Talk:Provisional Irish Republican Army/draft

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Provisional Irish Republican Army
(Óglaigh na hÉireann)
LeadersIRA Army Council
Dates of operation1969–1997 (formal end to the armed campaign was declared in 2005)
Size~10,000 over 30 years, ~1,000 in 2002, of which ~300 in active service units[1]
OpponentsBritish Army, RUC, Loyalists

The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) is an Irish republican paramilitary organisation which sought to remove Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom and bring about a united Ireland by force of arms and political persuasion.[2] It emerged out of the December 1969 split of the Irish Republican Army due to differences over ideology and over how to respond to violence against the nationalist community. This violence had followed the community's demands for civil rights in 1968 and 1969, which met with resistance from the unionist community and from the authorities, and culminated in the 1969 Northern Ireland riots.[3] The IRA conducted an armed campaign, primarily in Northern Ireland but also in England, over the course of which it is believed to have been responsible for the deaths of around 1,800 people. The dead included around 1,100 members of the British security forces, and around 630 civilians..[4][5] The IRA itself lost around 275 - 300 members,[6] of an estimated 10,000 total over the thirty-year period.[1] It formally ended its campaign in 2005, following the 1998 Belfast Agreement and subsequent disarmament. The Provisional Irish Republican Army is sometimes referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the Army or the 'RA;[7] its constitution establishes it as Óglaigh na hÉireann ("The Irish Volunteers") in the Irish language.

The IRA's initial strategy was to use as much force as possible to cause the collapse of the Northern Ireland administration and to inflict enough casualties on the British forces that the British government would be forced by public opinion to withdraw from Ireland.[8] This policy involved intensive recruitment of volunteers, increasing after Bloody Sunday, and launching frequent attacks against British military and economic targets.[9] The campaign was supported by arms and funding from abroad, particularly from Libya[10] and from some groups in the United States.[11][12] The IRA agreed to a ceasefire in February 1975, which lasted nearly a year[13] before the IRA concluded that the British were trying to draw them into politics without offering any guarantees in relation to the IRA's goals, and hopes of a quick victory receded.[14] As a result, the IRA launched a new strategy known as "the Long War". This saw them conduct a war of attrition against the British and increase emphasis on political activity, via Sinn Féin.

The success of the 1981 Irish hunger strike in mobilising support and winning elections led to the Armalite and ballot box strategy with more time and resources devoted to political activity than before. The abortive attempt at an escalation of the military part of that strategy led republican leaders increasingly to look for a political compromise to end the conflict, with an increasing dissociation of Sinn Féin from the IRA. Following negotiations with the SDLP and secret talks with British civil servants, the IRA ultimately called a ceasefire in 1994 on the understanding that Sinn Féin would be included in political talks for a settlement.[citation needed] When this did not happen, the IRA called off its ceasefire from February 1996 until July 1997, carrying out several bombing and shooting attacks. These included the Docklands bombing and the Manchester bombing which together caused around £500 million in damage.[citation needed] After the ceasefire was reinstated, Sinn Féin was admitted into all-party talks, which produced the Belfast Agreement of 1998.

On 28 July 2005, the IRA Army Council announced an end to its armed campaign, stating that it would work to achieve its aims using "purely political and democratic programmes through exclusively peaceful means",[15] and shortly afterwards completed decommissioning. In September 2008, the nineteenth report of the Independent Monitoring Commission stated that the IRA was "committed to the political path" and no longer represented "a threat to peace or to democratic politics", and that the IRA's Army Council was "no longer operational or functional".[16][17] The organisation remains classified as a proscribed terrorist group in the UK and as an illegal organisation in the Republic of Ireland.[18][19] Two small splinter groups split from the Provisional IRA, first in 1986 (Continuity IRA) and then in 1997 (Real IRA). Both reject the Belfast Agreement and continue to engage in violence.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Moloney, Ed (2002). A Secret History of the IRA. Penguin Books. xiv. ISBN 0-141-01041-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Moloney, Ed (2002). A Secret History of the IRA. Penguin Books. p. 246. ISBN 0-141-01041-X.
  3. ^ The Provisional IRA by Patrick Bishop and Eamonn Mallie (ISBN 0-552-13337-X), p. 117.
  4. ^ 1969 - 2001: 1,821 deaths, including 621 civilians. Source: 2002 online update of 1994 book - Malcolm Sutton (1994) Bear in mind these dead ... An Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland 1969-1993, Belfast: Beyond the Pale Publications, ISBN 0-9514229-4-4. Update hosted at CAIN research project at the University of Ulster, CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths - extracts from Sutton's book
  5. ^ 1969 - 2004: 1,781 deaths, including 644 civilians. Source: Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died Through the Northern Ireland Troubles (2004. Ed's David McKitrick, Seamus Kelters, Brian Feeney, Chris Thornton, David McVea), Mainstream Publishing, ISBN 978-1840185041, page 1536
  6. ^ Lost Lives (2004), p1531 - 294 members; Sutton (2002) - 276 members.
  7. ^ Henry McDonald (13 February 2005). "Grieving sisters square up to IRA". The Observer. Retrieved 2007-07-20. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  8. ^ O'Brien The Long War, p. 119.
  9. ^ O'Brien, Long War, p. 107.
  10. ^ Bowyer Bell, J. (1997). The Secret Army: The IRA. Transaction Publishers, pp. 556–571. ISBN 1560009012
  11. ^ John O'Sullivan (15 February 2005). "IThe Padre Pio". National Review. Retrieved 2007-04-21. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  12. ^ John Lloyd (28 October 2002). "Sinn Féin could win the peace". New Statesman. Retrieved 2007-04-21. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  13. ^ Taylor, p. 156.
  14. ^ Taylor, Peter (2001). Brits. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 184–185. ISBN 0-7475-5806-X.
  15. ^ "Full text: IRA statement". The Guardian. 28 July 2005. Retrieved 2007-03-17. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  16. ^ Nineteenth Report of the "Independent Monitoring Commission"
  17. ^ "IRA army council 'no longer operational'". RTE, 3 September 2008. Retrieved 2 April, 2009
  18. ^ Home Office - Proscribed Terror Groups — Home Office website, retrieved 11 May 2007
  19. ^ "McDowell insists IRA will remain illegal". RTÉ. 28 August 2005. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
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