Temelín Nuclear Power Station
| Temelín Nuclear Power Station | |
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| Country | Czech Republic |
| Coordinates | 49°10′48″N 14°22′34″E / 49.18°N 14.37611°ECoordinates: 49°10′48″N 14°22′34″E / 49.18°N 14.37611°E |
| Status | Operational |
| Construction began | 1981 |
| Commission date | 10 June 2002 |
| Construction cost | 98.6 billion CZK |
| Operator(s) | ČEZ, a. s. |
| Constructor(s) | Westinghouse, Skoda JS |
| Reactor information | |
| Reactors operational | 2 x 963 MW |
| Reactor type(s) | VVER 1000/320 PWRs |
| Power generation information | |
| Annual generation | 11,377 GW·h |
| Net generation | 51,518 GW·h |
| Website Company Website |
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| As of 22 July 2007 | |
Temelín Nuclear Power Station (Czech: Jaderná elektrárna Temelín, abbreviation JETE) is located near Temelín, a small village in the Czech Republic. Temelín NPP is owned by ČEZ Group, which employs 1000 workers at this site. The adjacent castle Vysoký Hrádek serves as an information centre.
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[edit] History
Planning began in the late 1970s and the final project was submitted in 1985. Construction of four operating units began in 1987. The project was expected to be completed in 1991 with estimated building costs of 35 billion Kčs.[1] Six villages were demolished to make way for the power station.[2]
After the Velvet revolution in 1990 the Czechoslovakian government decided to cease construction of the third and fourth reactors.[3] Work continued on the first two reactors; in the 1990s alterations to the original design were made by Westinghouse in conjunction with SUJB and the IAEA to bring reliability and safety levels into conformance with Western European standards. The standards audit was carried out by Halliburton NUS. As part of the alterations information and control systems were added, electrical modifications carried out, and cabling, reactor core and fuel elements were replaced.[4] In 1993 the Czech government decided to complete the plant in the face of delays and cost overruns, with expected completion at the time estimated for 1997.[5] In 1994 an opinion poll reported that 68% of Czech citizens were in favor of nuclear power development.[6]
In 1998 construction still was not completed and costs reached 71 CZK billion. The Czech government again reconsidered completion of the plant.[7] In 1999 the decision was made to continue, hoping for an expected completion in 2000 with a maximum cost of 98.6 CZK billion.[8] The project was controversial; national and international (mainly Austrian) opposition was stronger than in the early 1990s. In a 1999 opinion poll 47% of Czech citizens were in favor and 53% against nuclear power development.[6]
As early as 1993 there were local and international protests against the plant's construction.[9] Large grassroots civil disobedience actions took place in 1996[10] and 1997.[11][12] These were organized by the so-called Clean Energy Brigades.[13][14] In September and October 2000, Austrian anti-nuclear protesters demonstrated against the Temelin Nuclear Power Plant and at one stage temporarily blocked all 26 border crossings between Austria and the Czech Republic.[15][16] The first reactor was finally commissioned in 2000 and the second in 2002.[3]
[edit] Technical data
Most information were taken from CEZ website[17] Others from leaflet "Energy from South Bohemia" by CEZ Group.
[edit] The reactor vessel (active zone)
| Station | Reactor type | Net capacity[18] | Gross capacity[18] | Thermal Output | Initial criticality | Grid date | Exp. shutdown |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temelín 1 | VVER 1000 type V 320 PW | 963 MWe | 1013 MWe | 3000 MW | Dec 2000 | Jun 2002 | 2042 |
| Temelín 2 | VVER 1000 type V 320 PW | 963 MWe | 1013 MWe | 3000 MW | Dec 2002 | Apr 2003 | 2043 |
The reactor contains 163 fuel assemblies.
A single assembly has the shape of ~4.5m long hexagonal and inside are 312 fuel rods and 61 control rods.
Inside the rods is the fuel in the shape of small cylinders. So-called pallets.
Fuel enrichment: max. 4% (average 3.5%) of 235U (fissile isotope)
Fuel load UO2: 92t (The reactor splits about 3 kg of uranium every day)
Fuel Replacement cycle: 4 years (every year 1/4 is changed)
vessel height: ~11m, outside diameter: ~4.5m, wall thickness: 193mm
The vessel is designed for up to 17.6MPa at 350 °C
The vessel is made of high quality, low-alloy chrome-nickel-molybdenum-vanadium steel
For the reactor to produce thermal output 1W, 30 billion fissions of uranium-235 must take place every second.
[edit] Reactor cooling system
Number of cooling loops: 4
Quantity of primary circuit coolant: 337 m3
Operating pressure: 15.7MPa
Coolant inlet temperature: approx. 290 °C (554F)
Coolant outlet temperature: approx. 320 °C (608F)
Coolant flow through reactor: 23.5 m3/s
[edit] Steam generator
Number per reactor block: 4
Steam delivered per one generator: 1470 t/hour
Steam outlet pressure: 6.3MPa
Steam outlet temperature: 278.5 °C (533.3F)
[edit] Cooling circuit
The plant has 4 cooling towers (each reactor has 2 towers). Each tower has a height of 150 metres (490 ft), a diameter of 130 metres (430 ft), and an external wall surface area of 44,000 square metres (470,000 sq ft). Pure water is evaporated in cooling tower (~0.3m3/s). The water needs to be constantly refilled.
[edit] Protective Envelope (containment)
Height of cylindrical section: 38m
Inside diameter of cylindrical section: 45m
Wall thickness: 1.2m
Thickness of steel lining: 8mm
[edit] Turbine generator set
Number per production block: 1
Number of steam turbine sections: 1 high preasure + 3 low preasure
Speed: 3000 rpm
Voltage on alternator's terminal: 24KV
Alternator cooling: hydrogen – water
[edit] Reliability
The International Atomic Energy Agency data show that Reactor 1 reaches a cumulative operating factor of about 63%,[19] and Reactor 2 an operating factor of about 76%[20]. The cumulative operating factor figures for Temelín NPP reactors are lower than the figures of similar reactors operated in Russia, where the cumulative operating factor is around 80-87%. [21][22]
[edit] New reactors
Plans to build all four original reactors were reopened in 2005. In 2007 planning was suspended because a new government agreed not to promote nuclear energy; a Green Party was a member of the coalition government. However, in July 2008 ČEZ requested the Ministry of the Environment conduct an environmental impact assessment for two additional reactors.[23] In 2009 regional approval was granted for the new build. ČEZ plans to begin construction in 2013, with completion of the first block in 2020.[24] In August 2009, ČEZ sought bids for two pressurized water reactors (PWRs).[25] As of 2010 the companies bidding for the project are Areva, Westinghouse Electric Company, and a consortium[26] of ŠKODA JS, Atomstroyexport and Gidropress. The winner of the tender was planned to be made public in 2011.[27] Shortly after the Fukushima nuclear accidents, Prime Minister Petr Nečas announced that the construction of new reactors will continue according to the original plans,[28] but with the tender selection delayed to 2013.[29]
[edit] See also
- Dukovany Nuclear Power Station – another nuclear power plant in the Czech Republic
[edit] References
- ^ "Český rozhlas: Z historie Temelína". Radio.cz. http://www.radio.cz/cz/clanek/4279. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ "Economic, social and environmental impact of building and functioning of the nuclear power plants Temelín on Southern Bohemia". Theses.cz. http://theses.cz/id/5hf8le/. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ a b "Ekolist: Historie výstavby Jaderné elektrárny Temelín". Ekolist.cz. http://www.ekolist.cz/zprava.shtml?x=1932667. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ "Temelin NPP Status: The Challenge of Safety Improvements". The Uranium Institute. 2000-12-31. http://www.world-nuclear.org/sym/2000/hezoucky.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-03.
- ^ "USNESENÍ VLÁDY ČESKÉ REPUBLIKY ze dne 10. března 1993 č. 109 k problematice dostavby jaderné elektrárny Temelín". Kormoran.vlada.cz. 10 March 1993. http://kormoran.vlada.cz/usneseni/usneseni_webtest.nsf/WebGovRes/6925AD93BE283D82C12571B6006FCE61?OpenDocument. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ a b "Rozvoj jaderné energetiky u nás podporují necelé tři pětiny občanů". Stem.cz. http://www.stem.cz/clanek/111. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ "USNESENÍ VLÁDY ČESKÉ REPUBLIKY ze dne 12. srpna 1998 č. 516 o postupu nezávislého posouzení projektu dostavby jaderné elektrárny Temelín". Kormoran.vlada.cz. 12 August 1998. http://kormoran.vlada.cz/usneseni/usneseni_webtest.nsf/WebGovRes/2C601D0777983566C12571B6006BD92C?OpenDocument. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ "USNESENÍ VLÁDY ČESKÉ REPUBLIKY ze dne 12. května 1999 č. 472 k návrhu postupu řešení situace jaderné elektrárny Temelín". Kormoran.vlada.cz. 12 May 1999. http://kormoran.vlada.cz/usneseni/usneseni_webtest.nsf/WebGovRes/7038A0CA78622833C12571B6006D3428?OpenDocument. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ WISE Amsterdam. "WISE – Nuclear issues information service". 0.antenna.nl. http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/389/3795.html. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ [3][dead link]
- ^ do I get[dead link]
- ^ [4][dead link]
- ^ "Anti-nuclear protest on Czech border". BBC News. 15 September 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/926434.stm. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ "Austrian anti-nuclear protests continue". BBC News. 14 October 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/963826.stm. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ "CEZ Group | Temelín". Cez.cz. http://www.cez.cz/en/power-plants-and-environment/nuclear-power-plants/temelin.html. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ a b "Czech Republic: Nuclear Power Reactors – Alphabetic". IAEA. http://www.iaea.org/cgi-bin/db.page.pl/pris.powrea.htm?country=CZ&sort=&sortlong=Alphabetic. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ PRIS.Contact-Point@iaea.org. "Temelin Reactor 1 at PRIS". Iaea.org. http://www.iaea.org/cgi-bin/db.page.pl/pris.ophis.htm?country=CZ&site=TEMELIN&units=&refno=23&opyear=2010&link=HOT. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ PRIS.Contact-Point@iaea.org. "Temelin Reactor 2 at PRIS". Iaea.org. http://www.iaea.org/cgi-bin/db.page.pl/pris.ophis.htm?country=CZ&site=TEMELIN&units=&refno=24&opyear=2010&link=HOT. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ Rostov Reactor 1, Iaea.org
- ^ Kalinin Reactor 3, Iaea.org
- ^ "CEZ requests EIA for expansion of Temelin". World Nuclear News. 2008-07-14. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-CEZ_requests_EIA_for_expansion_of_Temelin-1407084.html. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
- ^ South Bohemia reps nod to extension of Temelín nuke
- ^ "Tender launched for Temelin expansion". World Nuclear News. 3 August 2009. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Tender_launched_for_Temelin_expansion-0308094.html. Retrieved 2009-08-03.
- ^ "MIR.1200". ŠKODA JS. http://www.skoda-js.cz/en/mir-1200/. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- ^ E15: Ministerial committee to oversee Temelín's completion
- ^ jw. "Temelín dostavíme, vzkázal po havárii Fukušimy premiér Nečas – iDNES.cz". Zpravy.idnes.cz. http://zpravy.idnes.cz/temelin-dostavime-vzkazal-po-havarii-fukusimy-premier-necas-p5e-/domaci.asp?c=A110317_144606_domaci_jw. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ "ČEZ delays Temelín completion deadline by 5 yrs to 2025". Prague Daily Monitor. 21 February 2011. http://praguemonitor.com/2011/02/21/%C4%8Dez-delays-temel%C3%ADn-completion-deadline-5-yrs-2025. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
[edit] External links
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