Taproot
A taproot is an enlarged, somewhat straight to tapering plant root that grows vertically downward. It forms a center from which other roots sprout laterally.[1] Plants with taproots are difficult to transplant. The presence of a taproot is why dandelions are hard to uproot—the top is pulled, but the long taproot stays in the ground, and resprouts.
The taproot system contrasts with the fibrous root system with many branched roots.
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[edit] Description
Many plants (the entire clade of dicots, one of the two divisions of angiosperms) start with a taproot,[2] which is one main root forming from the enlarging radicle of the seed. The tap root can be persistent throughout the life of the plant but is most often replaced later in the plant's development by a fibrous root system.[2][3] A persistent taproot system forms when the radical keeps growing and smaller lateral roots form along the taproot. The shape of taproots can vary but the typical shapes include:
- Conical root: this type of root tuber is conical in shape, i.e. widest at the top and tapering steadily towards the bottom: e.g. carrot.
- Fusiform root: this root is widest in the middle and tapers towards the top and the bottom: e.g. radish.
- Napiform root: the root has a top-like appearance. It is very broad at the top and tapers suddenly like a tail at the bottom: e.g. turnip.
Many taproots are modified into storage organs.
Some plants with taproots:
[edit] Development
Taproots develop from the radicle of a seed, forming the primary root. It branches off to secondary roots,(saima is a tap root) which in turn branch to form tertiary roots. These may further branch to form rootlets. For most plants species the radical dies some time after seed germination, causing the development of a fibrous root system, which lacks a main downward-growing root. Most trees begin life with a taproot,[3] but after one to a few years the main root system changes to a wide-spreading fibrous root system with mainly horizontal-growing surface roots and only a few vertical, deep-anchoring roots. A typical mature tree 30–50 m tall has a root system that extends horizontally in all directions as far as the tree is tall or more, but well over 95% of the roots are in the top 50 cm of soil.
Soil characteristics strongly influence the architecture of taproots; for example, deep rich soils favor the development of vertical taproots in many oak species such as Quercus kelloggii, while clay soils promote the growth of multiple taproots.[4]
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A tree taproot
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A taproot
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Woody Tap Root of mature mango can be distinctly seen, Kolkata, India
[edit] References
- ^ Botany Manual: Ohio State University
- ^ a b James D. Mauseth (2009). Botany: an introduction to plant biology. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 145–. ISBN 9780763753450. http://books.google.com/books?id=xPLGdYW9t5kC&pg=PA145. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
- ^ a b Linda Berg; Linda R. Berg (23 March 2007). Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment. Cengage Learning. pp. 112–. ISBN 9780534466695. http://books.google.com/books?id=I71WWH9ZmfsC&pg=PA112. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
- ^ C.Michael Hogan (2008) Quercus kelloggii, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg [1]
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Taproots |
- 2006-01-13, Sciencedaily: Deep-rooted Plants Have Much Greater Impact On Climate Than Experts Thought Citation: "...The tap roots transfer rainwater from the surface to reservoirs deep underground and redistribute water... increases photosynthesis and the evaporation of water... by 40 percent in the dry season... During the wet season, these plants can store as much as 10 percent of the annual precipitation as deep as 13 meters (43 feet) underground, to be tapped during the dry months... tree roots acting like pipes to allow water to shift around much faster than it could otherwise percolate through the soil."
- Fullerton Arboretum on taproots
