Temple Emanuel (Worcester, Massachusetts)
| Temple Emanuel עמנואל |
|
|---|---|
Chandler Street façade and sanctuary entrance |
|
| Basic information | |
| Location | 280 May Street, Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Geographic coordinates | 42°16′00″N 71°50′23″W / 42.266802°N 71.839798°WCoordinates: 42°16′00″N 71°50′23″W / 42.266802°N 71.839798°W |
| Affiliation | Reform Judaism |
| Status | Active |
| Leadership | Rabbi Matthew Berger, Cantorial Soloist Sharon Brown Goldstein |
| Website | www.temple-emanuel.org |
| Architectural description | |
| Architect(s) | Charles R. Greco |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival |
| Completed | 1949 |
Temple Emanuel (Hebrew: עִמָנוּאֵל, God is with us) is a leading American Reform Jewish synagogue located in Worcester, Massachusetts, New England's second largest city (population 181,045).
Known simply as the "Temple" among the Worcester Jewish community, the congregation is affiliated with the Union for Reform Judaism, a network of over 900 progressive synagogues representing the largest denomination (38%) of affiliated American Jews. Founded in 1921, Emanuel is the older and larger of Worcester's two Reform congregations. The congregation's majestic home was constructed in 1949 and greatly expanded in 1961 when religious school enrollment neared 1,000 students.[1] Membership peaked at 1,340 families in 1957, making it one of the largest Reform congregations in the country at the time.[2] As late as 1982, Temple Emanuel was still the second-largest Reform congregation in New England.[3] Today, membership stands at 425 families,[4] though a pending merger with nearby Temple Sinai would increase membership to over 600.
Temple Emanuel has had two long-tenured rabbis who were influential in the larger Worcester community, and in the Reform movement. Levi Olan (1929–1948) became the first Jewish president of the Worcester Ministerial Union and grew Temple membership from less than 200 families to 610 families during his tenure. Joseph Klein (1949–1977, 1984–1996) continued Olan's tradition of interfaith leadership and also served as president of the Worcester Ministers' Association and the Greater Worcester Clergy Association. Membership grew during his tenure from 610 families to 1,340 families in 1957, before seeing a gradual decline.[5]
Early history (1920-1948) [edit]
In 1920, 50 families that had moved from the Jewish enclave of Union Hill on Worcester's working class East Side to the more fashionable West Side began holding services (in a Modern Orthodox style) in a tea room at Harrington Corner in downtown Worcester.[6] In 1921, the group officially incorporated as the "Worcester Modern Congregation" and in 1922 opened its first synagogue in a home at 22 Suburban Road in Worcester, calling it the "West Side Community House."[7] By 1923, the congregation had outgrown its facility and moved into the former Bancroft School building at 111 Elm Street, naming it Temple Emanuel.[8] The congregation gradually adopted Reform practices and affiliated officially with the national movement in 1937. In 1949, the congregation moved to its current home at the junction of May and Chandler Streets.
Joseph Klein era (1949-1977) [edit]
The Temple's longest-serving rabbi, Joseph Klein, began his duties on January 1, 1949 and would remain on the pulpit until his retirement in 1977. Klein is famously credited with inspiring at least eight young congregants at Temple Emanuel to attend Hebrew Union College, the Union for Reform Judaism's Rabbinical seminary,[9] including the immediate past President of the Union for Reform Judaism, Rabbi Eric Yoffie.
Rabbi Klein also mentored Yoffie's predecessor, Rabbi Alexander M. Schindler who was hired in 1953 as Temple Emanuel's first Assistant Rabbi. Schindler served as Assistant Rabbi from 1953 to 1955 and as Associate Rabbi from 1955 to 1959 when he left the congregation to become Executive Director of the New England Region of the what was then known as the UAHC. Rabbi Schindler was elected president of the UAHC in 1973, serving as the leader of North America's Reform Jews until 1996.[5]
In 1957, Temple Emanuel's membership peaked at 1,340 member families (including 42 families who were also members of the Conservative Congregation Beth Israel). Worcester's ten other Jewish congregations, including Shaarai Torah, had a combined family membership of 1,410.[2]
Semi-retired, Klein went on to serve (part-time) as the first Rabbi of Temple Beth-El in Las Cruces, New Mexico, where he stayed until 1984,[10] when he and his wife Rose returned to Worcester. He then served, actively, as Rabbi Emeritus of Temple Emanuel until his death at the age of 84 on Sunday September 29, 1996.[11] Also of note, Klein was the great-grandfather of Hollywood actress Alisan Porter, who starred in Curly Sue.[12]
Temple Sinai [edit]
In a letter dated December 16, 1957, the "Steering Committee of Temple Sinai," a small group of Temple Emanuel members who felt that the close family atmosphere of the Temple had been lost and that religious observance had become more conservative over the years, informed the secretary of the board of Temple Emanuel that they intended to create a second Reform congregation in Worcester. Temple Sinai's Statement of Principles indicated it would limit membership to 500 families.[5]
Temple Sinai held services for its first 5 years (1957 to 1962) at the Worcester Jewish Community Center, which had moved in 1951 to Temple Emanuel's old building at 111 Elm Street. In 1962, Sinai moved to a 42-acre estate the congregation had purchased at 661 Salisbury Street, holding services and religious school in a large mansion.[13] In 1980, the congregation opened its first purpose-built synagogue on the site, keeping the mansion intact for offices and religious school use. The Jewish Community Center, also outgrowing the facility on Elm Street, built on land next door at 633 Salisbury Street and moved in 1967.[14]
Temple Sinai at first embraced many of the customs of "Classical" Reform Judaism that Temple Emanuel did not practice. For example, Sinai members shed traditional religious garments like Kippot (skullcaps) and Tallitot (prayer shawls), though those customs returned over the years.[15]
The congregation was led by Rabbi John J. Rosenblatt and Cantorial soloist David Kaplan in its early days, followed by Rabbi Gary Glickstein from 1977 to 1985 and by Rabbi Seth Bernstein from 1986 to 2011.[16] Cantor Wendy Autenrieth served the congregation as Cantor/Educator from 1987 to 1999.[17]
On December 9, 2011, after 54 years of separation and at least 20 years of coaxing from the URJ, Temple Sinai leadership officially contacted Temple Emanuel to discuss re-integration, which is scheduled to be complete by the fall of 2013.
Significant events [edit]
From 1959 to 1962, Temple Emanuel hosted a series of lectures called Temple Forum which saw Hubert Humphrey (1959), Martin Luther King, Jr. (March 12, 1961), Theodore Bikel (1962), and Eleanor Roosevelt (1962) all speak to the congregation.[18][19]
In 1965, Herbie Hancock and other jazz legends accompanied 17 year-old congregant and conductor Jonathan Klein to record "Hear O Israel: A Prayer Ceremony in Jazz" in front of a crowd of 1,000 people inside the Temple.[20]
Temple Emanuel was the site, on August 25, 1967, of the funeral for Dr. Gregory C. Pincus, an American biologist and researcher who co-invented the birth-control pill.[21]
Post-Klein era (1977-present) [edit]
In 1977, Temple Emanuel elected Rabbi Stanley Davids to succeed Rabbi Klein as its 5th spiritual leader. Rabbi Davids introduced the Temple's Chavurah program and brought the Gates of Prayer - New Union Prayerbook to the congregation. Rabbi Davids left in 1986 to become Rabbi of Central Synagogue in New York City.[5]
On April 19, 1989, the funeral for Abbie Hoffman, the famous 1960's radical, founder of the Yippies and member of the Chicago Seven who had died at the age of 52 one week earlier, was held in Temple Emanuel's Persky sanctuary. Over 900 people were in attendance and an overflow crowd of hundreds more listened outside the temple over a loudspeaker. In attendance were basketball star Bill Walton, folk singer Pete Seeger, movie producer Bert Schneider,[22] fellow Yippie Aron Kay, Republican political consultant Jay Severin,[23] Hoffman's cousin and Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Sydney Schanberg, and Jerry Rubin, fellow Chicago Seven member.[24]
Temple Emanuel celebrated its 70th anniversary on October 25, 1991 by honoring four people who had made significant impacts on the congregation. Then-Vice President of the Union for Reform Judaism Rabbi Eric Yoffie, who grew up in the congregation, gave the sermon. Rabbi Emeritus Joseph Klein and past presidents Milton S. Sheftel, Judith S. Yoffie and Wallace W. Wolf (posthumously) were honored.[25]
On June 12, 2003, the congregation officially installed Carlton Watson, a black man who had converted to Judaism, as its president. Watson, executive director of the Henry Lee Willis Community Center in Worcester, is believed to be the first black person to serve as president of a synagogue in the United States.[26][27]
Since July 2009, the congregation has been led by its 9th spiritual leader, Longmeadow native Rabbi Matthew L. Berger.[28]
Temple leadership is currently in discussions with Worcester State University to negotiate the sale of the Temple's building to the university. After the completion of the Temple's ongoing integration with Temple Sinai (which involves the legal "sunset" of both existing congregations and the creation of a third, new entity), Worcester's Reform Jews plan to study and worship together at Temple Sinai's complex at 661 Salisbury Street, which may be subject to renovation and expansion to accommodate the much larger combined congregation. Pending the outcome of negotiations with Worcester State University, Temple Emanuel's Persky Sanctuary will most likely be left intact and used for High Holiday worship by the congregation for some number of years.
Education [edit]
Historically, Temple Emanuel's renowned Religious School met three days per week during the school year (Monday and Wednesday afternoons for Hebrew and Saturday mornings for Torah and Israeli history and culture) in the Temple's three-story classroom wing. In the mid-2000s the schedule was reduced to just Wednesday afternoons and Saturday mornings. The school worshipped together at the conclusion of classes every Saturday in the Temple's Stacey A. Cohan youth center.
In 2012, Temple Emanuel joined Congregation Beth Israel and Temple Sinai in creating PaRDes - The Worcester Jewish Community Religious School, under the auspices of the Jewish Federation of Central Massachusetts. The school's roughly 130 students attend Monday and Wednesday afternoon classes at Beth Israel and Saturday mornings at Temple Emanuel.
Facilities [edit]
The current home of Temple Emanuel, designed by Boston architect Charles R. Greco, is located at the junction of May and Chandler Streets in the heart of Worcester's leafy, residential West Side, adjacent to Worcester State University. The original structure, built in brick and designed in the Colonial Revival style, was consecrated in 1949. A 1,000-seat auditorium, a second classroom wing, and a suite of clergy offices were added in 1961.
The Temple's two-story 1961 classroom wing has been leased to a series of educational institutions since religious school enrollment began to decline in the 1970s, including Worcester State University, the Abby Kelley Foster Charter Public School, Y.O.U., Inc.'s Kathleen Burns Preparatory School, and Quinsigamond Community College's Training and Education center.[29]
Dedicated spaces [edit]
- Abraham & Mae Persky Sanctuary (626 seats)
- Philip & Mary Rose Chapel (174 seats)
- Stacy A. Cohan Youth Center
- Joseph and Sophie Cohan Nursery School Playground
In 2011, the Persky sanctuary underwent its first major renovation. The first 6 rows of pews were removed to make room for an extended, lower bimah (speaker's platform) that was intended to create a more intimate atmosphere and enable the congregation to use the space more frequently. This reduced the capacity of the sanctuary from 918 to 626.[30]
Parsonage [edit]
Temple Emanuel does not own a parsonage, but Rabbis Olan and Klein both resided at 5 Montvale Road in Worcester's exclusive Montvale Historic District.
Worship [edit]
Temple Emanuel is unique among American Reform synagogues in that for most of its history, it has offered its members and the Worcester Jewish community the opportunity to attend a worship service seven days per week. In addition to clergy-led Shabbat services every Friday evening and Saturday morning, the congregation has a regular lay-led weekday minyan, which was held five days every week (Sunday through Thursday) from 1954 until 2011 when the 9:30 AM Sunday Shacharit (morning prayers) service was discontinued due to low attendance.
The "Daily Minyan" was originally instituted by Rabbi Klein on January 4, 1954, thought it is led exclusively by lay leaders of the congregation.[5] Mincha (afternoon prayers) and Maariv (evening prayers) are still read in the chapel every Monday, Wednesday, and Thursday at 5:45 PM. The Tuesday evening service was eliminated in 2012. Regular Shabbat services are typically held Friday evenings at 7:30 and Saturday mornings at 10:30.
Rabbinical leadership [edit]
| Name | Years | Emeritus |
|---|---|---|
| Maurice Mazure | 1923–1926 | |
| Julius Gordon | 1926–1929 | |
| Levi Olan | 1929–1948 | |
| Joseph Klein | 1949–1977 | 1984–1996 |
| Stanley Davids | 1977–1986 | |
| Norman Mendel | 1986–1991 | |
| James Simon | 1992–1998 | |
| Jordan Millstein | 1999–2008 | |
| Matthew Berger | 2009– |
The following served in an interim role:
| Name | Years |
|---|---|
| Stuart Gershon | 1991–1992 |
| Sigma Faye Coran | 1998–1999 |
| Ilene Bogosian | 2008–2009 |
Cantorial leadership [edit]
| Name | Years |
|---|---|
| Hugo Chaim Adler | 1939–1955[31] |
| Joseph Gottlieb | 1955–1978[32] |
| Howard Tabaknek | 1978–1982 |
| Sheri Blum | 1982–1994[33] |
| Betsey Peters-Epstein | 1994–2002 |
| Sally Neff | 2002–2004 |
| Daniel Mutlu | 2004–2008 |
| Sharon Brown Goldstein | 2009–2013 |
Assistant/Associate rabbis [edit]
| Name | Years | Later Position |
|---|---|---|
| Alexander Schindler | 1953–1959 | President of the Union for Reform Judaism 1973-96 |
| Daniel L. Kaplan | 1959–1962 | Senior Rabbi at Temple Beth Shalom, Needham, MA 1962-70 |
| Leivy Smolar | 1962–1965 | President of Baltimore Hebrew University 1971-92[34] |
| David Davis | 1965–1967 | Rabbi Laureate at Congregation Ohabai Sholom (Nashville, Tennessee) |
| Henry A. Zoob | 1967–1970 | Rabbi Emeritus at Temple Beth David, Westwood, MA |
| Ira S. Youdovin | 1970–1973 | Executive Vice President of the Chicago Board of Rabbis |
| Harold S. Jaye | 1973–1974 | Rabbi at Temple B'Nai Darom, Ocala, FL 1987–Present |
| Peter Tarlow | 1974–1977 | Hillel Director, Texas A&M |
| David Sofian | 1977–1980 | Senior Rabbi at Temple Israel (Dayton, Ohio) |
| Steven Fox | 1980–1982 | Executive Vice-President, CCAR |
| Daniel L. Pernick | 1982–1985 | Senior Rabbi at Beth Am Temple, Pearl River, NY |
| Alan M. Ullman | 1985–1988 | Founder of the School for Jewish Studies |
| Janice Garfunkel | 1988–1989 | Rabbi at Temple Sholom, Springfield, OH |
| Stuart Weinberg Gershon | 1989–1994 | Rabbi at Temple Sinai, Summit, NJ |
| Sigma Faye Coran | 1994–1999 | Senior Rabbi at K.K. Bene Israel / Rockdale Temple, Cincinnati, OH |
- Stuart Weinberg Gershon served as Interim Senior Rabbi from 1991-1992.
- Sigma Faye Coran served as Interim Senior Rabbi from 1998-1999.
Auxiliary rabbis [edit]
Due to a decline in membership, the full-time assistant rabbi position was eliminated in June 1998. From that time through June 2009, the Temple was served by one full-time Rabbi with the assistance of a part-time Auxiliary Rabbi (or, from 2002–2004, a full-time cantor). Since 2009, all pastoral duties are performed by the Rabbi.
| Name | Years | Later Position |
|---|---|---|
| Howard A. Berman | 1998–1999 | Founding Rabbi of Central Reform Temple, formerly known as Boston Jewish Spirit |
| Paula L. Feldstein | 1999–2002 | Shalom Baby Coordinator, Synagogue Leadership Initiative, UJA Federation of Northern New Jersey |
| Dennis Ross | 2004–2009 | Author; Director of Concerned Clergy for Choice |
- From 2002-2004, Cantor Sally Neff assisted in performance of pastoral duties.
Prominent alumni [edit]
Rabbis [edit]
| Name | Later Position |
|---|---|
| Andrew Baker | Director of International Jewish Affairs, American Jewish Committee |
| Arthur Bielfeld[35] | Rabbi at Temple Emanu-El, North York, ON, Canada, 1968–2001 |
| Lewis E. Bogage | Associate Rabbi at Central Synagogue, New York City |
| Kenneth Brickman | Rabbi at Temple Beth-El, Jersey City, NJ, 1989–2011[36] |
| Marc S. Dworkin | Executive Director, American Jewish Committee, Orange County |
| Daniel Freelander | Senior Vice President of the Union for Reform Judaism, member of Kol B'Seder |
| Paul J. Kipnes | Rabbi at Congregation Or Ami, Calabasas, CA |
| Steven S. Mason | Senior Rabbi at North Shore Congregation Israel, Glencoe, IL, 1997–current |
| Dennis Shulman | Democratic nominee for the United States Congress in New Jersey's Fifth Congressional District, 2008[37] |
| Eric Yoffie | President of the Union for Reform Judaism, 1996-2012[38] |
Cantors [edit]
| Name | Later Position |
|---|---|
| Michael M. Mandel | Cantor, Congregation Beth Emeth, Wilmington, DE, 2001-2003[39][40] |
- Alan F. Segal, Professor of Religion and Ingeborg Rennert Professor of Jewish Studies at Barnard College[41]
- Paul D. Eisenberg, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Indiana University[42]
- Jay Gordon, Host of Elvis Only on WODS, Oldies 103.3 FM (Boston, MA)
Prominent members [edit]
- Samuel Adler, Composer
- Massachusetts State Senator Harriette L. Chandler (Democrat, First Worcester District)
- Arthur E. Chase, Former Massachusetts State Senator (Republican)
- Joseph C. Casdin (died 2007 age 93) Mayor of Worcester 1959, 62-63, 67-68
- Harold Devine (died 1998 age 88), 1928 Olympic Bronze Medal Recipient in Boxing [43]
- Joanne Goldstein, Secretary of Labor and Workforce Development, Commonwealth of Massachusetts 2010–Present[44][45]
- Abbie Hoffman,[24][46] 1960's radical and founder of the Yippies
- Myra Kraft, late wife of Robert Kraft, owner of the New England Patriots
- Harry C. Payne, President of Williams College 1994-1999[47][48]
- Denise Eisenberg Rich, songwriter, socialite, philanthropist, and political fundraiser, ex-wife of Marc Rich
- Warren M. Robbins, Founder of the National Museum of African Art[49]
- David B. Yoffie, Director of Intel Corporation[50]
Worcester West Side Synagogue history [edit]
Worcester currently has six operating synagogues, with two other organizations holding regular Jewish worship services in the city.
| Name | Current Address | Denomination | Years Open |
|---|---|---|---|
| Temple Emanuel | 280 May Street | Reform (URJ) | 1921- |
| Temple Sinai | 661 Salisbury Street | Reform (URJ) | 1957- |
| Congregation Beth Israel | 15 Jamesbury Drive | Conservative (USCJ) | 1924- |
| Congregation Shaarai Torah - Sons of Abraham West | 835 Pleasant Street | Orthodox (OU) | 1959- |
| Congregation Beth Judah | 889 Pleasant Street | Orthodox (Young Israel) | 1942- |
| Congregation Tifereth Israel - Sons of Jacob | 22 Newton Avenue | Orthodox (Chabad) | 1959- |
Other assemblies [edit]
- Clark University Hillel
- Jewish Healthcare Center chapel ("Congregation Mogen David")
Worcester East Side Synagogue history [edit]
Before the Jewish population of Worcester shifted from Union Hill to the West Side, the community had established 12 Orthodox synagogues on the East Side.
| Hebrew Name | Transliteration | English Translation | Address(es) | Years Open | Notes[51] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| בני ישראל | B'nai Yisrael | Sons of Israel | 79 Green Street, 24 Providence Street | 1875-1957 | Torn down for construction of I-290 in 1957 |
| בני אברהם | B'nai Avraham | Sons of Abraham | 10 Plymouth Street (1888-1913), 23 Coral Street | 1886-1948[52] | Merged with Shaarai Torah in 1948 |
| שערי צדק | Shaarei Tzedek | Gates of Righteousness | 8 Beach Street, 16 Gold Street, 3 Summit Street | 1892-? | also known as Tower of Truth |
| אגודת אחים | Agudas Achim | Union of Brothers | 19 Brown Street, 9 Pond Street | 189?-? | also known as Good Brothers |
| (צמח צדק (אנשי סמוליאן | Tzemach Tzedek (Anshe Smolian) | Plant of Justice (People of Smolyan) | 10 Plymouth Street | 1900-1923 | Changed name to Sons of Jacob in 1923 |
| שערי תורה | Shaarai Torah | Gates of Learning | 32 Providence Street | 1904-1999 | |
| (אגודת ישראל (אנשי ספרד | Agudas Israel (Anshe Safard) | Union of Israel (Sephardic) | 66 Harrison Street | 1913-196? | |
| בני יעקב | B'nai Yaakov | Sons of Jacob | 104 Harrison Street | 1923-1965 | Merged with Tifereth Israel (West Side) in 1965 |
| תפארת ישראל | Tifereth Israel | Pride of Israel | 42 Harrison Street | 19??-1957 | Torn down for construction of I-290 in 1957 |
| בני ציון | B'nai Tzion | Sons of Zion | |||
| קדימה | Kadimah | Forward | |||
| אנשי ראקישוק | Anshe Rakishok | People of Rokiškis |
References [edit]
- ^ Worcester, Jewish Virtual Library website. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
- ^ a b "The Jews of Worcester: A Population Study" PDF (582 KB), Worcester Jewish Federation, 1958, p. 11.
- ^ Anonymous. "Nov. 21 concert at Beth Am Temple honors rabbi" NorthJersey.com Nov 17 2010.
- ^ Kush, Bronislaus. "Ready for challenges: Worcester Temple has faith it will survive" Worcester Telegram & Gazette. Sep 26 2009.
- ^ a b c d e Feingold, Norma and Sadick, Nancy. Temple Emanuel 1921-1996 75th Anniversary. Published by Temple Emanuel, 280 May Street, Worcester, Mass. 1996.
- ^ Shaw, Kathleen A. "WSC may Buy Temple." Telegram & Gazette: B.3. Telegram & Gazette (Worcester). Mar 24 1993.
- ^ Olitzky, Kerry M.; Raphael, Marc Lee. The American Synagogue: A Historical Dictionary and Sourcebook, Greenwood Press, June 30, 1996, pp. 173–175.
- ^ Temple Emanuel - Worcester, MA - History
- ^ Aron Hirt-Manheimer. Rabbi Eric H. Yoffie: Teacher of Living Torah. Reform Judaism magazine. (Fall 1996)
- ^ Temple Beth-El History
- ^ "Rabbi Joseph Klein, 84; leader in Reform Judaism, served Temple Emanuel :[ALL Edition]. " Telegram & Gazette 30 Sep. 1996,Massachusetts Newsstand, ProQuest. Web. 12 Oct. 2009.
- ^ Richard Duckett. "Following in mother's dance-steps ; Worcester native Alisan Porter scores with Chorus Line' :[ALL Edition]. " Telegram & Gazette 8 Jun 2006.
- ^ Shapiro, Leo. "Local Lines: First Jewish Chaplain Commissioned in 1862." Boston Globe: 51. Sep 9 1962.
- ^ http://www.worcesterjcc.org/about/history.html
- ^ Shaw, Kathleen A. "Temple Tapestry a Long Labor of Love." Telegram & Gazette: A.1. May 08 1998.
- ^ Kush, Bronislaus B. "Rabbi Turns Focus to Family." Telegram & Gazette: B.3. Apr 12 2011.
- ^ http://jewishcentralvoice.com/2012/02/the-integration-of-temples-emanuel-and-sinai/#comments
- ^ Temple Emanuel (Worcester, Mass.)., et al. Forum Series Lectures. [audiorecording] 1959-1962. American Jewish Archives.
- ^ "A dream alive ; Nation continues to pursue King's legacy :[ALL Edition]. " Telegram & Gazette 15 Jan. 2007
- ^ Gray, L.. (2008, October). Hear, O Israel: A Prayer Ceremony in Jazz [review of the CD Hear O Israel: A Prayer Ceremony in Jazz]. New Internationalist,(416), 30-31. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from CBCA Complete. (Document ID: 1591114401).
- ^ "Dr. Pincus, Developer of Birth Control Pill, Dead; Funeral Services to Be Held Friday." Jewish Telegraphic Agency 24 Aug 1967.
- ^ Anonymous, Associated Press. (2011, December 14). 'New Hollywood' producer Bert Schneider dies.
- ^ Philip Lentz, Chicago Tribune. (1989, April 20). `Abbie's free,' and pals say goodbye :[NORTH SPORTS FINAL, C Edition]. p. 3.
- ^ a b Judith Gaines, Globe Staff. 1989. FRIENDS RECALL ABBIE HOFFMAN'S RADICAL WIT :[THIRD Edition]. Boston Globe, April 20.
- ^ Kathleen A. Shaw. (1991, October 25). Temple Emanuel to mark 70 years :[FINAL Edition]. Telegram & Gazette,p. A2.
- ^ Mark Melady. "Adopted faith is put into service; Watson becomes temple president:[FINAL Edition]. " Telegram & Gazette 13 Jun 2003.
- ^ Carlton Watson. "The Dream." Reform Judaism Magazine Vol. 32 No. 3 Spring 2004 Edition 12 Jul 2004.
- ^ www.temple-emanuel.org
- ^ Pilon, Matt. "QCC Seeks Downtown Expansion." Worcester Business Journal (wbjournal.com), Dec 16 2011.
- ^ Temple Emanuel BY-Lines, Vol. LXXVI No. 5, June/July 2011.
- ^ Kathleen A. Shaw. "Decade is worth singing about :[ALL Edition]. " Telegram & Gazette 13 June 1992.
- ^ "RELIGION DIGEST :[ALL Edition]. " Telegram & Gazette 26 September 1992.
- ^ Lydia Okutoro. "Blum leaves Temple Emanuel ; Farewell concert is next Saturday :[ALL Edition]. " Telegram & Gazette 28 May 1994.
- ^ Brent Jones. "Leivy Smolar: [Age 69] The former president of Baltimore Hebrew University started the school's master's and doctoral programs. " Knight Ridder Tribune Business News 19 August 2007.
- ^ Borenstein, Jack. "New member of Order of Canada rabbi emeritus of Temple Emanuel-El." Jewish Tribune (Toronto), September 11, 2012.
- ^ http://www.betheljc.org/aboutus/history/
- ^ Williamson, Dianne. "`Time to Take a Stand,' and Friends Join in." Telegram & Gazette: B.1. ProQuest. Dec 04 2007.
- ^ Elaine Thompson, & Telegram & Gazette Staff. (1995, June 15). Rabbi gives credit to Worcester roots // Yoffie to head Jewish Reform group :[RT. 9 EAST, WACHUSETT, WORCESTER Edition]. Telegram & Gazette,p. B1.
- ^ Daniela Herrera, 78. (1999, December 15). Telegram & Gazette,p. B9.
- ^ Miller, Michelle Effron. "Rabbi Grumbacher Retires: A Look at His 37 Years at Wilmington's Congregation Beth Emeth" The Jewish Voice (Wilmington, DE) June 14, 2009.
- ^ Hussain, Amir. "Alan Franklin Segal (1945–2011): In Memoriam." Journal of the American Academy of Religion Volume 79, Issue 4 Pp. 784-788 September 24, 2011.
- ^ Paul D. Eisenberg - Borns Jewish Studies Program
- ^ "Harold G. Devine, 88, Olympic boxing champ :[ALL Edition]." Telegram & Gazette, May 1, 1998
- ^ Lee V. Gaines. (2011, May 30). Breaking through the barriers; Labor secretary has Worcester roots. Telegram & Gazette.
- ^ "Adele Feinberg, 80 :[ALL Edition]. " Telegram & Gazette 12 Mar. 2002
- ^ Jonah Raskin. For the Hell of It: The Life and Times of Abbie Hoffman. University of California Press, 1996.
- ^ Gelbwasser, Michael. From Worcester to the top: Reform leader Rabbi Eric Yoffie credits success to Temple Emanuel upbringing. The Jewish Advocate (Boston, MA), May 1, 1997.
- ^ Bryan Marquard. (2008, January 12). Harry C. Payne, at 60; led Williams College from '94-'99. Boston Globe,p. E.31.
- ^ Clive McFarlane. (2008, December 12). African art visionary has a great legacy. Telegram & Gazette,B.1.
- ^ Cohan, Peter. "Can Worcester power its startup magnet?" Telegram & Gazette: Oct 30 2011.
- ^ http://www.jgsgb.org/pdfs/MassSynagogues.pdf
- ^ "Former synagogue is now history :[ALL Edition]. " Telegram & Gazette 30 Dec. 1993.
