...473L..67C. doi:10.1086/310395.
- ^ University of Hawaii, "The MS0302+17 Supercluster", Nick Kaiser. Retrieved 15 September 2009.
External links[edit]
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