The Ethics of Ambiguity

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The Ethics of Ambiguity (French title: Pour une morale de l'ambiguïté) is Simone de Beauvoir's second major essay, nearly twice as long as her first, Pyrrhus and Cineas. After giving a lecture in 1945, she found herself claiming that it was impossible to base an ethic upon the foundations of Sartre's L'Etre et le Néant, and a year later she took up the challenge, taking some six months over the task and publishing the text first in installments in Les Temps modernes, then as a book in November 1947.

In her book, The Ethics of Ambiguity, Simone de Beauvoir established six character types, ranging from the lowest level of freedom, to the highest: The lowest is the sub-man, followed by the serious man, the nihilist, the adventurer, the passionate man and then finally the genuinely free man.

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