Tajwid

Tajwīd (Arabic: تجويد‎ taǧwīd) Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [tædʒˈwiːd] is an Arabic word for elocution, meaning proper pronunciation during recitation, as well as recitation at a moderate speed. It is a set of rules which govern how the Qur'an should be read. It is derived from the triliteral root ǧ-w-d, meaning to make well, make better, or improve. It is required by fard. There are Ten (tawātur) schools of Recitation, the most prevalent of which is the recitation of Imam 'Asim as transmitted by Imam Hafs.

Manners

Mus'haf al-Tajwid, printed with colored letters to facilitate reading the Quran with Tajwid.

Manners of the heart

• One should understand that the Qur'an is not the word of man.
• The reader should throw away all other thoughts.
• One should understand the meaning.
• One should be humble.
• One should feel that every message in the Qur’an is meant personally for himself or herself.

External manners

• One should be vigilant of the purity of body, clothes, and place.
• One is encouraged to face the Qiblah.
• One should stop at a verse of warning and seek protection with Allah.
• One should stop at a verse of mercy and ask Allah for mercy.
• One should use pure classical Arabic pronunciation, without foreign or dialectic influence.

Arabic alphabet

Arabic alphabet
ا    ب    ت    ث    ج    ح
خ    د    ذ    ر    ز    س
ش    ص    ض    ط    ظ    ع
غ    ف    ق    ك    ل
م    ن    ه    و    ي
History · Transliteration Diacritics · Hamza ء Numerals · Numeration

Main article: Arabic alphabet

The Arabic alphabet has 28 basic letters.

Rules

Emission points of the letters

The emission points of the letters, or Makhaarijul Huruf, is the study of where the sounds of the different letters are emitted from. There are 17 places, in various regions of the throat, tongue, lips, nose, as well as the mouth as a whole for the prolonged (Mudd) letters.

Western phoneticians call this place of articulation.

Characteristics of the letters

The characteristics of the letters, or Siffat al Huruf, refer to the different attributes of the letters. Western phoneticians call this the manner of articulation.

Some of the characteristics have opposites, while some are individual. An example of a characteristic would be the whistling (Safeer), which is an attribute sound of air escaping from a tube. Western phoneticians call this whistling characteristic fricative.

Rules of the letter NUN and tanween

The NUN sakinah and tanween (vowels that produces a "nnn" sound immediately after it) can be pronounced in four different ways: Clear (Idhar))(ء،ه،ع ،ح،غ،خ), Merged with the next letter (Idgham), Hidden (Ikhfa), and changed from a "nnn" sound to a "mmm" sound (Iqlaab).

Rules of the letter MIM

The MIM sakinah can be pronounced in three different ways, clear (Idhar), prolonged nasalization (Ghunnah), and uncloselipped (ikhfaa shafawee).

Rules of prolongation [muddud]

These rules refer to the number of beats that are pronounced when voweled letter is followed by a MUDD letter. The MUDD letters are Alif, Yaah, and Waw. The number of beats can range from 2 counts ordinarily. 4 or 5 counts when there is a Hamzah (ء), and the maximum six counts when it is followed by a shaddah.

Rules of the letter LAM

The Arabic word for "the" is al- (the letters alif and lam). The lam in al- is pronounced if the letter after is "qamariyya" (lunar), but silent if the letter after is "shamsiyya" (solar).

Qalqalah

The five qalqalah letters are ق,ط,ب,ج and د. Qalqalah, literally meaning unrest, is the vibration or bouncing sound of a letter whose vowel sound was cancelled by a sukūn or šaddah. The lesser vibration occurs when the qalqalah letter is in the middle of a word or is at the end of the word but is joined to the word after it in continuous recitation. The moderate vibration is when the qalqalah letter is at the end of the word but does not have a šaddah. The greater vibration is when the qalqalah letter is at the end of the word and has a šaddah.

Thickness and Thinness of the letters

Some of the Arabic letters are always pronounced thick with a heavy accent (Tafkhim). Some letters are pronounced thin with a light accent (Tarqeeq). The first category of letters are called "mufakham", the latter "muraqqaq". Some letters depend on the scenario, and are sometimes pronounced thick, and sometimes thin.

See also

• Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad
• Qari
• Qari Muhammad farooq - محمد فاروق (Pakistan)
• Qari Shakir Qasmi
• Qirat
• Qur'an reading
• Quran Academy

Analogous fields

• Elocution, the analogous modern Western study
• Phonetics
• Pronuntiatio, the analogous classical Western study

References

Books and Journals

• Chapter in "The Art of Reciting the Qur'an" by Kristina Nelson, American University in Cairo Press (Cairo, NY) 2001.
• “Theory and Practice of Tajwid,” Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, IV, Leiden, Brill, 2007 (or still in press)

External links

• Essential Ilm - Free Quality Lessons on Reciting Quran with Tajweed and Arabic Language
• Tajweed Study - Online resource for Tajweed study with lessons organised in chapters with audio samples
• Tajweed Practice - Practice pronouncing common letter combinations with Tajweed
• Studyislaam.org - Hifdh - Learn the fundamentals of Tajwid
• Youtube.com - Articulation of the Arabic Alphabet in Order of Articulation based upon the rules of Tajwid
• Recitation in Tajwid
• Tajweed in English - A Tajweed podcast in iTunes in English for English and French speakers.[ New videos on makharij [(points of articulations)] ]
• Tajweed Podcast - A Tajweed podcast in iTunes in English for English speakers
• AboutTajweed.com - Rules of Tajweed
• Tajwid.info - Tajwid with audio examples
• Altafsir.com - Qura'n and Recitations