# Suslin's problem

Jump to: navigation, search

In mathematics, Suslin's problem is a question about totally ordered sets posed by Mikhail Yakovlevich Suslin in a work published posthumously in 1920.[1] It has been shown to be independent of the standard axiomatic system of set theory known as ZFC: the statement can neither be proven nor disproven from those axioms.[2]

(Suslin is also sometimes written with the French transliteration as Souslin, from the Cyrillic Суслин.)

## Formulation

Given a non-empty totally ordered set R with the following four properties:

1. R does not have a least nor a greatest element;
2. the order on R is dense (between any two elements there is another);
3. the order on R is complete, in the sense that every non-empty bounded subset has a supremum and an infimum;
4. every collection of mutually disjoint non-empty open intervals in R is countable (this is the countable chain condition for the order topology of R).

Is R necessarily order-isomorphic to the real line R?

If the requirement for the countable chain condition is replaced with the requirement that R contains a countable dense subset (i.e., R is a separable space) then the answer is indeed yes: any such set R is necessarily isomorphic to R (proved by Cantor).

## Implications

Any totally ordered set that is not isomorphic to R but satisfies (1) – (4) is known as a Suslin line. The Suslin hypothesis says that there are no Suslin lines: that every countable-chain-condition dense complete linear order without endpoints is isomorphic to the real line. Equivalently, that every tree of height ω1 either has a branch of length ω1 or an antichain of cardinality $\aleph_1.$ The generalized Suslin hypothesis says that for every infinite regular cardinal κ every tree of height κ either has a branch of length κ or an antichain of cardinality κ. The existence of Suslin lines is equivalent to the existence of Suslin trees and to Suslin algebras.

The Suslin hypothesis is independent of ZFC. Jech (1967) and Tennenbaum (1968) independently used forcing methods to construct models of ZFC in which Suslin lines exist. Jensen later proved that Suslin lines exist if the diamond principle, a consequence of the Axiom of constructibility V=L, is assumed. (Jensen's result was a surprise as it had previously been conjectured that V=L implies that no Suslin lines exist, on the grounds that V=L implies there are "few" sets.) On the other hand, Solovay & Tennenbaum (1971) used forcing to construct a model of ZFC in which there are no Suslin lines; more precisely they showed that Martin's axiom plus the negation of the Continuum Hypothesis implies the Suslin Hypothesis.

The Suslin hypothesis is also independent of both the generalized continuum hypothesis (proved by Ronald Jensen[3]) and of the negation of the continuum hypothesis. It is not known whether the Generalized Suslin Hypothesis is consistent with the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis; however, since the combination implies the negation of the square principle at a singular strong limit cardinal—in fact, at all singular cardinals and all regular successor cardinals—it implies that the axiom of determinacy holds in L(R) and is believed to imply the existence of an inner model with a superstrong cardinal.

## Notes

1. ^ Souslin, M. (1920). "Problème 3". Fundamenta Mathematicae 1: 223.
2. ^ Solovay, R. M.; Tennenbaum, S. (1971). "Iterated Cohen extensions and Souslin's problem". Ann. Of Math. (2) (Annals of Mathematics) 94 (2): 201–245. doi:10.2307/1970860. JSTOR 1970860.
3. ^ K. Devlin and H. Johnsbråten, The Souslin Problem, Lecture Notes in Mathematics (405) Springer 1974
• Jech, Tomáš (1967), "Non-provability of Souslin's hypothesis", Comment. Math. Univ. Carolinae 8: 291–305, MR 0215729
• Tennenbaum, S. (1968), "Souslin's problem.", Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 59: 60–63, MR 0224456