The People of Freedom

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The People of Freedom
Il Popolo della Libertà
President Silvio Berlusconi
Secretary Angelino Alfano
Spokesperson Daniele Capezzone
Founded 18 November 2007
(launched)
27 March 2009
(founded)
Merger of Forza Italia, National Alliance, minor parties
Headquarters Via dell'Umiltà 36
00187 Rome
Youth wing Giovane Italia
(Young Italy)
Membership  (2011) 1,150,000[1][2]
Ideology Liberal conservatism,[3]
Christian democracy,[3]
Liberalism[4]
Political position Centre-right
National affiliation Letta Cabinet
International affiliation none
European affiliation European People's Party
European Parliament group European People's Party
Colours Azure
Chamber of Deputies
97 / 630
Senate
95 / 315
European Parliament
20 / 73
Website
www.ilpopolodellaliberta.it

Politics of Italy
Political parties
Elections
Silvio Berlusconi, founder and president of the PdL

The People of Freedom (Italian: Il Popolo della Libertà, PdL) is the main centre-right political party in Italy.

The party was launched by Silvio Berlusconi on 18 November 2007 and officially founded in a party congress on 27–29 March 2009, when Forza Italia and National Alliance were merged. The party's leading members include Angelino Alfano (national secretary), Renato Schifani, Renato Brunetta, Roberto Formigoni, Maurizio Sacconi, Gianni Alemanno, Maurizio Gasparri, Mariastella Gelmini, Antonio Martino, Giancarlo Galan, Maurizio Lupi, Gaetano Quagliariello and Daniela Santanchè. The party formed Italy's government from 2008 to 2011 in coalition with the Northern League.

Since 28 April 2013 the PdL has been part of Enrico Letta's government of grand coalition with the Democratic Party, Civic Choice and the Union of the Centre. Alfano functions as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior.

Contents

History [edit]

Background [edit]

In the run-up to the 2006 general election there was talk among the component parties of the House of Freedoms regarding a possible merger into a "united party of moderates and reformers". Forza Italia (FI), National Alliance (AN) and the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC) all seemed interested in the project. Soon after the election, however, UDC leader Pier Ferdinando Casini, who had been a reluctant coalition partner, started to distance from its historical allies. Another party of the coalition, Lega Nord (LN), showed no interest in the idea, because of its character of regional party.

On 2 December 2006, during a big rally of the centre-right in Rome against Romano Prodi's government, Silvio Berlusconi proposed the foundation of a "freedom party", stressing that centre-right voters were all part of a single "people of freedom". On 21 August 2007 Michela Brambilla, president of the Circles of Freedom (a grassroot group close to Berlusconi), registered the name and the symbol of the "Freedom Party" (Partito della Libertà) on Berlusconi's behalf,[5] but none of Berlusconi's allies seemed interested in joining such a party and also some leading FI dignitaries looked disappointed.

The "running board revolution" [edit]

On 18 November 2007, Berlusconi claimed that his supporters had collected over 7 million signatures on an appeal demanding the President of the Republic, Giorgio Napolitano, to call a fresh election. Shortly afterwards, from the running board of a car in a crowded Piazza San Babila in Milan,[6] he announced that FI would soon merge or transform into a new "party of the Italian people".[7] The new course was thus called the "running board revolution" (rivoluzione del predellino) and this expression soon became very popular both among Berlusconi's supporters and his adversaries.[8][9]

At the beginning, the fate of FI remained unclear. Later, it was explained that the new party's core would consist of FI, the Circles of Freedom and other grassroots groups, and that some minor parties of the House of Freedoms would join too. AN leader Gianfranco Fini made very critical statements in the days after Berlusconi's announcement, declaring the end of his support for Berlusconi as candidate for Prime Minister and that his party would not join the new party. Also UDC leader Casini criticized the idea from the start and seemed interested in an alternative coalition with Fini.[10][11]

Foundation and early years [edit]

On 24 January 2008, the Prodi II Cabinet fell, paving the way for a new general election. On the day after Berlusconi hinted that FI would probably contest its last election, and postponed the birth of the new party until after the election. In an atmosphere of reconciliation with Fini, Berlusconi also stated that the new party could see the participation of other parties.[12] On 8 February, Berlusconi and Fini agreed to form a joint list under the banner of The People of Freedom (PdL), in alliance with LN.[13]

Several parties and groups chose to join the PdL: FI, AN, the Circles of Freedom, the Circles of Good Government, the Liberal Populars (a splinter group from the UDC), Christian Democracy for Autonomies, the Pensioners' Party, Liberal Reformers, the Italian Republican Party, the New Italian Socialist Party, the Liberal Democrats, Decide!, Italians in the World, Social Action and the Reformist Socialists.

In the general election, the PdL won 37.4% of the vote, getting elected 276 deputies and 146 senators and becoming the Italian largest party. The PdL was also the first party since Christian Democracy in 1979 to get more than 35% of the popular vote.

On 27–29 March 2009, the new party held its first congress in Rome and was officially founded. Berlusconi was elected president, while Sandro Bondi, Ignazio La Russa and Denis Verdini were appointed national coordinators.

In the 2009 European Parliament election, the party won 35.2% of the national vote, returning 29 MEPs.[14]

In the big round of regional elections of 2010, the PdL retained Lombardy with Roberto Formigoni (in coalition with LN), gained Lazio with Renata Polverini, Campania with Stefano Caldoro and Calabria with Giuseppe Scopelliti. The PdL was also instrumental in the centre-right victories in Veneto and Piedmont, where two Presidents of LN, Luca Zaia and Roberto Cota respectively, were elected.

Berlusconi vs. Fini [edit]

See also: Generation Italy and Future and Freedom

Between 2009 and 2010 Gianfranco Fini, former leader of the conservative AN and President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies, became a vocal critic of the leadership of Berlusconi. Fini departed from party's majority line on stem cell research, end of life issues, advance health care directive and immigration,[15][16][17] but, most of all, he was a proponent of a more structured party organisation.[18][19] His criticism was aimed at the leadership style of Berlusconi, who tended to rely on his personal charisma to lead the party from the centre and supported a lighter form of party, which in his mind was to be a movement-party active only at election times.[20]

Although some Finiani, such as Italo Bocchino, Carmelo Briguglio and Fabio Granata, shared Fini's views on moral issues and immigration, many others, including Andrea Ronchi and Adolfo Urso, took a very different approach on these issues. In fact most Finiani were Southern conservatives who opposed Berlusconi's firm alliance with LN, federal reform and Giulio Tremonti's economic policy.[21][22][23] Fini was able to make inroads among the liberal and centrist ranks of the former FI,[24] but he lost the support of most leading members of the former AN, notably including Ignazio La Russa, Maurizio Gasparri and Altero Matteoli, who became close allies of Berlusconi.[25][26] Others, including Gianni Alemanno and Alfredo Mantovano, found common ground with the party's Christian democrats.[27]

On 15 April 2010 Bocchino launched an association named Generation Italy in order to better represent Fini's views within the party.[28] Five days later 52 MPs (39 deputies and 13 senators) signed a document in support of Fini and his theses, while other 74 MPs former members of AN, including La Russa, Gasparri, Matteoli and Giorgia Meloni, plus Alemanno, mayor of Rome, signed an alternative document in which they reasserted their loyalty to the party and Berlusconi.[29][30] On 22 April 2010 the national council of the PdL convened in Rome for the first time in a year. The conflict between Fini and Berlusconi was covered live by television. At the end of the day a resolution proposed by Berlusconi's loyalists was put before the assembly and approved almost unanimously.[31]

Since then, clashes between Fini and Berlusconi became even more frequent and reached their height in late July, when Fini questioned the morality of some party bigwigs under investigation.[32] On 29 July 2010 the party executive released a document (voted by 33 members out of 37) in which Fini was described as "incompatible" with the political line of the PdL and unable to perform his job of President of the Chamber of Deputies in a neutral way. Berlusconi asked Fini to step down and the executive proposed the suspension from party membership of Bocchino, Briguglio and Granata, who had harshly criticized Berlusconi and accused some party members of criminal offences.[33] As response, Fini and his followers formed their own groups in both chambers under the name of Future and Freedom (FLI).[34][35][36][37]

It was soon clear that FLI would leave the PdL and become an independent party. On 7 November, during a convention in Bastia Umbra, Fini asked Berlusconi to step down from Prime Minister and proposed a new government including the Union of the Centre (UdC).[38] A few days later, the four FLI members in the government resigned.[39] On 14 December FLI voted against Berlusconi in a vote of confidence in the Chamber of Deputies, a vote won by Berlusconi by 314 to 311.[40][41]

Re-organisation and discontents [edit]

In May 2011 the party suffered a big blow in local elections. Particularly painful was the loss of Milan, Berlusconi's hometown and party stronghold, where the outgoing PdL mayor Letizia Moratti was defeated by Giuliano Pisapia, a leftist independent close to Nichi Vendola's Left Ecology Freedom party.[42]

In response to this and to crescent fibrillation within party ranks (especially among Scajoliani and ex-AN members), Angelino Alfano, then minister of Justice, was chosen as national secretary in charge of re-organising and renewing the party.[43] The appointment of 40-year old Alfano, a former Christian Democrat who had later been leader of FI in Sicily, was unanimously approved by the party executive. However, economy minister Giulio Tremonti expressed his concerns that the nominee would "make us lose votes in the North".[44] On 1 July the national council modified the party's constitution and Alfano was elected secretary with little opposition.[45]

Alfano led the party through a huge membership drive and on 1 November, announced that more than one million individuals had joined the party.[46]

The new secretary also drove the party to a Christian-democratic direction.[47] The factions which benefited most from the effort were those of Roberto Formigoni (Network Italy), Ignazio La Russa (Protagonist Italy) and Franco Frattini (Liberamente). The Christian-democratization of the party and the perceived marginalization of liberals and social democrats led some to leave the party. One of these, Carlo Vizzini, declared: "It seems to me that the PdL is set to become the Italian section of the European People's Party [which already was]. I come from another tradition: I have been secretary of the PSDI and I was one of the founders of the Party of European Socialists. When I joined Forza Italia there were Liberals, Socialists, Radicals. Now everything has changed."[48]

In the midst of the European sovereign debt crisis, on 14 October, following calls by Claudio Scajola and Giuseppe Pisanu for a new government,[49][50] two deputies close to Scajola, Giustina Destro and Fabio Gava, voted against Berlusconi during a vote of confidence and left the party altogether.[51] On 2 November, Destro and Gava, along with Roberto Antonione, Giorgio Stracquadanio, Isabella Bertolini and Giancarlo Pittelli (who had left the party along with Santo Versace in September), promoted an open letter in which they asked Berlusconi to step down.[52][53] Contextually, Antonione announced that he was leaving the party. In the following days three more deputies, Alessio Bonciani, Ida D'Ippolito and Gabriella Carlucci, left to join the UdC.[54][55] In three months, the PdL had lost 15 deputies and 4 senators, including the 7 deputies and 3 senators who launched Force of the South/Great South under Gianfranco Micciché.[56]

Berlusconi's resignation [edit]

On 7 November Lega Nord's leader Umberto Bossi proposed Angelino Alfano as Berlusconi's successor.[57] On 8 November, during a key vote on a financial statement in the Chamber, three more deputies elected with the PdL (Franco Stradella, Gennaro Malgieri and Francesco Stagno d'Alcontres of Great South) were absent or abstained from the vote. The statement was passed thanks to the abstention of opposition parties, but Berlusconi got just 308 votes, 8 short of absolute majority. Malgieri stated that he was in the restroom and that he intended to vote yes, while another centre-right deputy, Francesco Nucara of the Italian Republican Party, was at the hospital and another one, Alfonso Papa, in jail.[58][59] Subsequently, Berlusconi announced that he intended to step down after the passage of the budget bill.[60]

Days of big turmoil followed. Not only the party was highly divided, but its numerous factions and groups were divided too. As the appointment of Mario Monti, an independent economist and former European Commissioner, looked very likely, some in the party wanted to support the new possible government (and some even wanted to join it), while others were resolutely against and preferred an early election instead. Alfano, in his capacity of secretary, had to mediate.[61]

Among the party's Christian democrats, Roberto Formigoni, Maurizio Lupi and Raffaele Fitto (Network Italy), Claudio Scajola (Christopher Columbus Foundation), and Giuseppe Pisanu (hence Pisaniani) supported Monti, while Gianfranco Rotondi (Christian Democracy for Autonomies) and Carlo Giovanardi (Liberal Populars) did not. Within Liberamente and among the party's Socialists, Franco Frattini (who threatened to leave the party) and Fabrizio Cicchitto were in favour, while Mariastella Gelmini, Paolo Romani, Maurizio Sacconi, Renato Brunetta and, covertly, Giulio Tremonti were against. The vast majority of ex-AN members (Ignazio La Russa, Maurizio Gasparri, Altero Matteoli, Giorgia Meloni, etc.) was against, while a minority (mainly Gianni Alemanno) was in favour.[2][59][62][63][64][65][66]

On 12 November Berlusconi finally tendered his resignation to President Giorgio Napolitano. The executive of the PdL decided to support a government led by Monti under some conditions, the first being that it should not include politicians but just technocrats.[67][68][69] The Monti Cabinet took office on 16 November. In the subsequent votes of confidence in the two houses of Parliament, the PdL voted largely for Monti. Anyway, some party members, including Antonio Martino, Gianfranco Rotondi and Alessandra Mussolini, deserted the party.[70][71] Subsequently, LN broke its ties with the PdL at the national level.[72]

2013 general election [edit]

Main article: Italian general election, 2013

After long deliberation, on 24 October 2012, Berlusconi finally announced that he would not run again for Prime Minister in the 2013 general election. In a written press release, the PdL leader also hinted that the party would select his successor through an open primary on 16 December.[73][74]

Berlusconi, who praised Monti for the job done, seemed to aim at a new centre-right led by Monti and a PdL led by Alfano.[75] On 25 November eight candidates presented the required number of signature in support of their bid: Angelino Alfano, Giorgia Meloni, Giancarlo Galan (who renounced right after), Guido Crosetto, Daniela Santanché, Michaela Biancofiore, Giampiero Samorì and Alessandro Cattaneo.[76] However, on 28 November, after Berlusconi had expressed crescent doubts on its success, the primary was cancelled altogether.[77] On 6 December Alfano announced that Berlusconi would run again for Prime Minister.[78] As soon as 12 December Berlusconi backtracked and stated that if Monti were to run for Prime Minister as the leader of a united centre-right (including also Luca Cordero di Montezemolo's Future Italy) he would stand aside and support him.[79] The move appeased the pro-Monti majority of the party, while disappointing other party wings.[80][81][82]

On 16 December the centrist majority of the party, consisting of several leading factions (Liberamente, Network Italy, Reformism and Freedom, Liberal Populars, New Italy, FareItalia, etc.), rallied in Rome under the "Popular Italy" banner: in presence of Alfano, the bulk of the party expressed its support for Monti and Berlusconi.[83][84] On the very same day, a group of anti-Monti reformers, led by Crosetto and Meloni, organized a separate rally and espoused opposite views.[85] On 17 December Ignazio La Russa announced he was leaving the PdL in order to form National Centre-right, aiming at representing not just anti-Monti right-wingers, but also the group of liberals and Christian democrats around Crosetto.[86] On 21 December La Russa's National Centre-Right and the groups around Crosetto and Meloni joined forces and formed Brothers of Italy.[87] To complete the picture of a highly fragmented centre-right, in the previous months there had already been two minor but significant splits from the PdL: on 3 October Giulio Tremonti left to form the Labour and Freedom List, while on 22 November a group of MPs, led by Isabella Bertolini, formed Free Italy.[88][89][90]

In early January 2013, after that Berlusconi had announced his return as party leader and Monti had refused to join forces with the PdL, the bulk of the party rallied again behind Berlusconi and just a few leading members, notably including Mario Mauro, left to join Monti's Civic Choice party. Most of the centre-right was regrouped around the PdL, which will take part to the February election in coalition with Lega Nord (including Labour and Freedom List), Brothers of Italy, The Right, Great South (including the Movement for Autonomies), the Pensioners' Party, the Italian Moderates in Revolution and Popular Agreement.

In the election the PdL obtained 21.6% of the vote (–15.8% from 2008) and the coalition came just 0.3% short of the centre-left. After some inconclusive attempts by Pier Luigi Bersani, leader of the Democratic Party, to form a government, the PdL joined Enrico Letta's government of grand coalition, providing five ministers, including Angelino Alfano who was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior, two deputy ministers and several under-secretaries.

Ideology and factions [edit]

The PdL aims to combine together the traditions of its two main predecessors, Forza Italia (FI) and National Alliance (AN), as well as their smaller partners (Liberal Populars, Christian Democracy for Autonomies, New Italian Socialist Party, Liberal Reformers, Social Action, etc.).

FI, launched in 1994 by Silvio Berlusconi, was joined mainly by former Christian Democrats, Socialists and Liberals who had seen their parties disappear amid the Tangentopoli scandals. AN, successor of the post-fascist Italian Social Movement (MSI), had become a respectable conservative party under the leadership of Gianfranco Fini. FI and AN started to cooperate and were the pillars of the centre-right Pole of Good Government, Pole of Freedoms and House of Freedoms coalitions.

The "Charter of Values" of the PdL underlines the "Christian" and "liberal" character of the party, presenting it as a defender of traditional values as well as of individual responsibility and self-determination. The document stresses the adherence of the party to the values and the platform of the European People's Party (EPP), its support for European integration and the transformation of Italy into a federal state.[91]

The PdL is a classic example of catch-all party. The party's main cultural strains are Christian democracy and liberal conservatism,[3] but it is not to underestimate the weight of those coming from the right-wing AN and the relevant role played by former Socialists, who were disproportionately represented in Berlusconi IV Cabinet. Four leading ministers (Giulio Tremonti, Franco Frattini, Maurizio Sacconi and Renato Brunetta) hailed from the old PSI, while another Socialist, Fabrizio Cicchitto, was the party leader in the Chamber of Deputies.[92][93] This is not to say that all former Socialists are actually social democrats: for instance, while Tremonti is an outspoken critic of globalization[94] and is not enthusiastic about labour market flexibility,[95] Brunetta is a free-market liberal[96][97] and frequently clashed with Tremonti over economic and fiscal policy.[98][99] Moreover, internal alliances are often not consistent with the previous affiliation of party members. On issues such as end of life, Sacconi, a former Socialist who still claims to be a social democrat, has sided with the party's Christian democrats and the social-conservative wing of the former AN, while several members hailing from the MSI found themselves in alliance with the liberal wing of the former FI. This is no surprise as the late MSI also had a strong secular tradition, while FI was home to both social conservatives and uncompromising social liberals. On the economy, ex-FI Tremonti has often been at odds with ex-FI liberals like Antonio Martino and Benedetto Della Vedova,[100][101] and, more recently, he was attacked by Giancarlo Galan for being a "socialist".[102]

Traditional values and the social market economy grew of importance in the rhetoric of the new party, partly replacing the small government and libertarian ideals expressed by FI. In this respect, Sacconi summarised the economic propositions of the PdL with the slogan "less state, more society".[103] However, there is still some room for Reaganomics in the PdL, with Berlusconi often making the case for lower taxes and Tremonti for deregulation and against red tape.[104][105][106]

Factions (as of November 2011) [edit]

The party is home to a wide range of factions, groups and associate parties, whose ideology range from social democracy to national conservatism. As of November 2011, the factions, listed by political ideology, were as follows:

Associate parties [edit]

The PdL has granted financial support to several minor parties of the centre-right spectrum. They have contributed one million Euros to the Liberal Democrats whose deputies were elected on the PdL list in 2008, left the government camp after some months but returned in April 2011. Other parties who have received payments from PdL are the Force of the South (€ 300,000), Christian Democracy for Campania (€ 144,000), Social Action (€ 100,000), Christian Democracy for Autonomies (€ 96,000), the Alliance of the Centre (€80,000), the Movement of National Responsibility (€ 49,000) and the Federation of Christian Populars (€ 40,000).[107]

Popular support [edit]

The PdL has its strongholds in Northern Italy, and especially Lombardy and Veneto, and in some regions of the South, notably including Sicily and Apulia. Despite this, at the 2008 general election, the party was fairly stronger in the South than in the North, due to the big win of Lega Nord, which gained 27.1% in Veneto, 21.6% in Lombardy and 12.6% in Piedmont. In this respect the region where PdL scored best was Campania, with a surprising 49.1% in a traditionally centre-left region. At the 2010 regional elections Lega Nord passed the PdL in Veneto (35.2%) and in large chuncks of Lombardy, which was however the region in which the PdL scored best.

The electoral results of the PdL in the 10 most populated Regions of Italy are shown in the table below. As the party was launched in 2007, the electoral results from 1994 to 2006 refer to the combined result of the two main percursor parties, Forza Italia (FI) and National Alliance (AN).

1994 general 1995 regional 1996 general 1999 European 2000 regional 2001 general 2004 European 2005 regional 2006 general 2008 general 2009 European 2010 regional 2013 general
Piedmont 34.8 37.9 33.8 36.8 42.7 41.2 31.0 31.9 35.8 34.3 32.4 25.0 19.7
Lombardy 31.8 39.5 32.6 36.5 43.6 40.9 32.9 34.7 37.3 33.5 34.4 31.8 20.8
Veneto 31.4 34.7 28.8 34.3 40.2 40.5 33.6 30.8 35.8 27.4 29.3 24.7 18.7
Emilia-Romagna 25.5 28.5 26.6 29.0 32.6 33.5 28.2 27.1 28.8 28.6 27.4 24.6 16.3
Tuscany 27.3 32.2 30.1 30.4 35.2 34.7 28.7 27.9 29.5 31.6 31.4 27.1 17.5
Lazio 45.8 43.5 45.0 40.9 44.6 46.8 35.9 39.3 40.0 43.5 42.7 38.2[108] 22.8
Campania 40.2 37.2 42.1 35.9 32.1 46.9 32.7 22.5 39.8 49.1 43.5 31.7 29.0
Apulia 27.3[109] 41.1 42.5 40.7 44.2 45.4 36.4 38.9 40.5 45.6 43.2 31.1 28.9
Calabria 36.2 36.0 41.7 31.6 28.7 40.9 28.5 19.9 31.7 41.2 34.9 36.3[110] 23.8
Sicily 47.6 31.2 (1996) 48.6 38.9 36.4 (2001) 47.4 36.0 29.8 (2006) 40.0 46.6 36.4 33.4 (2008) 26.5
ITALY 34.5 - 35.8 35.5 - 41.1 32.3 - 36.0 37.4 35.3 - 21.6

Electoral results [edit]

Italian Parliament [edit]

Chamber of Deputies
Election year # of
overall votes		  % of
overall vote		 # of
overall seats won		 # of seats won
for citizens abroad		 +/–
2008 13,629,096 37.4
276 / 630
4 / 12
 –
2013 7,332,667 (#3) 21.56
98 / 630
1 / 12
 Decrease 178
Major party in "Center-right coalition" led by Berlusconi.
Senate of the Republic
Election year # of
overall votes		  % of
overall vote		 # of
overall seats won		 +/–
2008 12,678,790 38.0
146 / 315
 –
2013 6,829,135 (#3) 22.30
98 / 315
 Decrease 47

European Parliament [edit]

Election year # of
overall votes		  % of
overall vote		 # of
overall seats won		 +/–
2009 10,807,794 35.3
29 / 72
 –

Symbols [edit]

  • Official logo

  • Electoral logo

Leadership [edit]

References [edit]

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  33. ^ "Pdl, il documento dell'Ufficio di Presidenza". Repubblica.it. 2010-07-29. 
  34. ^ "Via ai gruppi finiani "Qualche difficoltà ma numeri importanti"". Corriere della Sera. 2010-07-31. 
  35. ^ "Previsioni sbagliate sui numeri: nel mirino le fedelissime". Corriere della Sera. 2010-08-01. 
  36. ^ "Finiani, pronto il gruppo anche al Senato". Corriere della Sera. 2010-08-01. 
  37. ^ "Italy's political crisis: A FLI in his ear". The Economist. 2010-08-05. 
  38. ^ "Fini: «Il premier si dimetta o noi lasceremo il governo»". Corriere. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  39. ^ "I finiani fuori dal governo Duello sul voto di fiducia". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 2013-05-17. 
  40. ^ "Dal Pdl a Fli, andata e ritorno Angeli: vedrò il Cavaliere". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 2013-05-17. 
  41. ^ "Sfida in Aula, il governo passa per tre voti". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 2013-05-17. 
  42. ^ "Not-so-sweet home". The Economist. 
  43. ^ "Il Pdl all' unanimità: «Alfano sarà segretario»". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  44. ^ "Tremonti e i dubbi del premier sulla manovra". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  45. ^ "Svolta nel Pdl, Alfano segretario «Voglio un partito degli onesti»". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  46. ^ "L' annuncio di Alfano «Un milione di iscritti»". Corriere della Sera. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  47. ^ "Berlusconi: i cattolici sono con noi Da Bagnasco nessuna spallata". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  48. ^ "Pdl, chiusa la campagna per il tesseramento La Russa: arriveremo a quota 800 mila". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  49. ^ "La fronda di Pisanu e Scajola L' idea di un Berlusconi bis". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  50. ^ "Scajola-Pdl, sfida sui deputati incerti". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  51. ^ "Il governo incassa la fiducia Fallito il piano «numero legale»". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  52. ^ "Servono una diversa fase politica e il varo di un nuovo esecutivo". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  53. ^ "Lettera dei «ribelli»: così non si va avanti". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  54. ^ "Ribelli inquieti, due vanno all' Udc La maggioranza scende a 314 voti". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  55. ^ "Maggioranza in ansia verso l' Aula I sì per ora sono a «quota 310»". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  56. ^ "Deputati e Organi Parlamentari - Composizione gruppi Parlamentari". Camera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  57. ^ "E Bossi provò la «carta Angelino»". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  58. ^ "Berlusconi, il giorno dello strappo «Lascio dopo il voto sulle misure Ue»". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  59. ^ a b "A Montecitorio i «ribelli» si organizzano". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  60. ^ "Napolitano al premier: atti immediati Il Colle chiede una tempistica serrata". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  61. ^ "Pdl lacerato, Alfano mediatore Spunta l' ipotesi dell' appoggio esterno". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  62. ^ "Dai vertici pdl l' ultima spinta Ma è già incubo urne E Scajola dice no al voto". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  63. ^ "Il Pdl si spacca, c' è il fronte dei contrari". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  64. ^ "«Il Cavaliere chiuda da uomo di Stato Aiuti a salvare il Paese anche con il Pd»". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  65. ^ "«Abbiamo litigato su tutto con il Pd Come si governa?»". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  66. ^ "Pdl in crisi tra malumori e sospetti Scontro tra Frattini e La Russa". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  67. ^ "Berlusconi ha dato le dimissioni Il giorno dell' incarico a Monti". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 
  68. ^ "Il leader esce di scena «Ma al Senato possiamo staccare ancora la spina»". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 2013-05-17. 
  69. ^ "«Il voto sarebbe un massacro»". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 2013-05-17. 
  70. ^ http://parlamento.openpolis.it/votazione/37585
  71. ^ http://parlamento.openpolis.it/votazione/37584
  72. ^ "La deriva dei lumbard rende più difficile il ritorno con il Pdl". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 2013-05-17. 
  73. ^ "PdL - Il Popolo della Libertà - Berlusconi: Non mi ricandido premier. Primarie del Pdl il 16 dicembre". Pdl. Retrieved 2013-05-17. 
  74. ^ "Il passo indietro del Cavaliere «Primarie del Pdl a dicembre»". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 2013-05-17. 
  75. ^ "Il progetto: Monti bis e partito ad Alfano". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 2013-05-17. 
  76. ^ "Alfano e l'incognita Berlusconi: «Le primarie? Per ora ci sono»". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 2013-05-17. 
  77. ^ Paola Di Caro. "Primarie annullate: Pdl tra rifondazione e spacchettamento". Corriere.it. Retrieved 2013-05-17. 
  78. ^ "«Le primarie non ci saranno» Alfano conferma: Silvio in campo". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 2013-05-17. 
  79. ^ "«Il mio passo indietro dipende anche da Monti»". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 2013-05-17. 
  80. ^ "Per un giorno il Cavaliere ricompatta il partito". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 2013-05-17. 
  81. ^ "Il Pdl ancora nell'incertezza E resta l'ipotesi della scissione". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 2013-05-17. 
  82. ^ "E il Cavaliere prova a disinnescare le grandi manovre dei dissidenti". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 2013-05-17. 
  83. ^ "Pdl, il giorno dei montiani. «No a scissioni»". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 2013-05-17. 
  84. ^ "Appello a Monti e guerra alla sinistra Il Pdl si ricompatta". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 2013-05-17. 
  85. ^ "Crosetto-Meloni, nasce la destra antiMonti". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 2013-05-17. 
  86. ^ http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2012/dicembre/18/Pdl_destra_fermento_Russa_fonda_co_0_20121218_6d4f77be-48db-11e2-93a9-096d33c66311.shtml
  87. ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.it/2012/12/20/dal-centrodestra-nazionale-ai-fratelli-ditalia_n_2339666.html
  88. ^ http://tv.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2012/11/22/strappo-pdl-nasce-italia-libera-stracquadanio-samori-piu-a-sinistra-di-ferrando/211760/
  89. ^ http://qn.quotidiano.net/politica/2012/11/22/806215-pdl-5-fedelissimi-fondano-italia-libera-bertolini-stracquadanio.shtml
  90. ^ http://www.iltempo.it/adnkronos/?q=YToxOntzOjEyOiJ4bWxfZmlsZW5hbWUiO3M6MjE6IkFETjIwMTIxMTIyMTQyMzU4LnhtbCI7fQ==
  91. ^ Movimento Politico il Popolo della Libertà. "PdL - Il Popolo della Libertà - CARTA DEI VALORI". Ilpopolodellaliberta.it. 
  92. ^ "De Michelis consulente di Brunetta "Io, un padre che torna ai figli"". Corriere della Sera. 2009-09-23. 
  93. ^ "Il Socialismo Di Brunetta E La Storia Di Forza Italia". Corriere della Sera. 2008-11-25. 
  94. ^ "E Tremonti denunciò la globalizzazione". Corriere della Sera. 2008-03-04. 
  95. ^ "Tremonti: credo al posto fisso, non alla mobilità". Corriere della Sera. 2009-10-20. 
  96. ^ "Premium content". Economist.com. 2008-08-28. 
  97. ^ "Il Paradosso Di Tremonti". Corriere della Sera. 2008-03-08. 
  98. ^ "Brunetta: basta veti Tremonti ha commissariato il governo". Corriere della Sera. 2009-11-22. 
  99. ^ "Il Tesoro "disorientato" Telefonata con il Cavaliere". Corriere della Sera. 2009-11-23. 
  100. ^ "La solitudine del liberale forzistaNella raccolta di articoli dell' ex ministro Martino la contrapposizione con il colbertismo di Tremonti". Corriere della Sera. 2008-05-12. 
  101. ^ "Martino: Pdl somiglia a fascismo, no a liberalismo". Libertiamo.it. 2009-03-14. 
  102. ^ http://www.ilgiornale.it/interni/fermiamo_tremonti_condiziona_governo_e_ci_fara_perdere_voti/21-04-2011/articolo-id=518506-page=0-comments=1
  103. ^ "Contro di noi un cartello Se cadiamo si va al voto". Corriere della Sera. 2010-08-02. 
  104. ^ http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2010/giugno/13/Tremonti_ora_piano_per_liberta_co_8_100613016.shtml
  105. ^ http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2010/giugno/13/Una_riforma_quattro_mesi_punta_co_8_100613003.shtml
  106. ^ http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2011/febbraio/02/Quella_telefonata_tra_Cavaliere_Tremonti_co_9_110202059.shtml
  107. ^ Cuzzocrea, Annalisa (31 October 2012), "Spuntano i fondi ai transfughi così il partito ha finanziato Scilipoti", La Repubblica 
  108. ^ Combined result of the PdL (11.9%) and Lista Polverini (26.3%), Renata Polverini's personal list (26.3%). The PdL failed to present a list in the Province of Rome and thus most PdL voters voted for Lista Polverini instead.
  109. ^ Forza Italia failed to present a list and, although most centre-right voters voted for National Alliance, some of them voted for PPI and Patto Segni.
  110. ^ Combined result of the PdL (26.4%) and Lista Scopelliti (9.9%), Giuseppe Scopelliti's personal list.

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