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Most distant astronomical object[edit]

Most Distant Object Titleholders
Object Type Date Distance Notes
Progenitor of GRB 090423 / Remnant of GRB 090423 Gamma-ray burst progenitor / Gamma-ray burst remnant 2009 — z=8.2 [1]
IOK-1 Galaxy 2006 − 2009 z=6.96 [1][2][3][4]
SDF J132522.3+273520 Galaxy 2005 − 2006 z=6.597 [5][4]
SDF J132418.3+271455 Galaxy 2003 − 2005 z=6.578 [6][7][8][5]
HCM-6A Galaxy 2002 − 2003 z=6.56 The galaxy is lensed by galaxy cluster Abell 370. This was the first non-quasar galaxy found to exceed redshift 6. It exceeded the redshift of quasar SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 of z=6.28[6][9][10][11][12][7]
SDSS J1030+0524
(SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0) 		Quasar 2001 − 2002 z=6.28 This was the first object beyond redshift 6 when discovered.[13][14][15][16][17][18]
SDSS 1044-0125
(SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2) 		Quasar 2000 − 2001 z=5.82 It exceeded galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z=5.74) as the most distant object (discovered 1999).[19][20][17][18][21][22][23]
SSA22−HCM1 Galaxy 1999 − 2000 z=5.74 [24][25]
HDF 4-473.0 Galaxy 1998 − 1999 z=5.60 [25]
RD1 (0140+326 RD1) Galaxy 1998 z=5.34 This was the first object found beyond redshift 5.[26][27][28][29][25]
CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2 Galaxies 1997 − 1998 z=4.92 These were the remotest objects known at the time of discovery. The pair of galaxies were found lensed by galaxy cluster CL1358+62 (z=0.33). This was the first time since 1964 that something other than a quasar held the record for being the most distant object in the universe. [27][30][31][28][32][25]
PC 1247-3406 Quasar 1991 − 1997 z=4.897 [33][34][19][35][36]
PC 1158+4635 Quasar 1989 − 1991 z=4.73 [19][37][38][39][36][40]
Q0051-279 Quasar 1987 − 1989 z=4.43 [41][42][43][44][37][40]
Q0000-26
(QSO B0000-26) 		Quasar 1987 z=4.11 [41][37][45]
PC 0910+5625
(QSO B0910+5625) 		Quasar 1987 z=4.04 This was the second quasar discovered with a redshift over 4.[19][46][47][37]
Q0046–293
(QSO J0048-2903) 		Quasar 1987 z=4.01 First quasar discovered with a redshift over 4. [41][48][49][37][46]
Q1208+1011
(QSO B1208+1011) 		Quasar 1986 − 1987 z=3.80 This is a gravitationally-lensed double-image quasar, and at the time of discovery to 1991, had the least angular separation between images, 0.45 ″.[46][50][51]
PKS 2000-330
(QSO J2003-3251 , Q2000-330) 		Quasar 1982 − 1986 z=3.78 [52][53][46][54]
OQ172
(QSO B1442+101) 		Quasar 1974 − 1982 z=3.53 [55][56][57]
OH471
(QSO B0642+449) 		Quasar 1973 − 1974 z=3.408 First quasar discovered with a redshift greater than 3. Nickname was "the blaze marking the edge of the universe". [58][59][55][60][57]
4C 05.34 Quasar 1970 − 1973 z=2.877 Its redshift was so much greater than the previous record that it was believed to be erroneous, or spurious.[61][62][57][54][63]
5C 02.56
(7C 105517.75+495540.95) 		Quasar 1968 − 1970 z=2.399 [64][63][32]
4C 25.05
(4C 25.5) 		Quasar 1968 z=2.358 [63][65][32]
PKS 0237-23
(QSO B0237-2321) 		Quasar 1967 − 1968 z=2.225 [66][67][54][68][65]
4C 12.39
(Q1116+12 , PKS 1116+12) 		Quasar 1966 − 1967 z=2.1291 [69][70][68][32]
4C 01.02
(Q0106+01 , PKS 0106+1) 		Quasar 1965 − 1966 z=2.0990 [69][71][68][32]
3C 9 Quasar 1965 z=2.018 This was the first quasar with a redshift in excess of 2.[72][73][74][75][76][68]
3C 147 Quasar 1964 − 1965 z=0.545 This was the first quasar to become the most distant object in the universe, beating radio galaxy 3C 295.[77][78][79][80]
3C 295 Radio galaxy 1960 − 1964 z=0.461 This was the last non-quasar to hold the title of most distant object known until 1997.[32][81][82][25][83]
LEDA 25177 (MCG+01-23-008) Brightest cluster galaxy 1951 − 1960 z=0.2
(V=61000km/s) 		This galaxy lies in the Hydra Supercluster. It is located at B1950.0 08h 55m 4s +03° 21′ and is the BCG of the fainter Hydra Cluster Cl 0855+0321 (ACO 732).[84][85][86][87][25][88][83]
LEDA 51975 (MCG+05-34-069) Brightest cluster galaxy 1936 - z=0.13
(V=39000km/s) 		The brightest cluster galaxy of the Bootes cluster (ACO 1930), an elliptical galaxy at B1950.0 14h 30m 6s +31° 46′ apparent magnitude 17.8, was found by Milton L. Humason in 1936 to have a 40,000 km/s recessional redshift velocity.[89][90][87]
LEDA 20221 (MCG+06-16-021) Brightest cluster galaxy 1932 - z=0.075
(V=23000km/s) 		This is the BCG of the Gemini Cluster (ACO 568) and was located at B1950.0 07h 05m 0s +35° 04′[91][89]
BCG of WMH Christie's Leo Cluster Brightest cluster galaxy 1931 − 1932 z=
(V=19700km/s) 		[92][93][94][91]
BCG of Baede's Ursa Major Cluster Brightest cluster galaxy 1930 − 1931 z=
(V=11700km/s) 		[94][95]
NGC 4860 Galaxy 1929 − 1930 z=0.026
(V=7800km/s) 		[96][97][95]
NGC 7619 Galaxy 1929 z=0.012
(V=3779km/s) 		Using redshift measurements, NGC 7619 was the highest at the time of measurement. At the time of announcement, it was not yet accepted as a general guide to distance, however, later in the year, Edwin Hubble described redshift in relation to distance, leading to a seachange, and having this being accepted as an inferred distance.[98][99][96]
NGC 584 (Dreyer nebula 584) Galaxy 1921 − 1929 z=0.006
(V=1800km/s) 		At the time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. However, in 1923, galaxies were generally recognized as external to the Milky Way.[98][96][100][101][102][103][87]
M104 (NGC 4594) Galaxy 1913 − 1921 z=0.004
(V=1180km/s) 		This was the second galaxy whose redshift was determined; the first being Andromeda - which is approaching us and thus cannot have its redshift used to infer distance. Both were measured by Vesto Melvin Slipher. At this time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. NGC 4594 was originally measured as 1000 km/s, then refined to 1100, and then to 1180 in 1916.[96][100][103]
Capella Star -1876- 72 ly [104]
Polaris Star 50 ly (this is very inaccurate) [105]
Vega
(Alpha Lyrae) 		Star (part of a double star pair) 1839 — 7.77 pc
(125 mas) 		[105]
61 Cygni Binary star 1838 − 1839 3.48 pc
(313.6 mas) 		This was the first star other than the Sun to have its distance measured. [106][107][105]
Uranus Planet of the Solar System 1781 − 1838 18 AU This was the last planet discovered before the first successful measurement of stellar parallax. It had been determined that the stars were much farther away than the planets.
Saturn Planet of the Solar System 1619 − 1781 10 AU From Kepler's Third Law, it was finally determined that Saturn is indeed the outermost of the classical planets, and its distance derived. It had only previously been conjectured to be the outermost, due to it having the longest orbital period, and slowest orbital motion. It had been determined that the stars were much farther away than the planets.
Mars Planet of the Solar System 1609 − 1619 2.6 AU when Mars is diametrically opposed to Earth Kepler correctly characterized Mars and Earth's orbits in Astronomia nova. It had been conjectured that the fixed stars were much farther away than the planets.
Sun Star 3rd century BCE — 1609 20x Earth-Moon distance (this is very inaccurate) Aristarchus of Samos made a measurement of the distance of the Sun from the Earth in relation to the distance of the Moon from the Earth. The distance to the Moon was described in Earth radii (20, also inaccurate). The diameter of the Earth had previously been calculated. At the time, it was assumed that some of the planets were further away, but their distances could not be measured. The order of the planets was conjecture until Kepler determined the distances of the four true planets from the Sun that were not Earth. It had been conjectured that the fixed stars were much farther away than the planets.

  • z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion

Most distant astronomical event[edit]

Most Distant Event Titleholders
Event Type Date Distance Notes
Decoupling of matter and radiation Cosmic Microwave Background 1964 — z=1100 approximately For reference. [108]
GRB 090423 Gamma-ray burst April 2009 — z=8.2 [1]
GRB 080913 Gamma-ray burst September 2008 — April 2009 z=6.7 [1][109]
GRB 050904 Gamma-ray burst September 2005 — September 2008 z=6.29 [109][110][111]

  • z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d New Scientist, "Most distant object in the universe spotted", Rachel Courtland, 22:32 27 April 2009 (accessed 2009-11-11)
  2. ^ New Scientist, "First generation of galaxies glimpsed forming", David Shiga, 19:01 13 September 2006 (accessed 2009/11/11)
  3. ^ Nature 443, 186-188 (14 September 2006), A galaxy at a redshift z = 6.96, doi:10.1038/nature05104;
  4. ^ a b arXiv, Star Forming Galaxies at z > 5 , Fri, 4 April 2008
  5. ^ a b PASJ: Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 57, 165-182, February 25, 2005; The SUBARU Deep Field Project: Lymanα Emitters at a Redshift of 6.6
  6. ^ a b BBC News, Most distant galaxy detected, Tuesday, 25 March, 2003, 14:28 GMT
  7. ^ a b SpaceRef, Subaru Telescope Detects the Most Distant Galaxy Yet and Expects Many More, Monday, March 24, 2003
  8. ^ arXiv, The Discovery of Two Lyman$\alpha$ Emitters Beyond Redshift 6 in the Subaru Deep Field, 28 February 2003
  9. ^ New Scientist, New record for Universe's most distant object, 17:19 14 March 2002
  10. ^ BBC News, Far away stars light early cosmos, Thursday, 14 March, 2002, 11:38 GMT
  11. ^ The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 568:L75–L79, April 1, 2002 ; A Redshift z = 6.56 Galaxy behind the Cluster Abell 370 ; DOI: 10.1086/340424
  12. ^ K2.1 HCM 6A — Discovery of a redshift z = 6.56 galaxy lying behind the cluster Abell 370
  13. ^ arXiv, VLT observations of the z= 6.28 quasar SDSS 1030+0524, Feb 2002
  14. ^ The Astrophysical Journal, 578:702–707, 2002 October 20, A Constraint on the Gravitational Lensing Magnification and Age of the Redshift z = 6.28 Quasar SDSS 1030+0524
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference REIONz.gt.6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 611, Issue 1, pp. L13-L16 ; The X-Ray Spectrum of the z=6.30 QSO SDSS J1030+0524 ; 2004ApJ...611L..13F
  17. ^ a b PennState Eberly College of Science, Discovery Announced of Two Most Distant Objects, June 2001
  18. ^ a b SDSS, Early results from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: From under our nose to the edge of the universe, June 2001
  19. ^ a b c d PennState - Eberly College of Science - Science Journal - Summer 2000 -- Vol. 17, No. 1 International Team of Astronomers Finds Most Distant Object
  20. ^ The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 522:L9–L12, 1999 September 1, An Extremely Luminous Galaxy at z = 5.74
  21. ^ PennState Eberly College of Science, X-rays from the Most Distant Quasar Captured with the XMM-Newton Satellite, Dec 2000
  22. ^ Cite error: The named reference 10Feb2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ SPACE.com, Most Distant Object in Universe Comes Closer, 01 December 2000
  24. ^ The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 522:L9–L12, September 1, 1999, An Extremely Luminous Galaxy at z = 5.74
  25. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference Stern04Sept was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Cite error: The named reference NYT-1998-10-20 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ a b Astronomy Picture of the Day, A Baby Galaxy, March 24, 1998
  28. ^ a b arXiv, A Galaxy at z = 5.34 209 KB, 11 March 1998
  29. ^ Cite error: The named reference UCLA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ Astronomy Picture of the Day, Behind CL1358+62: A New Farthest Object, July 31, 1997
  31. ^ Astrophysical Journal Letters v.486, p.L75 ; 09/1997, A Pair of Lensed Galaxies at z=4.92 in the Field of CL 1358+62 ; 1997ApJ...486L..75F ; 10.1086/310844
  32. ^ a b c d e f "Astrophysics and Space Science" 1999, 269/270, 165-181 ; GALAXIES AT HIGH REDSHIFT - 8. Z > 5 GALAXIES ; Garth Illingworth
  33. ^ The Astronomical Journal, vol. 108, no. 4, p. 1147-1155, Multicolor detection of high-redshift quasars, 2: Five objects with Z greater than or approximately equal to 4, April 1994
  34. ^ New Scientist, issue 1842, 10 October 1992, page 17, Science: Infant galaxy's light show
  35. ^ FermiLab Scientists of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Discover Most Distant Quasar December 8, 1998
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  38. ^ SIMBAD, Object query : PC 1158+4635, QSO B1158+4635 -- Quasar
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  43. ^ New York Times, Objects Detected in Universe May Be the Most Distant Ever Sighted, January 14, 1988
  44. ^ New York Times, Astronomers Peer Deeper Into Cosmos, May 10, 1988
  45. ^ SIMBAD, Object query : Q0000-26, QSO B0000-26 -- Quasar
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  49. ^ SIMBAD, Object query : Q0046-293, QSO J0048-2903 -- Quasar
  50. ^ SIMBAD, Object query : Q1208+1011, QSO B1208+1011 -- Quasar
  51. ^ NewScientist, Quasar doubles help to fix the Hubble constant, 16 November 1991
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  53. ^ SIMBAD, Object query : PKS 2000-330, QSO J2003-3251 -- Quasar
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  55. ^ a b OSU Big Ear, History of the OSU Radio Observatory
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  58. ^ Time Magazine, The Edge of Night, Monday, Apr. 23, 1973
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  74. ^ The Cosmic Century: A History of Astrophysics and Cosmology Page 379 by Malcolm S. Longair - 2006
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