The Postman Always Rings Twice
| The Postman Always Rings Twice | |
|---|---|
 First edition cover |
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| Author(s) | James M. Cain |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Genre(s) | Crime novel |
| Publisher | Alfred A. Knopf |
| Publication date | 1934 |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover) |
| ISBN | N/A |
The Postman Always Rings Twice is a 1934 crime novel by James M. Cain.
The novel was quite successful and notorious upon publication, and is regarded as one of the more important crime novels of the 20th century. Fast-moving and brief (only about 100 pages long, depending on the edition), the novel's mix of sexuality and violence was startling in its time, and saw the book banned in Boston.[1]
It is also included in the Modern Library 100 Best Novels list.[2]
It has been adapted as a motion picture five times (see Adaptations). The 1946 version is probably the best known, and is regarded as an important film noir.
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[edit] Plot summary
The story is narrated in the first person by Frank Chambers, a young drifter who stops at a rural California diner for a meal, and ends up working there. The diner is operated by a young, beautiful woman, Cora, and her much older husband, Nick Papadakis, sometimes called "the Greek".
There is an immediate attraction between Frank and Cora, and they begin a passionate affair with sadomasochistic qualities (when they first embrace, Cora commands Frank to bite her lip, and Frank does so hard enough to draw blood).
Cora, a femme fatale figure, is tired of her situation, married to a man she does not love, and working at a diner that she wishes to own and improve. Frank and Cora scheme to murder the Greek in order to start a new life together without Cora losing the diner.
They plan on striking Nick's head and making it seem he fell and drowned in the bathtub. Cora fells Nick with a solid blow, but, due to a sudden power outage and the appearance of a policeman, the scheme fails. Nick recovers and because of retrograde amnesia does not suspect that he narrowly avoided being killed.
Determined to kill Nick, Frank and Cora fake a car accident. They ply Nick with wine, strike him on the head, and crash the car. Frank and Cora are injured. The local prosecutor suspects what has actually occurred, but doesn't have enough evidence to prove it. As a tactic intended to get Cora and Frank to turn on one another, he charges only Cora with the crime of Nick's murder. They do turn against each other, with Cora, not wanting to take all the blame, insisting upon offering a full confession detailing both their roles. Her lawyer tricks her into dictating that confession to a member of his own staff, however, which prevents its reaching the prosecutor. With the prosecutor thus having failed to acquire any new evidence, he is forced to grant Cora a plea agreement, under which she is given a suspended sentence and no jail time.
Frank and Cora patch things up and plan a happy-family future. Then Cora is killed in a car accident while Frank is driving. The book ends with Frank, from death row, summarizing the events that followed, explaining that he was wrongly convicted of having murdered Cora. The text, he hopes, will be published after his execution.
[edit] The title and explanations of its meaning
The title is something of a non sequitur in that nowhere in the novel does a postman appear, nor is one even alluded to. The title's meaning has therefore often been the subject of speculation. William Marling, for instance, suggested that Cain may have taken the title from the sensational 1927 case of Ruth Snyder. Snyder was a woman who, like Cora in Postman, had conspired with her lover to murder her husband. It is recognized that Cain used the Snyder case as an inspiration for his 1943 novel Double Indemnity[3]; Marling believes it was also a model for the plot and the title of Postman. In the real-life case, Snyder said she had prevented her husband from discovering the changes she had made to his life insurance policy by telling the postman to deliver the policy's payment notices only to her, and instructing him to ring the doorbell twice as a signal indicating he had such a delivery for her.[4]
In the preface to Double Indemnity, however, Cain gave a specific, and entirely different, explanation of the origin the title for The Postman Always Rings Twice, writing that it came from a discussion he had had with screenwriter Vincent Lawrence. According to Cain, Lawrence spoke of the anxiety he felt when waiting for the postman to bring him news on a submitted manuscript—specifically noting that he would know when the postman had finally arrived because he always rang twice. Cain then lit upon that phrase as a title for his novel. Upon discussing it further, the two men agreed such a phrase was metaphorically suited to Frank's situation at the end of the novel.
With the "postman" being God, or Fate, the "delivery" meant for Frank was his own death as just retribution for murdering Nick. Frank had missed the first "ring" when he initially got away with that killing. However, the postman rang again, and this time the ring was heard: Frank is wrongly convicted of having murdered Cora, and then sentenced to die. The theme of an inescapable fate is further underscored by the Greek's escape from death in the lovers' first murder attempt, only to be done in by their second one.
In his biography of Cain, Roy Hoopes recounts the conversation between Cain and Lawrence, only he extends Lawrence's remarks. He did not merely say that the postman always rang twice, but rather that he was sometimes so anxious waiting for the postman that he would go into his backyard to avoid hearing his ring. It was no good, however, for if the postman's first ring was not noticed, his second one, even from the backyard, would be.[5]
This is the explanation offered in the 1946 film adaptation of the novel.
[edit] Adaptations
The Postman Always Rings Twice has been adapted into a film six times, an opera, and two plays:
- Le Dernier Tournant (The Last Turning), a 1939 French film directed by Pierre Chenal and starring Michel Simon as Nick
- Ossessione (Obsession), a 1942 Italian film directed by Luchino Visconti and starring Clara Calamai and Massimo Girotti
- The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946 film), an American film adaptation starring Lana Turner and John Garfield
- The Postman Always Rings Twice (1981 film), an American remake based on a screenplay by David Mamet, directed by Bob Rafelson, and featuring Jack Nicholson and Jessica Lange
- The Postman Always Rings Twice (opera), a 1982 opera with a libretto adapted from the novel by Colin Graham and music by Stephen Paulus
- The Postman Always Rings Twice (play), adapted by Andrew Rattenbury, directed by Lucy Bailey and starring Val Kilmer
- "Почтальон всегда звонит дважды (пьеса)" (The Postman Always Rings Twice), a 2008 play written and directed by Alexandre Marine and starring Kirill Safonov in its initial run, subsequently being replaced by Daniil Strahov, with Master Theatre in Moscow[6]
- Szenvedély, a 1998 Hungarian adaptation
- Jerichow (film), a 2008 German adaptation, set in Germany
[edit] References
- ^ "The Postman Always Rings Twice". randomhouse.com. http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780679723257.
- ^ "100 Best Novels". randomhouse.com. http://www.randomhouse.com/modernlibrary/100bestnovels.html.
- ^ MacKellar, Landis. (2006) The "Double Indemnity" Murder: Ruth Snyder, Judd Gray & New York's Crime of the Century, Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0815608241
- ^ "Marling, William, Hard-Boiled Fiction, Case Western Reserve University, updated 2 August 2001
- ^ Roy Hoopes, Cain: The Biography of James M. Cain, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1982 ISBN 0809313618
- ^ Master Theatre Production Profile
