Wiyot people

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Wiyot
Humboldt bay eureka (377591062).jpg
Humboldt Bay near Eureka, traditional Wiyot lands
Total population
450[1]
Regions with significant populations
 United States ( California)
Languages

English, historical Wiyot
Related ethnic groups

Yurok people

The Wiyot people (Chetco-Tolowa: wee-’at [2] Yurok: weyet [3]) are an indigenous people of California living near the Humboldt Bay, California and surrounding environs. They are culturally similar to the Yurok people. Today, there are approximately 450 Wiyot people. They are enrolled in several federally recognized tribes, such as the Wiyot Tribe (formerly known as the Table Bluff Reservation—Wiyot Tribe), Bear River Band of the Rohnerville Rancheria, Blue Lake Rancheria, and the Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria.[1]

Contents

History [edit]

The Wiyot and Yurok are the farthest southwest people whose language has Algic roots. Wiyot and Yurok are distantly related to the Algonquian languages. Their traditional homeland ranged from Mad River through Humboldt Bay (including the present cities of Eureka and Arcata) to the lower Eel River basin. Inland, their territory was heavily forested in ancient redwood. Their stretch of shoreland was mostly sandy, dunes and tidal marsh.[4]

The Wiyots were among the last natives in the United States to encounter white settlers. Spanish missions extended only as far north as San Francisco Bay. The Russian fur traders, whose 18th-century invasion in search of the sea otter had devastated the Pomo, were uninterested in their sandy shorelands, which was not a sea-otter habitat. The way of life of the Wiyot people, after many centuries of isolated development was forever changed, if not completely destroyed as a result of settlement by Europeans, beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, particularly after the Mexican-American War.

Humboldt Bay was finally discovered by outsiders by the seafaring exploration of Douglass Ottinger in 1850. White settlement followed immediately. A military post called Fort Humboldt was founded February 9, 1853. Among the miners, farmers, ranchers and loggers pouring into California, many settled at what is now Eureka. Relationships between the local non-natives and Indians became hostile, marked by raids and vigilante justice.[5]

Massacre [edit]

On February 26, 1860, the Wiyot experienced a tragic massacre which devastated their numbers and has remained a pervasive part of their cultural heritage and identity.

Three days before the massacre, on Washington's birthday, a logging mill engineer from Germany named Robert Gunther bought the island property.[6]

The day before the massacre, 25 February, the Weekly Humboldt Times wrote: "The Indians are still killing stock of the settlers in the back country and will continue to do so until they are driven from that section, or exterminated"; meanwhile prominent local residents had already formed a vigilante committee to deal with the problem, and were sworn to never reveal their membership.[6]

For several days before the massacre, World Renewal ceremonies were being held at the village of Tuluwat,[7] on "Indian Island"[8][9] less than a mile offshore from Eureka in Humboldt Bay. Up to two hundred fifty Wiyot participated in the ceremonies.[6] The leader of the Humboldt Bay Wiyots was Captain Jim. He organized and led the ceremony to start a new year.

A group of white men came to the island in the early morning after the last ceremony was completed and most of the Indian men had left the island, leaving only women and children. The whites were armed with hatchets, clubs and knives[10] and had left their guns behind so the noise of the slaughter would be only screams rather than gunshots. This was not the only massacre that took place that night. Two other village sites were raided, on the Eel River and on the South Spit. Reports of the number of Wiyots killed that night vary from 80 to 200; they were mostly women and children, who were apart from the men conducting ceremonies. There was one survivor of the massacred group on Tutulwat, an infant called Jerry James.[11]

Gunther had been asleep on the mainland across Humboldt Bay from the Island and had woken up to what he thought were screams, but went back to sleep. The next morning he was awakened by the Justice of the Peace who went with Gunther to inspect the Island following reports that Indians had been killed. He was appalled by what he saw, recalling “ …what a sight presented itself to our eyes. Corpses lying all around, and all women and children, but two. Most of them had their skulls split. One old Indian, who looked to be a hundred years old, had his skull split, and still he sat there shivering”.[12] Gunther initially desired to bring the guilty to justice, but learned "We soon found that we had better keep our mouths shut."[6]

Three other attacks on Indian settlements took place within 2 days: at the South Spit (Eureka), at South Fork Eel River (Rohnerville), and at Eagle Prairie (Rio Dell). Gunther said, "It was never publicly known who did the killing, yet secretly the parties were pointed out."[6]

The 1860 massacre was well documented historically and was reported in San Francisco and New York by the young American writer Bret Harte. Harte was working as a printer's helper and assistant editor at a local newspaper at the time, and his boss was temporarily absent, leaving Harte in charge of the paper. Harte published a detailed account condemning the event, writing, "a more shocking and revolting spectacle never was exhibited to the eyes of a Christian and civilized people. Old women wrinkled and decrepit lay weltering in blood, their brains dashed out and dabbled with their long grey hair. Infants scarcely a span along, with their faces cloven with hatchets and their bodies ghastly with wounds."[13]

Major Gabriel J. Rains (sometimes spelled "Raines"), commander of Fort Humboldt, reported on the massacre to his superiors that "Captain Wright's Company [of vigilantes] held a meeting at Eel River and resolved to kill every peaceable Indian - man, woman, and child."[14] The vigilantes were also known as the "Humboldt Volunteers, Second Brigade," reported to have organized at Hydesville while the town called "Eel River" by Major Rains is now named Rohnerville.[15] Gaines reported that around 5 men had formed a volunteer squad to murder the sleeping women and children on the island. In his army reports, appalled at the massacres and at the openly discussed aims of the local white settlers to kill the Wiyot, he stated there were 55 killed at Indian Island, 40 on South Fork Eel River, and 35 at Eagle Prairie.[16] South Fork Eel River became Rohnerville and was later annexed by Fortuna; Eagle Prairie is now the site of the town of Rio Dell.[15][17]

Meanwhile, the Humboldt Times newspaper editorialized, "For the past four years we have advocated two—and only two—alternatives for ridding our country of Indians: either remove them to some reservation or kill them. The loss of life and destruction of property by the Indians for ten years past has not failed to convince every sensitive man that the two races cannot live together, and the recent desperate and bloody demonstrations on Indian Island and elsewhere is proof that the time has arrived that either the pale face or the savage must yield the ground."[18]

The Times apparently represented the mainstream opinion in the area at the time. An investigation failed to identify a single perpetrator, although those who did the killing were rumored to be well known. The grand jury summoned witnesses and held hearings, no one was indicted.[6] Harte was threatened and in danger of mob violence.[13] He quit his job and left Union in March 1860 by the Columbia steamer for San Francisco,[13] where an anonymous letter published in a city paper is attributed to him, describing widespread community approval of the massacre.

The Wiyot people were decimated. They were corralled at Fort Humboldt for protection. Survivors were herded mostly to Round Valley, established as an Indian reservation within California. They kept escaping and returning to their homeland.

Population decline [edit]

By 1850, there were about 2000 Wiyot and Karok people living within this area. After 1860, there was an estimated 200 people left. By 1910 there were fewer than 100 full blood Wiyot people living within Wiyot territory. This rapid decline in population was from disease, slavery, target practice, protection, being herded from place to place (survivors' descendants describe this as "death marches"), and massacres.

Memorials have been held annually at Tuluwat village, on what is now known as Indian Island, since 1992; and a major cultural and environmental restoration project is underway there.[9]

Reservation [edit]

In 2000, the Wiyot established the Table Bluff Reservation on 88 acres (360,000 m2) of their homeland. The reservation is 16 miles (26 km) south of Eureka between Loleta and the South Jetty of Humboldt Bay. Some 350 people are enrolled in the Table Bluff Reservation—Wiyot Tribe. "Table Bluff Rancheria of Wiyot Indians of California" is the name under which the United States federal government previously listed the Table Bluff Reservation in the Bureau of Indian Affairs list of federally recognized tribes;[19] "Table Bluff Reservation- Wiyot Tribe" is the current designation.[20] "Table Bluff Reservation- Wiyot Tribe" is the current designation [19]. Some people of Wiyot descent are enrolled in the Bear River Rancheria. See also: Table Bluff Rancheria, California

Culture and religion [edit]

The Wiyot language's last native speaker, Della Prince, died in 1962. Some Wiyots are attempting a revival of the language.

A central act in the Wiyot people's spirituality is an annual World Renewal Ceremony held at Tuluwat village. Indian Island, formerly called Duluwat Island, was and is the center of Wiyot world.[9] On the island a ceremonial dance was held to start the new year. The ceremony was called the World Renewal ceremony. All people were welcomed, no one was turned away. The ceremony lasted seven to ten days. It was held at the village site of Tutulwat on the northern part of the island. Traditionally the men would leave the island and return the next day with the day's supplies. The elders, women and children were left to rest on the island along with a few men.

The people ate mostly clams and acorns and made long carved log canoes. Healers and ceremonial leaders were mostly women, who got their powers on mountain tops at night.

Population [edit]

Further information: Population of Native California

Alfred L. Kroeber [21] put the 1770 population of the Wiyot at 1,000. Sherburne F. Cook initially offered an estimate of 1,500 [22] but subsequently raised this to 3,300.[23] Kroeber reported the population of the Wiyot in 1910 as 100.

The Wiyot suffered a devastating onslaught of violence by American settlers in the 1850s and 1860s, wiping out the majority of those alive in 1850 and dispossessing them of their lands.[9] Surviving members of the tribe intermarried with neighboring groups, including the Yurok. About 500 Wiyot live in Northern California today, still well below their mid-19th century population of 2,000.

Recent events [edit]

In a step towards making amends, in June 2004 the Eureka City Council transferred 40 acres (160,000 m2) of Indian Island back to the Wiyot tribe, to add to 1.5 acres (6,100 m2) the Wiyot had purchased.[24] The council also transferred 60 acres (240,000 m2) on the northeast tip of the 275-acre (1.11 km2) island on May 18, 2006.[9]

The tribal chairwoman who headed the negotiations for years and eventually succeeded, Cheryl Seidner, is a descendant of an ancestor who survived the 1860 massacre as an infant.[9][25] Tuluwat, the sacred Wiyot village of Indian Island, is currently being restored by the Wiyot tribe. Eureka businesses have stepped forward to donate supplies and trash barges, and the citizens of Eureka have donated to a Tuluwat restoration fund.

See also [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b "Wiyot Indians." SDSU: California Indians and Their Reservations. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  2. ^ "Siletz Talking Dictionary". Retrieved 2012-06-04. 
  3. ^ R.H. Robins (1958). The Yurok Language: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Retrieved 2012-07-07. 
  4. ^ Powers, Stephen (1976) [1877]. Tribes of California. Intro. and Annotations by Robert Heizer. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA USA: University of California Press. p. 101. ISBN 0-520-03172-5. 
  5. ^ Weitch-Ah-Wah, Che-Na-Wah; a.k.a. Lucy Thompson (1991) [1916]. To the American Indian: Reminiscenses of a Yurok Woman. Berkeley, CA USA: Heyday Books. pp. 217–220. ISBN 91-070671 Check |isbn= value (help). 
  6. ^ a b c d e f Fradkin, Philip L. (1997). The Seven States of California: A Natural and Human History. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 474. 9780520209428. 
  7. ^ "Tuluwat Project". Wiyot Tribe. Retrieved 12 October 2012. 
  8. ^ Weitch-Ah-Wah, Che-Na-Wah; a.k.a. Lucy Thompson (1991) [1916]. To the American Indian: Reminiscenses of a Yurok Woman. Berkeley, CA USA: Heyday Books. p. 220. ISBN 91-070671 Check |isbn= value (help). 
  9. ^ a b c d e f Paul McHugh (20 September 2005). "The North Coast: A Kayak Adventure Going Home Again". San Francisco Chronicle. 
  10. ^ Weitch-Ah-Wah, Che-Na-Wah; a.k.a. Lucy Thompson (1991 () [1916]. To the American Indian: Reminiscenses of a Yurok Woman. Berkeley, CA USA: Heyday Books. p. 220. ISBN 91-070671 Check |isbn= value (help). 
  11. ^ Clarke, Thurston (1996 (). California Fault. New York, NY USA: Ballantine Books. p. 36. 
  12. ^ Genzoli, Andrew (1982). "Robert Gunther's Account of Indian Island". Humboldt Historian. July-August: 6–7. "Gunther reported a survivor's description: She said she saw them coming. She ran to the shanties and halloed that white men were coming and the Indians got out as fast as they could. She stood on a low place as they came up the bank and she saw them distinctly against the sky, and she thought there were six or seven. When she saw they came to kill them, she ran for the brush which was close by, and everybody else ran. All the men got into the brush but two, but the women and children were killed. The white men did not dare to go into the brush, but left after they killed all they could find." 
  13. ^ a b c Scharnhorst, Gary (2000). Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 256. Retrieved 22 December 2012.  Unknown parameter |note= ignored (help)
  14. ^ Carranco, Lynwood; Beard, Estle (1981). Genocide and Vendetta: The Round Valley Wars of Northern California. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 129–130. 
  15. ^ a b Showers, Steven (11 April 2012). "Jacob Oscar Showers, Sr". Find A Grave Memorial# 88402091. Find A Grave. Retrieved 12 October 2012. 
  16. ^ Secrest, William B. (2002 (). When the great spirit died: the destruction of the California Indians, 1850-1860. Fresno, CA USA: Quill Driver Books. p. 36. 
  17. ^ Irvine, Leigh H. (1915). History of Humboldt County, California with Biographical Sketches. Los Angeles, CA: Historic Record Company. Retrieved 16 September 2012. 
  18. ^ "Indian Troubles: A change of sentiment" (PDF). Weekly Humboldt Times, Union (Arcata), California. 17 March 1860. pp. 2, column 2. Retrieved 22 December 2012. </ref
  19. ^ a b Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible To Receive Services From The United States Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Federal Register, February 16, 1995 (Volume 60, Number 32) [Pages 9249-9255] 60 Fed. Reg. 9249 (Feb. 16 1995)
  20. ^ Table Bluff Reservation-Wiyot Tribe-Liquor Control Ordinance , U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Federal Register, June 17, 2005 (Volume 70, Number 116), Pages 35298-35299 70 Fed. Reg. 35298 (June 17, 2005)
  21. ^ Kroeber, A. L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C, p.883
  22. ^ Cook, Sherburne F. 1956. "The Aboriginal Population of the North Coast of California". Anthropological Records 16:81-130. University of California, Berkeley, p.167
  23. ^ Cook, Sherburne F. 1976. The Conflict between the California Indian and White Civilization. University of California Press, Berkeley, p.93
  24. ^ North Coast Journal. The Return of Indian Island. July 1, 2004
  25. ^ Official Table Bluff Reservation - Wiyot Tribe web site

External links [edit]

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