Susan Rice

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This article is about the diplomat. For the designer, see Suzy Rice.
Susan Rice
Susan Rice, official State Dept photo portrait, 2009.jpg
27th United States Ambassador to the United Nations
Incumbent
Assumed office
January 22, 2009
President Barack Obama
Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon
Preceded by Zalmay Khalilzad
12th Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs
In office
October 9, 1997 – January 20, 2001
President Bill Clinton
Preceded by George Moose
Succeeded by Walter Kansteiner
Personal details
Born Susan Elizabeth Rice
(1964-11-17) November 17, 1964 (age 48)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political party Democratic Party
Alma mater Stanford University
New College, Oxford

Susan Elizabeth Rice (born November 17, 1964) is an American diplomat, former Brookings Institution fellow, and the current United States Ambassador to the United Nations. Rice served on the staff of the National Security Council and as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs during President Bill Clinton's second term. Rice was confirmed as UN ambassador by the U.S. Senate by unanimous consent on January 22, 2009. She is the first Jamaican-American woman to hold that office.

Rice's name was mentioned as a possible replacement for retiring Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in 2013 after President Barack Obama's November 2012 re-election,[1][2] but on December 13, following ongoing controversy related to the 2012 Benghazi attack on the U.S consulate, she announced that she was withdrawing her name from consideration saying that if nominated "the confirmation process would be lengthy, disruptive, and costly."[3]

Contents

Early life and education [edit]

Rice was born in Washington, D.C.,[4] to Emmett J. Rice (1919–2011), Cornell University economics professor and the second black governor of the Federal Reserve System;[4] and education policy scholar Lois (née Dickson) Fitt, currently at the Brookings Institution.[5] Her maternal grandparents were Jamaican.[6] Her parents divorced during her youth.

Rice was a three-sport athlete, student council president, and valedictorian at National Cathedral School in Washington, D.C., a private girls' day school.[7] She played point guard in basketball and directed the offense, acquiring the nickname Spo, short for "Sportin’."[7]

Rice said that her parents taught her to "never use race as an excuse or advantage," and as a young girl she "dreamed of becoming the first U.S. senator from the District of Columbia."[4] She also held "lingering fears" that her accomplishments would be diminished by people who attributed them to affirmative action.[4] After her father's death in 2011, she said, “He believed segregation had constrained him from being all he could be. The psychological hangover of that took him decades to overcome. His most fervent wish was that we not have that psychological baggage.”

Rice attended Stanford University, where she received a Truman Scholarship, and graduated with a B.A. in history in 1986. She was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.[8][9]

Awarded a Rhodes Scholarship, Rice attended New College, Oxford, where she earned a M.Phil. in 1988 and D.Phil. in 1990. The Chatham House-British International Studies Association honored her dissertation entitled, "Commonwealth Initiative in Zimbabwe, 1979-1980: Implication for International Peacekeeping" as the UK's most distinguished in international relations.[4][10]

Marriage, family, and early career [edit]

Rice married Canadian-born ABC News producer Ian Officer Cameron[11] in 1992 at the St. Albans School chapel.[12] They met as students at Stanford.[13] They have two children.[7][8][14]

Rice was a foreign policy aide to Michael Dukakis during the 1988 presidential election. She was a management consultant at McKinsey & Company, a global management consulting firm, from mid-1990 when she received her degree from Oxford to early 1992 when she worked for the Clinton campaign.[15] Rice worked in McKinsey's Toronto office for a time.[16]

Clinton administration roles [edit]

Rice served in the Clinton administration in various capacities: at the National Security Council (NSC) from 1993 to 1997; as director for international organizations and peacekeeping from 1993 to 1995 and as special assistant to the president and senior director for African affairs from 1995 to 1997.

At the time of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, Rice reportedly said, "If we use the word 'genocide' and are seen as doing nothing, what will be the effect on the November [congressional] election?" Rice subsequently acknowledged the mistakes made at the time and felt that a debt needed repaying.[17] The inability or failure of the Clinton administration to do anything about the genocide would inform her later views on possible military interventions.[18] She would later say of the experience: "I swore to myself that if I ever faced such a crisis again, I would come down on the side of dramatic action, going down in flames if that was required."[19]

Islamists took control in Sudan in a 1989 coup d'état and the United States adopted a policy of disengagement with the authoritarian regime throughout the 1990s. After the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, however, some critics charged that the U.S. should have moderated its policy toward Sudan earlier, since the influence of Islamists there waned in the second half of 1990s and Sudanese officials began to indicate an interest in accommodating U.S. concerns with respect to 9/11 mastermind Osama bin Laden, who had been living in Sudan until he was expelled in May 1996. Timothy M. Carney, U.S. ambassador to Sudan between September 1995 and November 1997, co-authored an op-ed in 2002 claiming that in 1997 Sudan offered to turn over its intelligence on bin Laden but that Rice, as NSC Africa specialist, together with the then NSC terrorism specialist Richard A. Clarke, successfully lobbied for continuing to bar U.S. officials, including the CIA and FBI, from engaging with the Khartoum government.[20] Similar allegations (that Rice joined others in missing an opportunity to cooperate with Sudan on counterterrorism) were made by Vanity Fair contributing editor David Rose[21] and Richard Miniter, author of Losing Bin Laden.[22]

Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, a longtime mentor and family friend to Rice, urged Clinton to appoint Rice as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs in 1997.[4] Rice was not the first choice of Congressional Black Caucus leaders, who considered Rice a member of "Washington's assimilationist black elite."[4] At a confirmation hearing chaired by Senator Jesse Helms, Rice, who attended the hearing along with her infant son, whom she was then nursing, made a great impression on senators from both parties and "sailed through the confirmation process."[4]

Rice supported the multinational force that invaded Zaire (later known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo) from Rwanda in 1996 and overthrew dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, saying privately that "Anything's better than Mobutu."[23] According to Gérard Prunier, a staffer to the Assistant Secretary said that "the only thing we have to do is look the other way," with respect to Rwanda's continued intervention.[24] New York Times correspondent Howard W. French said that according to his sources Rice herself made the remark.[25] In 2012 when serving as U.N. ambassador, Rice opposed efforts to publicly censure Rwandan President Paul Kagame for again supporting a Congolese rebel group, this time in the 2012 Congo conflict. The Rwandan government was a client when Rice worked at Intellibridge in 2001–02.[26]

On July 7, 1998, Rice was a member of an American delegation to visit detained Nigerian president-elect Basorun M.K.O. Abiola. During this meeting, Abiola suffered a fatal heart attack.[27]

Although Rice supported the Lomé Peace Accord,[28] some observers criticized the Sierra Leone agreement as too indulgent of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) and for bringing the war criminal Foday Sankoh into government, leading to the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1313, which blamed the RUF for the continuing conflict in the west African country.[29]

Business and think-tank activities [edit]

Susan E. Rice (middle) at the USCIRF hearings (November 27, 2001)

Rice was managing director and principal at Intellibridge from 2001 to 2002.[30][31] In 2002 she joined the Brookings Institution as senior fellow in the foreign policy program. At Brookings, she focused on U.S. foreign policy, weak and failing states, the implications of global poverty, and transnational threats to security.

During the 2004 presidential campaign, Rice served as a foreign policy adviser to John Kerry.

Rice went on leave from the Brookings Institution to serve as a senior foreign policy adviser to Senator Barack Obama in his 2008 presidential campaign. Rice was one the first high-profile foreign policy staffers to sign onto Obama's campaign, as most of her peers had supported Hillary Clinton during the presidential primaries.[1] Rice took a disparaging view of Obama's Republican opponent in the campaign, John McCain, calling his policies "reckless" and dismissing the Arizona senator's trip to Iraq as "strolling around the market in a flak jacket."[32]

On November 5, 2008, Rice was named to the advisory board of the Obama–Biden Transition Project.[33]

U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations [edit]

On December 1, 2008, Rice was nominated by president-elect Obama to be the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations,[34][35] a position which he restored to cabinet level.[36] Rice is the second youngest person[36] and the first African American woman to represent the U.S. at the UN.[37] Reportedly Rice had coveted the post of National Security Advisor, which instead went to retired United States Marine Corps General, James L. Jones, and she and most of Obama's original foreign policy team were disappointed that they were not picked for the top posts in Obama's administration.[2]

Rice had a poor relationship with State Department veteran Richard Holbrooke, whom she considered to be meddling on her turf and who in return had viewed her as incompetent.[3]

Dramatic Departure [edit]

The 2010 National Security Strategy was referred to by Rice as a "dramatic departure" from its predecessor.[38]

Libyan civil war [edit]

As the 2011 Libyan civil war progressed, Rice made clear that the United States and the international community saw only one choice for Gaddafi and his aides: step down from power or face significant consequences. Rice offered some of the toughest rhetoric toward Gaddafi, blasting his denials of atrocities against his own citizens as "frankly, delusional." Several UN diplomats said that in a closed door meeting on April 28, Rice's claims of Gaddafi's atrocities included the issuance of Viagra to loyalists in order to further terrorize the population with sexual violence.[39][40] Together with National Security Council figure Samantha Power, who already supported military intervention, and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, who came to support it, the three overcame internal opposition from Defense Secretary Robert Gates, security adviser Thomas Donilon, and counterterrorism adviser John Brennan, to have the administration advance a UN proposal to impose a no-fly zone over Libya and authorize other military actions as necessary.[18][41] On March 17, 2011, the UK, France and Lebanon joined Rice to vote for United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 while Brazil, Germany, and India joined permanent Security Council members China and Russia in abstaining. Rice and Clinton played major roles in gaining approval for the resolution.[18][42] Clinton said that same day that establishing a no-fly zone over Libya would require the bombing of air defenses. Rice said that "we are interested in a broad range of actions that will effectively protect civilians and increase the pressure on the Gaddafi regime to halt the killing and to allow the Libyan people to express themselves in their aspirations for the future freely and peacefully,"[43]

In January 2012 after the Russian and Chinese veto of another Security Council resolution calling on Syrian strongman Bashar al-Assad to step down, Rice strongly condemned both countries, saying, "They put a stake in the heart of efforts to resolve this conflict peacefully," adding that "we the United States are standing with the people of Syria. Russia and China are obviously with Assad."[44] In her words, "the United States is disgusted that a couple of members of this Council continue to prevent us from fulfilling our sole purpose."[45]

Some Security Council diplomats took issue with Rice's negotiating style, calling it "rude" and overly blunt. According to David Rothkopf of Foreign Policy magazine, Rice is known for her "abrasiveness" but has the asset of a close relationship with the U.S. president. Human rights activists took issue with Rice and U.S. foreign policy generally in 2012 for working against U.N. statements that criticized Rwanda for supporting a rebel group in Congo known for committing atrocities.[46]

Benghazi attack [edit]

Following the attack on the U.S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi on September 11, 2012, resulting in the deaths of the United States Ambassador to Libya J. Christopher Stevens and three others, on September 16 Rice appeared on CBS's Face the Nation to state that "we do not have information at present that leads us to conclude that this [attack] was premeditated or preplanned," but on ABC's This Week said that the attack was "hijacked, let us say, by some individual clusters of extremists who came with heavier weapons".[47] She added (on a different subject), "[w]e've decimated al-Qaeda." Although Rice said that the attack "began spontaneously," prior to her interview the under secretary of state for management, Patrick F. Kennedy, had said that he believed the assault was planned[48] and other sources, including Libyan President Mohammed Magariaf, had expressed the view that the attack was preplanned and that there was an al-Qaeda link.[49] Rice had, however, qualified her remarks about the attack, saying, "We'll want to see the results of [an FBI] investigation to draw any definitive conclusions."[50] Rice made similar statements on This Week with George Stephanopoulos,[51] Meet the Press,[52] State of the Union with Candy Crowley,[53] and Fox News Sunday.[54][55] 97 House Republicans sent a letter to President Obama on November 19 to say Rice's statements were "misleading" and that she should accordingly not be considered a candidate to succeed Hillary Clinton in 2013 as Secretary of State. However, Rice's claims about Benghazi were based on the unclassified version of information approved by United States intelligence services.[56][57] Some Republican Senators, who unlike House Republicans would have a vote on whether to confirm Rice, also voiced objections and said their meetings with Rice at the end of November 2012 did not ease their concerns.[58][59][60] However, the Senate previously had unanimously supported a resolution that described the attackers as "an angry mob of protesters" and made no mention of Al Qaeda.[61] On December 13, 2012 in a letter to President Barack Obama, Rice asked him to remove her name from consideration for Secretary of State.[3] During a house hearing on May 8, 2013, an email was read aloud by Representative Trey Gowdy, which was never classified, that was sent on September 12, 2012 to Susan Rice, as well as many other members of the State Department. The email stated clearly that the attacks were committed by Islamic terrorists, no mention of an "angry mob" or protestors was contained in the email.[62]

Affiliations [edit]

Rice serves on the boards of several organizations, including the National Democratic Institute; the U.S. Fund for UNICEF;[30] board of directors of the Atlantic Council;[63] advisory board of Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford University;[64] the board of directors of the Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. (Bloomberg BNA);[65] board of directors of Partnership for Public Service;[14] the Beauvoir National Cathedral Elementary School; and a past member of the Internews Network's board of directors.[66][67]

She is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Aspen Strategy Group.[15][68]

Awards and honors [edit]

Books and academic publications [edit]

Rice, Susan Elizabeth. 1990. "The Commonwealth Initiative in Zimbabwe, 1979-1980: Implications for International Peacekeeping" D Phil thesis, New College, Oxford University.

References [edit]

  1. ^ "Susan Rice likely Hillary Clinton replacement". cbsnews.com. Retrieved November 13, 2012. 
  2. ^ "Obama considering John Kerry for job of defense secretary". articles.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved November 12, 2012. 
  3. ^ a b Tracy Connor (December 13, 2012), Susan Rice drops out of running for secretary of state, cites 'very politicized' confirmation process NBC News
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "The Meteoric Rise of the State Department's Susan Rice." The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education: 20 (Summer 1998), p. 40-41.
  5. ^ "Lois Dickson Rice". Brookings Institution. Retrieved August 7, 2012. 
  6. ^ http://m.jamaicaobserver.com/lifestyle/SO-Who-Knew----Susan-Rice_13125713
  7. ^ a b c Brant, Martha (January–February 2000). "Feature Story - Into Africa". Stanford Magazine. Stanford Alumni Association. Retrieved December 4, 2008. 
  8. ^ a b "Susan Elizabeth Rice". Who's Who (Marquis Who's Who). 2007. pp. K2014871257. Retrieved May 14, 2008. 
  9. ^ MacFarquhar, Neil. "Susan E. Rice" (Reference). The New York Times. Retrieved December 3, 2008. 
  10. ^ a b "Black Community Services Center Hall of Fame." Stanford Alumni Association.
  11. ^ "The Calgary Sun - Susan Rice on tap to become the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations". Calgary Sun. November 25, 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2008. 
  12. ^ "WEDDINGS; Susan E. Rice, Ian Cameron". The New York Times. September 13, 1992. Retrieved November 16, 2012. 
  13. ^ Pickert, Kate (December 2, 2008). "U.N. Ambassador: Susan E. Rice - Obama's White House - TIME". Time. Retrieved December 28, 2008. 
  14. ^ a b "Board of Directors - Susan E. Rice, Ph.D". The Partnership for Public Service. Retrieved May 13, 2008. 
  15. ^ a b "Susan Rice, Former White House and State Department Senior Official, Joins Brookings Institution". Brookings Institution. September 13, 2002. Retrieved May 14, 2008. 
  16. ^ "WEDDINGS; Susan E. Rice, Ian Cameron". The New York Times (New York City). September 13, 1992. Retrieved June 13, 2010. "Susan Elizabeth Rice, the daughter of Dr. Emmett J. Rice and Lois Dickson Fitt, both of Washington, was married there yesterday to Ian Officer Cameron..." 
  17. ^ Power, Samantha (September 2001). "Bystanders to Genocide" (Article). The Atlantic. Retrieved December 2, 2008. 
  18. ^ a b c Cooper, Helene; Myers, Steven Lee (2011-03-18). "Obama Takes Hard Line With Libya After Shift by Clinton". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-03-20. 
  19. ^ Carney, Timothy (2011-03-28) Obama aides find moral clarity in Libya's foggy war, Washington Examiner
  20. ^ Carney, Timothy; Mansoor Ijaz (June 30, 2002). "Intelligence Failure? Let's Go Back to Sudan". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 1, 2008. 
  21. ^ Rose, David (January 2002). "The Osama Files". Vanity Fair. Retrieved December 1, 2008. 
  22. ^ Belz, Mindy (November 1, 2003). "Clinton did not have the will to respond". World. Retrieved December 1, 2008. 
  23. ^ "Losing Africa, Yet Again" (Article). Newsweek. October 5, 2008. Retrieved December 4, 2012. 
  24. ^ Prunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War:Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Oxford University Press. p. 339. ISBN 978-0-19-537420-9. 
  25. ^ Howard W. French (September 24, 2009), Kagame’s Hidden War in the Congo The New York Review of Books
  26. ^ Helene Cooper (December 9, 2012), U.N. Ambassador Questioned on U.S. Role in Congo Violence The New York Times
  27. ^ "Abiola's death - an eyewitness account". BBC News. July 7, 1998. 
  28. ^ Brett Stephens (December 10, 2012), The Other Susan Rice File The Wall Street Journal
  29. ^ Dorman, Andrew M. (2009). Blair's Successful War: British Military Intervention in Sierra Leone. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 115–117. ISBN 9780754672999. 
  30. ^ a b "Susan Rice". U.S. Fund for UNICEF. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2008. 
  31. ^ "Black Alumni Hall of Fame Inductees". Stanford Alumni - Reunion Homecoming 2008. Stanford University. February 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2008. "[inducted] 2002" 
  32. ^ Dan Milbank (November 16, 2012), Susan Rice’s tarnished resume The Washington Post
  33. ^ Sweet, Lynn (November 5, 2008). "Jarrett, Podesta, Rouse to lead Obama transition; Bill Daley co-chair" (Blog). Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved December 5, 2008. 
  34. ^ change.gov (December 1, 2008lurl=http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/key_members_of_obama_biden_national_security_team_announced/). "Key members of Obama-Biden National Security Team announced". Newsroom (Press release). Office of the President-elect. 
  35. ^ Rhee, Foon (December 1, 2008). "Obama names national security team" (Article). Boston Globe. Retrieved December 1, 2008. 
  36. ^ a b "Ambassador to the United Nations - Susan Rice (Announced)" (Blog). Obama's Cabinet (Real Clear Politics). December 1, 2008. Retrieved December 4, 2008. 
  37. ^ Lederer, Edith M. (December 1, 2008). "Trusted Obama adviser Susan Rice is first African-American woman named to be US envoy to UN". Star Tribune. Associated Press. 
  38. ^ Sanger, David E.; Baker, Peter (May 27, 2010). "New U.S. Security Strategy Focuses on Managing Threats". The New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2010. 
  39. ^ Youngman, Sam (February 28, 2011). "UN ambassador: Gadhafi 'delusional'". The Hill. Retrieved November 14, 2012. 
  40. ^ Louis Charbonneau (April 29, 2011), U.S. envoy: Gaddafi troops raping, issued Viagra Reuters
  41. ^ Thrush, Glenn (March 17, 2011). "Day after saying no second term, a big win for Hillary Clinton". The Politico. Retrieved March 17, 2011. 
  42. ^ Thrush, Glenn; Negrin, Matt (March 19, 2011). "Behind Barack Obama’s turnaround on Libya". Politico. Retrieved March 20, 2011. 
  43. ^ Helguero, Gerald (March 17, 2011). "U.S. Supports Libya No-Fly Zone, Seeks Broader Action". International Business Times. Retrieved November 14, 2012. 
  44. ^ Cohn, Alicia M. (February 6, 2012). "Amb. Rice says Russia, China will ‘come to regret’ vetoing UN Syria resolution". The Hill. Retrieved November 14, 2012. 
  45. ^ "U.N. rights council condemns Syrian abuses". CNN. February 4, 2012. 
  46. ^ Louis Charbonneau and Susan Cornwell (November 24, 2012), Backed by Obama, sharp-tongued Susan Rice battles critics Reuters
  47. ^ The Wall Street Journal, John D. McKinnon and Corey Boles, September 16, 2012,Susan Rice: Libya Protests 'Hijacked' by Extremists
  48. ^ Kim Sengupta (September 14, 2012),Revealed: inside story of US envoy's assassination The Independent
  49. ^ Nic Robertson, Paul Cruickshank and Tim Lister, Pro-al Qaeda group seen behind deadly Benghazi attack CNN September 13, 2012
  50. ^ ""Face the Nation" transcripts, September 16, 2012: Libyan Pres. Magariaf, Amb. Rice and Sen. McCain". CBS News. September 16, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2012. 
  51. ^ "'This Week' Transcript: U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice". ABC News. September 16, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2012. 
  52. ^ "September 16: Benjamin Netanyahu, Susan Rice, Keith Ellison, Peter King, Bob Woodward, Jeffrey Goldberg, Andrea Mitchell". NBC News. September 16, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2012. 
  53. ^ "Interview with Benjamin Netanyahu; Interview with Susan Rice; Interview with Nancy Pelosi; Interview with Rudy Giuliani". CNN. September 16, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2012. 
  54. ^ "Amb. Susan Rice, Rep. Mike Rogers discuss violence against Americans in the Middle East". Fox News. September 16, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2012. 
  55. ^ Tapper, Jake (September 16, 2012). "Ambassador Susan Rice: Libya Attack Not Premeditated". ABC News. Retrieved November 14, 2012. 
  56. ^ The Washington Post, The GOP's bizarre attack on Susan Rice
  57. ^ Sources: Office of the DNI cut "al Qaeda" reference from Benghazi talking points, and CIA, FBI signed off CBS News November 20, 2012
  58. ^ Ed O'Keefe (November 26, 2012),Susan Rice meets Tuesday with John McCain, Lindsey Graham, Kelly Ayotte Washington Post
  59. ^ Republican senators say Rice meeting just leaves more questions unanswered FOX News November 27, 2012
  60. ^ Ed O'Keefe (November 28, 2012), Susan Rice meets with more GOP critics Washington Post
  61. ^ The Atlantic, Garance Franke-Ruta, Dec 4, 2012Susan Rice's Senate Opponents Voted for Resolution on Benghazi Protests
  62. ^ http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/05/benghazi-hearing.html
  63. ^ "The Atlantic Council of the United States - Board Members". The Atlantic Council of the United States. Archived from the original on April 15, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2008. 
  64. ^ "Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Annual Report 2007" (PDF). Stanford University. 2007. p. 47. Retrieved May 6, 2008. 
  65. ^ Bolbach, Cynthia J. (March 28, 2008). "Proxy Statement Pursuant to Section 14 (a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934". The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. p. 3. Retrieved May 13, 2008. "[Rice a director since 2004]" 
  66. ^ "2003 Annual Report" (PDF). Internews International. 2003. p. 10. Retrieved May 13, 2008. 
  67. ^ "Internews - Directors and Officers". Internews International. Retrieved May 13, 2008. 
  68. ^ "Aspen Strategy Group". Aspen Institute. Archived from the original on April 21, 2008. Retrieved May 14, 2008. 
  69. ^ Kramer, Linda (November 3, 2009). "Women of the Year 2009 - Susan Rice: The Peacemaker". Glamour. Retrieved November 14, 2012. 

External links [edit]

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Preceded by
George Moose		 Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs
1997–2001		 Succeeded by
Walter Kansteiner
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Zalmay Khalilzad		 United States Ambassador to the United Nations
2009–present		 Incumbent
United States order of precedence
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